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8/2/2019 Ajohnh NMW09 00 Introduction
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1/10/20
00: IntroductionJanuary 7, 2009
NanomanufacturingUniversity of Michigan
ME599‐002 / Winter 2009
©2009
A.J. Hart
1
http://www.umich.edu/~ajohnh
Today’s agenda
What is nanotechnology and why is it important?
Course specifications
Some history and characterization techniques
Examples of nanomaterials, research, applications, and
emerging trends
Introductions
Final (opening) motivation and advice
©2009
A.J. Hart
2
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Today’s readings (@ctools)
Feynman (1959), There’s plenty of room at the bottom
Foley and Hersam (2006), Assessing the
need
for
nanotechnology education reform in the United States
ASTM (2006), Standard terminology relating to
nanotechnology
Augustine (2008), Scilence
Gimzewski (2008), Nanotechnology: the endgame of
©2009
A.J. Hart
3
Nature Nanotechnology (2009), The other
nanotech
Definition
Nanotechnology is the ability to understand, control, and
manipulate matter at the level of individual atoms and molecules
as well as at the “supramolecular level” involving clusters of
molecules, in order to create materials, devices, and systems with
fundamentally new properties and functions because of their
small structure. The definition implies using the same principles
and tools to establish a unifying platform for science and
engineering at the nanoscale, and employing the atomic and
molecular interactions to develop efficient manufacturing
©2009
A.J. Hart
4
met o s.‐ National Science Foundation (NSF)
‐ National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI)
(M. Roco, Handbook of Nanoscience, Engineering, and Technology, p. 3‐2)
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Molecular rack and pinion
©2009
A.J. Hart
5Chiaravalotti et al., Nature Materials 6:30, 2007.
Length scales
©2009
A.J. Hart
6
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Beneath 1 millimeter
©2009
A.J. Hart
7http://www.sustainpack.com/nanotechnology.html
Lots of atoms!
©2009
A.J. Hart
8Roduner, Nanoscopic Materials.
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Opportunity: economic growth
©2009
A.J. Hart
9J. Gimzewski, Leonardo 41(3):259‐264, 2008.
Pressure: competitiveness
More than half of the increase in the US gross domestic product (GDP)
has been attributed to advancements in science, technology, and
innovation. The solution to many of America’s, and the world’s,
greatest challenges depends on advancements in science and
technology—including providing energy, preserving the environment,
supplying food and water, ensuring physical security, providing health
care, and improving the global standard of living.
But there are a few problems. The United States ranks 16th and 20th
among nations in college and high‐school graduation rates,
respectively; 60th in the proportion of college graduates receiving
natural science and engineering degrees; and 23rd in the fraction of
©2009
A.J. Hart
10N. Augustine, Science 321:1605, 2008.
.
U.S. citizens receiving Ph.D.s in engineering and the physical sciences
has dropped by 22% in a decade. U.S. high‐school students rank near
the bottom in math and science.
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Need: education
A key challenge for nanotechnology development is the education and
training of a new generation of skilled workers in the multidisciplinary
perspective necessary for rapid progress of the new technology. The
concept at the nanoscale (atomic, molecular and supra‐molecular
levels) should penetrate the education system in the next decade in a
s m ar manner o ow e m croscop c approac ma e nroa s n e
last forty to fifty years…
It is estimated that about 2 million nanotechnology workers will be
needed worldwide in 10‐15 years. If one would extrapolate the current
portion of the users of key measuring instrumentation (atomic force
microscopes and scanning tunneling microscopes), it would obtain a
rou h distribution of nanotechnolo workers needed in 2010‐2020:
©2009
A.J. Hart
11
‐ 0.8 million in US
‐ 0.5 – 0.6 million in Japan‐ 0.3‐ 0.4 million in Europe
‐ 0.1‐ 0.2 million in Asia/Pacific region excluding Japan
‐ and more in other regions.
M. Roco.
Nanomanufacturing: our mission
Realize the breadth and accelerating pace of nanotechnology and the imperative for nanomanufacturing
Understand the fundamental properties of nanostructures,
e.g., nanoparticles, nanotubes, and nanowires
Understand how nanostructures interact with one another
and the surrounding medium …the physics of interactions
Understand how to make nanostructures
Understand how to assemble nanostructures, e.g., top‐down
vs. bottom‐up, 1D, 2D, and 3D
Understand how the ro erties of nanostructures scale with
©2009
A.J. Hart
12
assembly methods, and how interactions govern supra‐
nanoscale properties
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Nanomanufacturing: our mission
Learn how to design and manufacture new materials and
devices by harnessing the special properties and
interactions of nanostructures
Enhance our ability to define important research
questions, critica y ju ge t eir va i ity ase on
fundamental principles, and design experiments to answer
these questions
©2009
A.J. Hart
13
Course outline
Part 0: Introduction to nanotechnology and taxonomy of
nanoscale structures
Part 1: Properties of nanostructures (“building blocks”)
Part 2: Interactions among nanostructures
Part 3: Synthesis of nanostructures
Part 4: Assembly of nanostructures and property‐
interaction scaling
©2009
A.J. Hart
14
Part 5: Example materials and systems implementing
functional nanostructures
CONCLUSION: project presentations
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Assignments and grading
See syllabus (handout and on ctools)
©2009
A.J. Hart
15
Nanomaterials are not new!
It is probable that “soluble” gold appeared
around the 5th or 4th century B.C. in Egypt
and China.
The Lycurgus Cup that was manufactured in
the 5th to 4th century B.C. It is ruby red in
transmitted light and green in reflected light,
due to the presence of gold colloids.
In 1857, Faraday reported the formation of
deep red solutions of colloidal gold by
reduction of an aqueous solution of
chloroaurate (AuCl4‐) using phosphorus in CS2
(a two‐phase system) in a well known work.
©2009
A.J. Hart
16
Milan ‐ Duomo
thin films prepared from dried colloidal
solutions and observed reversible color
changes of the films upon mechanical
compression (from bluish‐purple to green
upon pressurizing).
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©2009
A.J. Hart
17
So, nanomaterials are definitely not new!
but our ability to be nanoscientists is new, because we’ve
created instruments and machines for controlled
characterization and fabrication
these enable nanotechnology
©2009
A.J. Hart
18
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Robert Hooke’s work in 1665
©2009
A.J. Hart
1919
Electron microscopes
©2009
A.J. Hart
20Goodhew, Microscopy and Microanalysis
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Scanning probe microscopes
Scanning tunneling
microscope (STM)
Atomic force
microscope (AFM)
©2009
A.J. Hart
21
invented by Young and colleagues, NIST, 1972
Binnig and Rohrer, Nobel Prize, 1986
Binnig, Quate, Gerber, 1986
Nanotube on a
scanning probe tip
STM image of a “quantum
corral” of Fe on Cu (IBM)
©2009
A.J. Hart
22Crommie et al., Science 262:218‐220 1993.
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“Discovery” of carbon nanotubes, 1991
©2009
A.J. Hart
23
Current resolution limits approach visibility
of individual
atoms
and
defects
©2009
A.J. Hart
24Suenaga et al., Nature Nanotechnology, 2:358, 2007.
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Building blocks
Nanoclusters / NanoparticlesMagic #’s of atoms 100s‐1000s of atoms
≤1 nm size ∼1‐100 nm diameter
©2009
A.J. Hart
25
Nanowires / NanotubesFilled Hollow
∼1‐100 nm dia, up to mm long and beyond!
Semiconducting nanocrystals
“quantum
dots” for Au nanoclusters
photo by F. Frankel, MIT diameter
<100> CdSe <001> CdSe
©2009
A.J. Hart
26Hodes, Advanced Materials, 19:639, 2007.
1.5 nm
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Nanostructured carbons
Single‐wall CNT
(SWNT)
Multi‐wall CNT
(MWNT)
D = 0.4‐3 nm D = 3‐100 nm
Fullerene
D = 0.4‐3 nm
Graphite
sp2
Diamond
sp3
Carbon “nanofibers” Carbon fibersD = 10 nm – 1 mm D = 1–10 mmD = 10 nm – 1 mm
Va or‐ rown Melt‐s un
©2009
A.J. Hart
27Compiled from many sourcesCore is a SWNT > 50,000 tons/yr
Exceptional properties of CNTs
+ High recoverable strains and
reversible kinkingIijima et al., J. Chem Phys., 104:2089:92,
1996.
+ Thermal conductivity
exceeding diamond; 3500
W/m‐K for an individual
SWNTPop et al., Nano Lett. 6:96‐100, 2006.
Advanced fibers
(carbon, aramid, glass)
©2009
A.J. Hart
28
Compiled from National Academy of Sciences report (2005)
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11268.htmland many other sources
+ Ballistic electron transport
over micron length scalesLi et al., PRL 96:057001, 2006.
+ Current density of
~109 A/cm2
Wei et al., APL 79:1172‐4, 2001.
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Nanowire chemical sensors
Reversible bindingof biomolecules
Principle of carrier injection on ac ecep or
©2009
A.J. Hart
29
Nanowire
‐ Molecule‐sized binding sites = high S/N‐ Engineer binding to be molecule‐specific
‐ Arrays can be multiplexed to detect lots
of markers
Patolsky and Lieber, Materials Today, 2007.
CNT‐based memory (Nantero, Inc.)
The concept
(1998)
OFF
©2009
A.J. Hart
30Rueckes et al, Science 289, 2000; http://www.nantero.com
ON
Reversible electromechanical junction
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h i g h
Order = quality, purity, alignment
Quantity = #/vol
yarn/sheetforest (aligned) individual
C N T o r d e r
film (tangled)
dispersion
1 μm
©2009
A.J. Hart
31
CNT quantity [#/vol]
l o
w
few many
Images from various sources including Baughman, Dai, Kim, Rinzler groups
h i g h
Transistors
R&D
Fibers/WiresInterfaces(mech, elect,
therm, fluidic)
Order = quality, purity, alignment
Quantity = #/vol
C N T o r d e r
Transparent
conductors
Emitters, memoryCommercialized
“bulk” nanotechnology
Limited by
©2009
A.J. Hart
32
CNT quantity [#/vol]
l o w
few (<< 1g) many
ESD/plastics
current CNT
mfg technology
adapted from Hart, Rinzler, Kong, WTEC/NSF Report on Carbon Nanotube Manufacturing, Chapter 6, 2007.
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Merck produces >20 tons of silica particles per year for
cosmetic purposes
3M produces TiO2 nanoparticles for dental fillings
“Bulk” nanomaterials produced
commercially today
Cabot produces > 10 tons of carbon black nanoparticles as
polymers additives
Showa Denko (Japan), Mitsui (Japan), and Hyperion (USA)
produce > 250 tons of carbon nanotubes
©2009
A.J. Hart
33
Database of consumer products incorporating engineered
nanostructures:http://www.nanotechproject.org/index.php?id=44&action=intro
©2009
A.J. Hart
34
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Lithium‐ion batteries using nanoporous
LiFePO4 electrodes (A123 systems)
©2009
A.J. Hart
35
CNT‐enhanced sporting goods (Zyvex)
©2009
A.J. Hart
36
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Biocompatibility and health effects
©2009
A.J. Hart
37Dobrovolskaia et al., Nature Nanotechnology, 2:469, 2007.
Biocompatibility and health effects
©2009
A.J. Hart
38Dobrovolskaia et al., Nature Nanotechnology, 2:469, 2007.
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Looking forward…
©2009
A.J. Hart
39
Forecast: an endgame?
©2009
A.J. Hart
40J. Gimzewski, Leonardo 41(3):259‐264, 2008.
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©2009
A.J. Hart
41
Fun: marketing
©2009
A.J. Hart
42
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Nokia Morph phone concept
http://www.nokia.com/A4852062
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IX‐gTobCJHs
©2009
A.J. Hart
4343
Caution: too much hype
It is
hardly
a new
insight
to
observe
that
the
development
of
nanotechnology has been accompanied by exaggeration and oversold
promises. It is tempting for scientists to plead their innocence …after
all, nanobots, universal assemblers and other science fiction visions of
nanotechnology were proposed by members of fringe movements,
such as transhumanists and singularitarians, rather than mainstream
nanoscience researchers.
But are scientists completely blameless in the development
of what might be called the ‘economy of promises’ that surrounds
nanotechnology? The process by which a result from an academic
laboratory is turned into a story in the mainstream media naturally
©2009
A.J. Hart
44R. Jones, Nature Nanotechnology 3:65‐66, 2008.
research; the road from the an academic paper in a research journal to a press release from a university press office is characterized by a
systematic stripping away of the cautious language found in
most research papers, and a transformation of vague possible future
impacts into near‐certain outcomes.
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Certainly no one has made much of a media career by underplaying
the potential significance of scientific developments. This is not to say
that scientists should not exercise responsibility and integrity within
the constraints imposed by the requirements of the media, but
perhaps the ‘economy of promises’ is embedded more deeply in the
scientific enterprise than we realize.
Although the claims made by researchers individually might be
implausible, one can have a great deal more confidence that
collectively the research enterprise as a whole will deliver important
results. Thus scientists may not be at all confident that their own work
will have a big impact, but they are confident that science in general
©2009
A.J. Hart
45R. Jones, Nature Nanotechnology 3:65‐66, 2008.
. ,
memories for promises that science and technology have made but
failed to deliver (such as electricity from nuclear power being ‘too
cheap to meter’). The nanoscience community would do well to be
responsible in what they promise.
Imperative: communication and outreach
2008 – over 80% of Americans reported having heard ‘just a little’
(28%) or ‘nothing at all’ (54%) about nanotechnology.
©2009
A.J. Hart
46Kahan et al., Nature Nanotechnology doi:10.1038/NNANO.2008.341
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Imperative: communication and outreach
©2009
A.J. Hart
47
Kahan et al., Nature Nanotechnology doi:10.1038/NNANO.2008.341
Scheufele et al., Nature Nanotechnology doi:10.1038/NNANO.2008.361
Standards
ASTM International Committee E56 Nanotechnology E2456‐06* Terminology for Nanotechnology
IEEE NESR Nanoelectronic Standards Roadmap IEEE1650‐2005* Electrical characterization of SWNTs
IEEE1784‐2008 Nanomaterials characterization and use in large scale
electronics manufacturing
IEC TC 113 Nanotechnology Standardization for Electrical and
Electronic Products and Systems JWG 1 Terminology and Nomenclature
JWG 2 Measurement and Characterization
©2009
A.J. Hart
48
er ormance assessment
ISO/TC 229 Nanotechnologies ISO/AWI TS 10797 TEM characterization of SWNTs
ISO/AWI TS 10798 SEM & EDXA characterization of SWNTs
ISO/NP TS 10867 NIR photoluminescence spectroscopy of SWNTs
ISO/NP TS 10868 UV‐Vis‐NIR absorption spectroscopy of SWNTs
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Introductions
then closing advice
©2009
A.J. Hart
49
©2009
A.J. Hart
50
Stay on the leading edge! A. Slocum
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Those who stay…
©2009
A.J. Hart
51
Posted above the exit door to the field,
home team
locker
room
at
Michigan
football
stadium(B. Schembechler, 1969)
Collaborate and learn from others
“The thing I want to say is collaborate. Collaborating with
talented people is not easy, but it’s the way to really shine – you
shine bri hter if ou are workin with reall reat eo le. The
important thing in the end is not that you are proved right every
time, the important thing is that the music is the best that it can
be. I want to wish you all that you would find your own voice.
But if you are so disposed that you would find collaborators to
work with, that you would shine as you could never shine on
your own.”
©2009
A.J. Hart
52
Dave “The Edge” Evans (U2), at Berklee College of Music
Commencement, Boston, MA, May 2007.
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©2009
A.J. Hart
53
One word…
©2009
A.J. Hart
54
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WnvBK4_lGtU