JEET IAS-99275183551-vkSjxatsc )kjk pyk;s ftgkn dk vFkZ gS v-nkj &my&gcZ c-nkj &my&bLyke l-ifo= ;q) n-tft;k2-iVuk dks izakrh; jkt/kkuh cuk;k FkkA v-'ksj'kkg us c- vykmn~nhu gqlSu'kkg l-bczkfge yksnh n-'kgtknk vthe us3-gqek;wWa dk edcjk dgkWa gS\ v-fnYyh esa c-vkxjk esa l-Qrsgiqj lhdjh esa n- dkcqy esa4-vdcj us loZizFke oSokfgd lEcU/k jktiwrksa ds ftl x`g ls LFkkfir fd;s og Fkk v-cq`nsyksa ls c- dNokgksa ls l- jkBkSMksa ls n- fllksfn;ksa ls5-lS;n ca/kqvksa dk var fdlds le; esa gqvk\ v-eqgEen 'kkg c-vgen 'kkg l-Q:Z[kf'k;j n- fdlh ds le; ugha6-Hkkjr esa chch dk edcjk fLFkr gS v-gSnjkckn esa c- lhdjh esa l- vkSjaxkckn esa n- chtkiqj esa7-^vuokj&,&lqgSyh * xzaFk fdldk vuqokn gS\ v-iapr= c-egkHkkjr l-jkek;.k n-lwjlkxj8-fuEu esa ls fdlus eqxydky esa ,sfrgkfld fooj.k fy[kk \ v- xqycnu csxe c-uwjtgka csxe l- tgkavkjk csxe n-tscqfUulk csxe9-'kkgtgka ds le; dkSu &lh ?kVuk ugha gqbZ\ v-tw>kj flag caqnsyk dk fonzksg c- [kku tgka yksnh dk fonzksg l-iqrZxkfy;ksa dk neu n- egkor [kka dk fonzksg10-inkZ 'kklu 1560&62 bZa ds fy, ftEesnkj ^vrdk [kSy * ;k ^gje ny* dh loZizFke lnL;k Fkhv- ekge vuxk c- gehnk ckuw l-esg:fUulk n- tgkavkjk csxe11- fdl ckn'kkg ds varZxr eqxy lsuk esa lokZf/kd fgUnw lsukifr Fks\ v-gqek;wWa c- vdcj l-tgkWaxhj n-vkSjaxtSc12-vafre :Ik ls tft;k Dj lekIr djus okyk eqxy cknkkg Fkk v-vdcj c-tgkaxhj l-'kkgtWagk n-eqgEen'kkg ^jaxhyk*13-vkSjaxtsc dkyhu ,sfrgkfld xzaFk ^uqL[k &,&fnydq'kk* ds jpukdkj Fks v-Hkhelsu lDlsuk dk;LFk c-lqtu jk; [k=h l-bZ'oj nkl ukxj n-pUnzHkku14-fdl e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; 'kkld us ^ik *,ao ^dcwfy;r*dh izFkk vkjEHk dh Fkh\ v-vykmn~nhuf[kyth c-'ksj'kkg lwh l- vdcj n bYrqrfe'k15-fnYyh dh izfl) tkek efLtn dk fuekZ.k fdlus fd;k\ v-gqek;qWa c-'kkgtgkWa l- vdcj n- bczkfge yksnh16- xqycnu csxe iq=h Fkh v-ckcj dh c-gqek;w dh l-'kkgtgkWa dh n- vkSjaxtSc dh17-tkxhjnkjh ladV loZizFke fdl eqxy ckn'kkg ds 'kkludky esa mRiUu gqvk\ v-tgkaxhj c-'kkgtgka l- vkSjaxtsc n- cgknqj'kkg 18-'kkgtgkWa us fdl ^'kkg bdcky * ,ao ^'kkg cqyan* dh mikf/k nh v- )kjk f'kdksg c- 'kkg 'kqtk l- vkSjaxtsc n- eqjkn19-esokM ls ;q) rFkk fprkSM dh laf/k fdlds 'kkludky dh egRoiw.kZ miyfC/k gS\ v- vdcj c-tgkaxhj l-'kkgtgka n buesa ls dksbZ ugha20-lu~ 1750 esa laxksyk le>kkSrk fdlds e?; gqvk\ v-is'kok ckthjko vkSj jkejktk c-is'kok fo'oukFk vkSj N=ifr l-is'kok ckykth ckthjko vkSj jkejkt n-fdlh ds lkFk ugha21-vius jkT;kfHk"ksd ds miy{; esa f'kokth us D;k ugha fd;k\ v- viuh ,d eqgj cuok;h c-,d u;k laor~ pyk;k l- ^{kf=;dqyoLreka* ,ao ^fgUnqRo &/keksZ)kjd dh mikf/k /kkj.k dh n- lHkh izdkj ds dj gVk fy,22-f'kokth dk vafre lSU; vfHk;ku Fkk v- dukZVd vfHk;ku c-lysgj dk vfHk;ku l-tathjk ds flf;ksa ds fo:) vfHk;ku n- dksaMk.kk dk vfHk;ku23-^nks eksrh ty esa ?kqy x, lksys dh 27 eksgjs [kks xbZ pkanh vkSj rkacs dh tks gkfu gqbZ mldk dksbZ vuqeku ugha yxk;k tk ldrk *;g fdlls lacf/kr gS\ v-ikuhir ds r`rh; ;q) esa ejkBk lsuk ds fouk'k ls c- izFke vkaXy &ejkBk ;q) ls l- f)rh; vkaXy &ejkBk ;q) ls n-csflu dh laf/k ls24-^pkSFk* D;k Fkk\ v- vkSjaxtSc )kjk yxk;k x;k ,d /kkfeZd dj c-f'kokth )kjk yxk;k x;k ,d ekZx dj l-vscj )kjk olwy fd;k tkus okyk flapkbZ dj n-iMkslh jkT;ksa ij f'kokth )kjk yxk;k x;k Hkwfe dj25-ikuhir ds r`rh; ;q) esa ekjs tkus okys nks egRoiw.kZ lSU; ljnkj Fks v-fo'okl jko lnkf'ko jko Hkk c-fo'okl jko ,ao eYgkj jko gksYdj l-lnkf'ko jko Hkk ,ao eYgkj jko gksYdj n-mijksDr esa ls dksbZ ugha 26-izfl) HkkSxksfyd xzUFk ^fdrkc &my&fgUn* ds ys[kd dkSu gS\ v-vycq:uh c-vyelwnh l-vy bnfjlh n-vy ;kdwch 27eksg iSekuk (mohs scale) ls fuEu esa ls fdldk ekiu fd;k tkrk gS\ v-e`nk Lrjksa dh eksVkbZ c-pkuksa dh dBksjrk l-e`nk ty dh ;k=k n-e`nk esa vEyh;rk dh ek=k28lw;Z lnSo iwoZ esa fudyrk gS]D;ksfd zzzzzzzzzc-i`Foh iwoZ ls if'pe dh vksj ?kwerh gS l-;g iwoZ esa fLFkr gS n-mi;qZDr lHkh29-dkSu &lk xzg lw;Z ds lcls fudB fLFkr gS\z v-eaxy c-cq/k l-'kqdz n-i`Foh30-Hkwe/; js[kk ls mkj ;k nf{k.k fdlh fn;s x;s LFkku dh dks.kh; nwjh D;k dgykrh gS\ v-iz/kku ns'kkUrj c-ns'kkurj l-v{kak'k n-buesa ls dksbZ ugha31-vUrjk"Vh; frfFk js[kk dgykrh gSv-v{kka'k c-ns'kkUrj l-66v{kka'k n-ns'kkUrj32-i`Foh ds /kjkry ds fdrus izfr'kr Hkkx ij egk}hiksa dk foLrkj ik;k tkrk gS\ v-25-5 c-29-2 l-35-6 n-40-7 33-HkwdEi esa /kjkryh; rjaxsa gksrh gSa v-xkS.k rjaxsa c-L rjaxsa l-izkFkfed rjaxsa n-izkFkfed ,oa xkS.k rjaxas