Akhlesh Lakhtakia NanoMM –– Nanoengineered Metamaterials Group Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University 7 th Iberian

Akhlesh LakhtakiaAkhlesh LakhtakiaNanoMM –– Nanoengineered Metamaterials GroupNanoMM –– Nanoengineered Metamaterials GroupDepartment of Engineering Science and MechanicsDepartment of Engineering Science and Mechanics

Pennsylvania State UniversityPennsylvania State University

77thth Iberian Vacuum Meeting Iberian Vacuum Meeting55thth European Topical Conference on Hard Coatings European Topical Conference on Hard CoatingsCaparica, PortugalCaparica, Portugal

Elastodynamics of Inorganic and Elastodynamics of Inorganic and Polymer Sculptured Thin FilmsPolymer Sculptured Thin Films

June 25, 2008June 25, 2008

Akhlesh LakhtakiaAkhlesh LakhtakiaNanoMM –– Nanoengineered Metamaterials GroupNanoMM –– Nanoengineered Metamaterials GroupDepartment of Engineering Science and MechanicsDepartment of Engineering Science and Mechanics

Pennsylvania State UniversityPennsylvania State University

77thth Iberian Vacuum Meeting Iberian Vacuum Meeting55thth European Topical Conference on Hard Coatings European Topical Conference on Hard CoatingsCaparica, PortugalCaparica, Portugal

Elastodynamics of Inorganic and Elastodynamics of Inorganic and Polymer Sculptured Thin FilmsPolymer Sculptured Thin Films

June 25, 2008June 25, 2008

• • NanotechnologyNanotechnology

• • MetamaterialsMetamaterials

••Sculptured Thin FilmsSculptured Thin Films


Nanotechnology: The term

Norio Tanaguchi (1974)Norio Tanaguchi (1974)::

‘Nano-technology’ mainly consists of the processing of separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials by one atom or one molecule.

N. Taniguchi, On the Basic Concept of 'Nano-Technology', Proc. Intl. Conf. Prod. Eng. Tokyo, Part II, Japan Society of Precision Engineering, 1974.

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Nanotechnology: The termUS Patents and Trademarks Office US Patents and Trademarks Office (2006)(2006)::

“Nanotechnology is related to research and technology development at the atomic, molecular or macromolecular levels, in the length of scale of approximately 1-100 nanometer range in at least one dimension; that provide a fundamental understanding of phenomena and materials at the nanoscale; and to create and use structures, devices and systems that have novel properties and functions because of their small and/or intermediate size.”

A. Lakhtakia

Nanotech Economy

Total worldwide R&D funding Total worldwide R&D funding = = $ 9.6B in 2005$ 9.6B in 2005

Governments (2005):Governments (2005): $4.6B$4.6BEstablished Corporations (2005):Established Corporations (2005): $4.5B$4.5BVenture Capitalists (2005):Venture Capitalists (2005): $0.5B$0.5B

Source: Lux Research, The Nanotech Report, 4th Ed. (2006).Source: Lux Research, The Nanotech Report, 4th Ed. (2006).

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Nanotech Economy: Scope

Source: Meridian Institute, Nanotechnology and the Poor: Opportunities and Risk (2005)Source: Meridian Institute, Nanotechnology and the Poor: Opportunities and Risk (2005)

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NanotechnologyNanotechnology

promises to bepromises to be

• • pervasivepervasive • • ubiquitousubiquitous

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Nanotechnology & Life

Source:Source:

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Nanotechnologies?Nanotechnologies?


Engineers

and

Composite Materials

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Evolution of Materials Research

• Material Properties (< ca.1970)• Design for Functionality

(ca.1980)• Design for System Performance

(ca. 2000)

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(ca. 2000)

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(ca. 2000)

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Multifunctionality

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MultifunctionalityA. Lakhtakia


Performance Requirements on the Fuselage

1. Light weight (for fuel efficiency)2. High stiffness (resistance to deformation)3. High strength (resistance to rupture)




4. High acoustic damping (quieter cabin)5. Low thermal conductivity (less condensation;

more humid cabin)




4. High acoustic damping (quieter cabin)5. Low thermal conductivity (less condensation;

more humid cabin)

MultifunctionalityA. Lakhtakia Performance Requirements on the Fuselage

1. Light weight (for fuel efficiency)2. High stiffness (resistance to deformation)3. High strength (resistance to rupture)4. High acoustic damping (quieter cabin)5. Low thermal conductivity (less condensation; more humid cabin)

Future: Conducting & other fibers for (i) reinforcement(ii) antennas(iii) environmental sensing (iv) structural health monitoring(iv) morphing

Metamaterials

Rodger Walser

SPIE Press (2003)

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Walser’s Definition (2001/2)

• macroscopic composites having a manmade, three-dimensional, periodic cellular architecture designed to produce an optimized combination, not available in nature, of two or more responses to specific excitation

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“Updated” Definition

composites designed to produce an optimized combination of two or more responses to specific excitation

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Cellularity

A. Lakhtakia Nanoengineered Metamaterials

Cellularity Multifunctionality

A. Lakhtakia Nanoengineered Metamaterials

Cellularity Multifunctionality

Morphology Performance

Nanoengineered MetamaterialsA. Lakhtakia

Component: Simple action

Assembly of components: Complex action

Multi-component system = Assembly of different components


Energy storage cell

Energy distributor cell

Chemisensor cell

Force-sensor cell

RFcomm cellShape-changer cell

Energy harvesting cell

IRcomm cell Light-source cell


Supercell


Periodic Arrangement of Supercells Fractal Arrangement of Supercells

Functionally Graded Arrangement of Supercells


Biomimesis


Biomimesis


Fabrication

1. Self-assembly2. Positional assembly3. Lithography4. Etching5. Ink-jet printing6. ….7. ….8. Hybrid techniques


Fabrication

1. Self-assembly2. Positional assembly3. Lithography4. Etching5. Ink-jet printing6. ….7. ….8. Hybrid techniques


Sculptured Thin FilmsAssemblies of Parallel Curved Nanowires/Submicronwires

Controllable Nanowire Shape

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Sculptured Thin FilmsAssemblies of Parallel Curved Nanowires/Submicronwires


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MorphologicalMorphologicalChangeChange

Sculptured Thin FilmsA. Lakhtakia

Sculptured Thin Films

Assemblies of Parallel Curved Nanowires/Submicronwires


2-D morphologies3-D morphologies

vertical sectioning

Nanoengineered Materials (1-3 nm clusters)

Controllable Porosity (10-90 %)

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Sculptured Thin FilmsAntecedents:

(i) Young and Kowal - 1959

(ii) Niuewenhuizen & Haanstra - 1966

(iii) Motohiro & Taga - 1989

Conceptualized by Lakhtakia & Messier (1992-1995)

Optical applications (1992-1995)

Biological applications (2003-)

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Sculptured Thin Films

(i) Penn State(ii) Edinboro University of Pennsylvania(iii) Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania(iv) Millersville University(v) Rensselaer Polytechnic University(vi) University of Arkansaa, Little Rock(vii) University of Toledo(viii) University of Georgia(ix) University of South Carolina(x) University of Nebraska at Lincoln(xi) Pacific Northwest National Laboratory(xii) University of Alberta(xiii) Queen’s University(xiv) University of Moncton(xv) National Autonomous University of Mexico

(xvi) Imperial College, London(xvii) University of Glasgow(xviii)University of Edinburgh(xix)University of Leipzig(xx) ENSMM, Besançon(xxi) Toyota R&D Labs(xxii) Kyoto University(xxiii) Hanyang University(xxiv) University of Otago(xxv) University of Canterbury(xxvi) Ben Gurion University of the

Negev(xxvii) University of Campinas

Research GroupsResearch Groups

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Physical Vapor DepositionA. Lakhtakia

Physical Vapor Deposition (Columnar Thin Films)

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Physical Vapor Deposition (Sculptured Thin Films)

Rotate abouty axis fornematicmorphology

Rotate aboutz axis forhelicoidalmorphology

Combinedrotations forcomplexmorphologies

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Sculptured Thin FilmsOptical Devices: Polarization Filters

Bragg FiltersUltranarrowband FiltersFluid Concentration SensorsBacterial Sensors

Biomedical Applications: Tissue ScaffoldsSurgical Cover Sheets

Other Applications: Photocatalysis (Toyota)Thermal Barriers (Alberta)Energy Harvesting (Penn State,

Toledo)

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Optics of Chiral STFs

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Chiral STFs: Circular Bragg Phenomenon

Chiral STF as CP FilterA. Lakhtakia

Spectral Hole FilterA. Lakhtakia

Fluid Concentration SensorA. Lakhtakia

Optical Modeling of STFs

Dielectric Materials

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Optical Modeling of STFsLocally Orthorhombic Continuums

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Optical Modeling of STFsHomogenize a collection ofparallel ellipsoidsto get

Sherwin and Lakhtakia (2001-2003): Bruggeman formalism

Mathematica Program

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Optical Modeling of STFsWave Propagation

Mathematica Program

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LIGHT EMITTERS

• Luminophores inserted in a chiral STF

• Co- and contra-wound photonic source filaments

• Calculations using Maxwell equations

- volume fraction of filaments

- wavelength

- co/contra-wound

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LIGHT EMITTERS

• Co/contra-wound:

Clear differences in (i) polarization state

(ii) emission bandwidth

• Dependence on tilt angle

Lakhtakia, Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett. 37, 37 (2003)

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LIGHT EMITTERS

• Quantum dots inserted in a cavity between two left-handed chiral STFs

Zhang et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 023102 (2007).

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LIGHT EMITTERS

• Quantum dots inserted in a cavity between two left-handed chiral STFs

Spectral HoleSpectral Hole

LCP Emission PeakLCP Emission Peak

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Polymeric STFs

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PARYLENE-C STFs: COMBINED CVD+PVD TECHNIQUE

Pursel Pursel et al.et al., , PolymerPolymer 4646, 9544 (2005), 9544 (2005)

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1. Vaporize the dimer at 150 deg C2. Monomerize at 680 deg C and 0.5 Torr3. Release the monomer vapor through a nozzle towards a substrate4. Polymerization into STFs

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NanoscaleMorphology

Ciliary Structure

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BIOSCAFFOLDSA. Lakhtakia

BIOSCAFFOLDS

Lakhtakia et al., Adv. Solid State Phys. 46, 295 (2008).

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Applications of Parylene STFs

• Cell-culture substrates• Coatings for prostheses (e.g. stents)• Coatings for surgical equipment (e.g., catheters)• Biosensors• Tissue engineering for controlled drug release

Volumetric functionalizationVolumetric functionalization

Optical monitoringOptical monitoring

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STFs WITH TRANSVERSEARCHITECTURE

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STFs WITH TRANSVERSE ARCHITECTURE

Chromium

Molybdenum

Aluminum

Metal STFs on TopographicSubstrates

Horn et al., Nanotechnology 15, 303 (2004).

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STFs WITH TRANSVERSE ARCHITECTURE

HCP array of SiOx nanocolumns BCC array of SiOx nanocolumns

1um x 1um mesh of SiOx nanolines

Dielectric STFs on TopographicSubstrates

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MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS

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A. Lakhtakia MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS

1.1. Structural IntegrityStructural Integrity2.2. Mechanical Tuning of Optical PropertiesMechanical Tuning of Optical Properties

Pressure SensorsPressure SensorsTemperature SensorsTemperature Sensors

3.3. Acoustic DevicesAcoustic DevicesShear Wave FiltersShear Wave Filters

A. Lakhtakia STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY

Nanoindentation of SiO Chiral STFsNanoindentation of SiO Chiral STFs

Seto Seto et al.et al., , J. Vacuum Sci. Technol. BJ. Vacuum Sci. Technol. B 1717, 2172 (1999), 2172 (1999)




Simple Theory: Chiral STF is a bed of parallel (macroscopic) springsSimple Theory: Chiral STF is a bed of parallel (macroscopic) springs




Simple Theory: Chiral STF is a bed of parallel (macroscopic) springsSimple Theory: Chiral STF is a bed of parallel (macroscopic) springs


Nanoindentation of Chromium Zigzag STFsNanoindentation of Chromium Zigzag STFs

Lintymer Lintymer et al.et al., , Thin Solid Films Thin Solid Films 503503, 177 (2006), 177 (2006)

Simple Theory: STF is a bed of parallel (macroscopic) springsSimple Theory: STF is a bed of parallel (macroscopic) springs Better continuum model of each spring.Better continuum model of each spring.





ExperimentalExperimental


ModelsModels







ModelsModels

A. Lakhtakia MECHANICAL TUNABILITY OF OPTICAL FILTERS

Chiral STF is a circular-polarization Bragg filterChiral STF is a circular-polarization Bragg filter

Center wavelength ~ Center wavelength ~ PeriodPeriod x x Effective RIEffective RI

FWHM ~ FWHM ~ Period Period Linear BirefringenceLinear Birefringence

Wang Wang et al.et al., , J. Modern Opt. J. Modern Opt. 5050, 239 (2003), 239 (2003)


Chiral STF is a circular-polarization Bragg filterChiral STF is a circular-polarization Bragg filter

Center wavelength ~ Center wavelength ~ PeriodPeriod x x Effective RIEffective RI

FWHM ~ FWHM ~ Period Period Linear BirefringenceLinear Birefringence




Shift of center wavelength ~ Shift of center wavelength ~ DC VoltageDC Voltage



FWHM does not changeFWHM does not change

A. Lakhtakia MECHANICAL TUNABILITY OF LIGHT-EMITTERS

Wang Wang et al.et al., , Sens. Actuat. A Sens. Actuat. A 102102, 31 (2002), 31 (2002)

Dye-doped polymer chiral STF Dye-doped polymer chiral STF Light-emittersLight-emitters

A. Lakhtakia LINEAR ELASTODYNAMIC MODEL

Of a CHIRAL STF

Lakhtakia, Lakhtakia, J. Compos. Mater. J. Compos. Mater. 3636, 1277 (2002), 1277 (2002)

Hooke’s LawHooke’s Law

Kelvin notationKelvin notation

ComplianceCompliance


Of a CHIRAL STF


Hooke’s LawHooke’s Law

Kelvin notationKelvin notation



Of a CHIRAL STF




Of a CHIRAL STF



Homogenize a collection ofparallel ellipsoidsto get


Of a CHIRAL STF



Homogenize a collection ofparallel ellipsoidsto get

Mori-Tanaka Mori-Tanaka formalismformalism


Of a CHIRAL STF

Solve Navier’s equationSolve Navier’s equation


Of a CHIRAL STF

Solve Navier’s equationSolve Navier’s equation




A. Lakhtakia

Documents

Akhlesh Lakhtakia NanoMM –– Nanoengineered Metamaterials Group Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University 7 th Iberian