AKS 30 Examine 17th century life in the early Spanish, French, Dutch and English colonies & why these colonies were founded

European Models for Colonizing America

Spain - colonization with conversionSpain - colonization with conversion   1. Earliest colonies in America (St. 1. Earliest colonies in America (St.

Augustine 1565, Santa Fe 1610), Augustine 1565, Santa Fe 1610), though most outposts were though most outposts were destroyed by Indian attacksdestroyed by Indian attacks 2.  Spanish rule was cruel, used  2.  Spanish rule was cruel, used slavery, and was limited, except for slavery, and was limited, except for New Mexico. California was virtually New Mexico. California was virtually ignored until the late 1700s.ignored until the late 1700s. 3. By 1560, the main goal of  3. By 1560, the main goal of Spanish colonial policy was keeping Spanish colonial policy was keeping other Europeans from establishing other Europeans from establishing colonies.colonies.

European Models for Colonizing America France--fur-trading empireFrance--fur-trading empire

1. Indian wars developed as 1. Indian wars developed as tribes fought for the French fur tribes fought for the French fur trade.trade.2. French missionaries did not 2. French missionaries did not enslave Indians and attempted enslave Indians and attempted to limit trading of alcoholto limit trading of alcohol3. Though few in number, French 3. Though few in number, French settlers brought diseases that settlers brought diseases that wiped out up to 90% of the wiped out up to 90% of the Indians in the Great Lakes Indians in the Great Lakes region.region.

European Models for Colonizing America Netherlands--commerce and farmingNetherlands--commerce and farming

1.  Colonization was slow and 1.  Colonization was slow and small-scale.small-scale.2. Lost the settlement of 2. Lost the settlement of New Amsterdam (New York) New Amsterdam (New York) to the British in 1664.to the British in 1664.

3. Focused on trading 3. Focused on trading mostly (Dutch West India mostly (Dutch West India Co.)Co.)

European Models for Colonizing America The English model--tobacco and settlersThe English model--tobacco and settlers

1. Causes for English Colonizing in 1. Causes for English Colonizing in America (See Colony Chart for quick-America (See Colony Chart for quick-reference guide to colonies)reference guide to colonies)a. Fall of Spanish Armada in 1588 a. Fall of Spanish Armada in 1588

opened North Atlantic to English opened North Atlantic to English expansionexpansionb. England infused with a spirit of b. England infused with a spirit of self-confidence and enthusiasm for self-confidence and enthusiasm for adventure. adventure. c. England could plant, supply, and c. England could plant, supply, and protect colonies easily.protect colonies easily.

European Models for Colonizing America The English model--tobacco and settlers cont’dThe English model--tobacco and settlers cont’d

2. Changes in English economy.2. Changes in English economy.a. Rise of merchant class to a. Rise of merchant class to

provide business leadership and provide business leadership and wealth for colonial investment.wealth for colonial investment.b. Joint-stock company allowed for b. Joint-stock company allowed for pooling of capital with limited risk.pooling of capital with limited risk.c. Surplus population in cities as c. Surplus population in cities as farmers were pushed off lands farmers were pushed off lands converted to sheep herdingconverted to sheep herding

European Models for Colonizing America The English model--tobacco and settlers cont’dThe English model--tobacco and settlers cont’d

3. Protestant Reformation 3. Protestant Reformation a. Priesthood of all believers a. Priesthood of all believers

inspired religious dissidentsinspired religious dissidentsb. Anti-"Popish" believers b. Anti-"Popish" believers (Puritans) felt that the Church of (Puritans) felt that the Church of England was not Protestant enough England was not Protestant enough in its beliefs and practices.in its beliefs and practices.c. Persecution of Puritans, c. Persecution of Puritans, Catholics, and Quakers led to Catholics, and Quakers led to conflict with religious and political conflict with religious and political authoritiesauthoritiesd. America was seen as a desirable d. America was seen as a desirable haven for these groups. haven for these groups.

30 a – locate & identify the original British Colonies New England

Colonies Massachusetts New Hampshire Connecticut Rhode Island

Middle Colonies New York New Jersey Delaware Pennsylvania

Southern ColoniesSouthern Colonies– VirginiaVirginia– MarylandMaryland– North CarolinaNorth Carolina– South CarolinaSouth Carolina– GeorgiaGeorgia

30b- Virginia’s Development

Virginia Company

English colonies were funded & maintained by Joint Stock CompaniesPrivate investors PROFITPool $, obtain charter, maintain colony make more $

Virginia Company King James I grants charter 1606April 1607- 150 people arrive in “Virginia” and claim land & name it “Jamestown” in honor of King James I

Jamestown NOT off to a great start…but TOBACCO WILL TURN IT ALL AROUND

All colonist cared about was $$$ Disease/Hunger – people refuse to work John Smith takes control

Forces people to work Gets help from Powhatan (Pocohontas’ Dad)

BUT…get freaked out by growing # & destroy farms… “Starving Time”

New Leaders, Harsh Punishment, Strict Rules

New Highly Profitable Crop… TOBACCO

Tobacco aka Brown Gold John Rolfe developed new tobacco

& England LOVES it Export $$$

By late 1620’s >1.5 million lbs/year

So now… they need LABOR

Headright System Introduced 1618 to entice settlers If you paid to get there- you automatically got

50 acres of land If you paid for someone else to get there- you

got their 50 acres too!

Obviously immigration increased & wealthy people got LOTS of land

Plantation owners used indentured servants All expenses paid trip = work for a few years

African American LaborersArrived in 1619 via the Dutch as SERVANTS

Treated as indentured servant for decades before “slave labor” WHY? B/C Slaves cost more than indentured

servants at first

Then… # of indentured servants dropped as English

economy improved Colonists' wealth had increased Slaves became a better “long-term investment”

Colonists vs. Native Americans English do not intermarry or cohabitate

with Native Americans

Colonists bitter with Powhatan over “starving time”

Continued fighting causes King James I to revoke the charter… now Royal Colony – under direct control of King

Economic Differences split Virginia Former indentured servants…

No $ to buy land, can’t vote, NO rights Constantly battling Natives Oppressed- high taxes, no protection Sir William Berkely abused power &

ignored needs of settlers

Bacon’s RebellionBacon (hates Natives) raises an army 1676

Angry that frontier colonists are NOT represented in House of Burgesses

Gov. Berkeley calls Bacon’s army “illegal” so Bacon sets fire to Jamestown

Exposed the growing power of the colony’s former indentured servants

Wealthy try to get a tighter grip on their power

C- Settlement of New England ColoniesMassachusettsNew HampshireConnecticutRhode Island

Pilgrims vs. Puritans Puritans want to PURIFY the Church of

England from all traces of Roman Catholicism

Pilgrims were SEPARATISTS- want to form independent congregations

Plymouth Colony 1620 Pilgrims fled to escape persecution

Men signed Mayflower compact which created the first government in the Colonies

Established Plymouth Colony

2nd permanent English Colony in North America

Massachusetts Bay Colony1630 John Winthrop obtained Royal Charter

for a Joint Stock Company

Boston = capital & Winthrop = Governor “City Upon a Hill”

Plymouth was incorporated into Massachusetts Bay Colony

Massachusetts Bay Winthrop didn’t establish a democracy or social equality…

but was better than England

All adult males who belonged to the church could vote – apx. 40% of population Later they had issues with the dwindling numbers in

membership so they created the Half-way covenant which was developed to allow unbaptized members (children of Puritans) to vote and thus preserve influence of Puritan authorities

Church & State TIGHT relationship Civil officials = church members – God’s “elect”

Puritans migrated to colonies as a FAMILY

Created “family communities”

Behaved in a “God Fearing” manor

Dissent in the Puritan Community = establishment of PROVIDENCE (Rhode Island)

Roger Williams = Extreme Separatist

2 Conventionalist views English settlers had NO rightful claim to land

unless PURCHASED from Natives Gov’t officials had NO business punishing

settlers for their religious beliefs – everyone should be free to worship according to their own consciences

Williams order to be arrested… he fled

Started new colony… PROVIDENCE Guaranteed separation of church & state &

religious freedom

Another Dissenter… Anne HutchinsonTaught that Church & ministers are

unnecessary to interpret the bible

Banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1638

Hutchinson, family & followers fled to Rhode Island

Then on to New Netherland – Dutch religious toleration

SalemSalem Witchcraft Crisis (1692)

Group of girls accused fellow villagers of witchcraft Trials (featuring "spectral evidence" and body

searches for birthmarks) resulted in convictions of many and executions of 20 people and 2 dogs.

Goal was restoration of the disciplined community. No confessed witches were hanged or burned.

Reaction resulted in anti-Puritan sentiment, weakening of Puritan authority, and apologies from some religious leaders

Settlers start to expand & Natives start to freak out Spread to Massachusetts, New Hampshire,

Connecticut Connecticut creates its own form of written government

called the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut – they could elect their own officials

Disputes between Puritans & Natives Native perspective- no one “owned” the land & Treaties

were just temporary agreements to share the land

Colonist perspective- Treaties were one time deal where they got the land forever

Pequot War - 1637 1st major conflict in Connecticut

Pequot took a stand against colonists & colonists formed alliance with Narragansett- enemy of Pequot

RESULT= near destruction of Pequot Nation by May 1637

King Philip’s War

Natives forced to work for English & follow puritan laws

Wampanoag Chief Metacom (English called him King Philip) organized tribes to try to wipe out settlers in 1675

Lasted over a year- fierce battle- but finally hunger, disease, and casualties led to the defeat of the tribes

Native American power in SE New England gone forever – 1/10th of colonial men of military age in New England killed

Middle Colonies

Dutch Colony- New Netherland- 1621Dutch West India Company

Diverse colony

New Amsterdam – Capital- founded 1625 – now… New York City

Settlers from other European countries & Africa were welcomed to join

Dutch more interested in trading with Natives than conquering them

English takeover & it becomes New York Dutch colonies split Northern & Southern colonies

James the Duke of York comes to take over & forces the Dutch out. Peter Stuyvesant was the Dutch governor who surrendered New Amsterdam.

1664 Duke of York is proprietor of New Netherland & renames it New York

Later… he gives part of his land to his friends… becomes NEW JERSEY

Quakers in Pennsylvania 1681 William Penn founds on Quaker Principles

Equality, Cooperation, Religious Toleration & Pacifism

“Holy Experiment” Adult males receive 50 acres of land & the right to vote Representative Assembly Freedom of Religion

“City of Brotherly Love” – Philadelphia

Penn treats Natives fairly – over 50 years no conflict

Penn recruits immigrants – Germans, Dutch, French Need settlers to be profitable Quakers become the minority – slavery is introduced

Southern Colonies Carolinas

They were created to reward the rich friends of the King.

North Carolina grew tobacco South Carolina grew rice and indigo

Southern Colonies Georgia

Georgia was created as a buffer colony between the British Carolinas and the Spanish settlements in Florida

James Oglethorpe founded it in hopes that the colony would be a place for debtors.

Georgia also grew Rice and Indigo