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Weed Control... How to Clean Up the Weeds

Wiffioutlosing ffie lake The battle against undesirable aquatic growth is a very serious problem. It poses a threat to natural aquatic life as well as to man. But managing harmful aquatic vegetation and algal growth is not a simple matter.

TOUGH CHOICES Mechanical harvesting, chemical control, biological intervention and "drawdown" methods are all viable means for weed control. The careful assessment and judicious use of these methods are essential.

TOUGH PROBLEMS REQUIRE EXPERT SOLUTIONS Factors of health, safety, economics and ecological balance all play an integral part in the development

of an environmentally responsible program for weed control.

'l'his is when you need to call in the specialists. We're Adirondack Harvesters, Inc. Our professional staff of biologists, chemists, and environmental engineers have tackled and have been involved in some of Florida's toughest water resource problems.

From comprehensive diagnostic surveys and feasi-bility studies to total lake restoration, design, and implementation, our proven capabilities are your assurance of cost effective yet environmentally responsible water resource management.

Don't settle for a quick fix. Call on Adirondack Harvesters, Inc. Because tough problems require expert solutions.

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DECEMBER, 1988/'s

CONTENTS

'iJtttluicS

EDITORIAL

W e can take pride in the fact that F. A P.M. S. is an environmental

protection organization. Our motto is "Protecting Florida's Water I Ic ri tage' ' Most members I u society are "operational environmen-talists' . We do not have the luxury of just lalk mc about what is right for the aquatic environment. It is our job and responsibility to do what is right for the aquatic environment.

Florida's water heritage does not include nonnative, recently intro-duced aquatic weeds such as hvdrilla and water hyacinth. 'I'hcse noxious aquatic plants have the potential of destroying infested bodies of water. Water can be made useless for boating, swimming, skiing, naviga-tion, fishing and other recreational uses. Real estate values can be diminished. An unchecked heavy weed infestation in a body of water can destroy fisheries habitat, stunt sport fish, and even kill fish with an excess of rotting plants depleting dissolved oxygen. Unmanaged excessive aquatic vegetation makes excessive amounts of organic sediments. The everglades kite cannot feed on the apple snail if water hyacinth covers the water surtace. Residential and other areas can be flooded after heavy rainfall if hvdrilla is blocking the flow of water in drainage canals.

As professional aquatic plant niana-gers, we understand what can happen if we do not do our job. Most members of the general public do not understand. We must continue to strive to do a better job of informing and educating the general public through personal contact, presenta-tions at meetings, and providing edti-cational materials. Many resources are available to support us in these efforts. Stay informed. The extension, regulatory, and research personnel in our industry are outstanding, and getting better. Contact them when you need help.

Keep up the good work. As water managers and aquatic plant managers you play a very important role in

Protecting Florida's Water Heritage".

Bill vltn,re

ABOUT THE COVER

IvivatiC Earlywinter morning on Banks Lake, Lakeland, Georgia.

Photo by: David l'arver

FAPMS 1989 OFFICERS President President Elect Treasurer Secretary

Bill Moore Brian Nelson Vie Ramey Greg jubinsky 210 Valencia Shore Dr. 1849 Meriadox' Rd. 2183 McCarty Hill lii, 1, Bo 3465 Winter Garden, Ff. 32787 Tallahassee, FL 323113 Gainesville, FL 32611 Havanna, Fl. 32333 (305)634-5838 (904) 488.5631 (9(4) 392-1799 (904) 539-9681

Editor Immediate Past President Dan Thayer Eddie Knight P.O. Box 24680 l',O, Box 1317 W. Palm Bch., FL 33416 Palatka, H. 32078 (407) 687-6129 (904) 328-2737

Directors-At-Large

Eric Costsenmoyer Pierre Deschenes Mike flulon Ken Lange-land 401 S. Bloxham Ave. 1435 Howell Branch Rd 207W, Carroll St. 7922 N.W. 71si St. Tavares, FL 32778 Winter Park, Fl. 32789 Kissimmee, FL 32741 Gainesville, FL 32606 (904) 343-2011 (407) 644-9860 (407) 847-7293 (904) 392-9613

Larry Maddox Torn Dick Vernon Vandiver 2442 Floridiane Dr. P.O. Box 440 3205 S.W. College Ave. Melbourne, Fl. 32935 Lecanter, FL 32661 Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314 (407) 254-1761 (904) 746-2694 (305) 475-8990

Mark McKenzie Mike Dupes 10014 N. Dale Mabry 1477 Challen Ave. No. 1111 Jacksonville, Ft. 32205 Tampa. Fl. 33618 (904)791-2219 (813) 961.7885

1989 Committee Chairmen

Audit Governmental Affairs Program Membershiplrublicity Bob Rinehart David Tarver Mark Nenfeld Briar, Nelson 401 S. Bloxham Ave. 1499 Morning Dove Rd, 5051 North Lane 1849 Meriadoc Rd. Tavares, Fl. 32778 Tallahassee, FL 32312 Orlando, Fl, 32808 Tallahassee, FL 32303 (904) 343-2011 (9(14) 668-2352 (407) 297-7980 (407) 488-5631

By-Laws Awards Local Arrangements Editorial Lowell Trent 'l'errv Peters Nancy Allen Dan Thayer i'.O. Box 1903 ('0 Box 758 P.O. Box 188 P.O. Box 24680 Eustis, Fl, 32727 Okeechobee, Fl. 33472 Inglis, Fl, 32649 W. Palm Bch., FL 33416

(813) 7632198 (9()4) 447-2933 (407) 687-6129

Aquatic Plant Advisory Historical Council Delegate Equipment Demonstration Nominations

Bill Halter Mike Mahler Lee "Tex" ivy Eddie Knight 7922 N.W. 71st St. P.O. Box 124 85151 Griffin Ret, P.O. Box 1317 Gainesville. FL 32606 Auburndale, FL 33823 Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33328 Palatka, FL. 32078 (904) 392-9613 (813) 965.1214 (305) 434-11(X) (904) 328-2737

The Florida Aquatic Plant Management Society, Inc. has not tested any of the products advertised or referred in this publication, nor has it verified any of the statements made in any of the advertisements or articles. The Society does not warrant, expressly or implied, the fitness of any product advertised or the suitability of any advice or statements contained herein.

1988 FAI'MS, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited.

AQUATICS: Published quarterly as the official publication of the Florida Aquatic l'lant Management Society. 'ibis publication is intended to keep all interested parties informed on matters as they relate to aquatic plant manage-ment particularly in Florida. 10 become a member of the IAPMS and receive the Society newsletter and Aquatics magazine, send $tO plus your mailing address to the Treasurer.

FDt'rORIAI. Address all correspondence regarding editorial matter to Daniel l'hayer, Editor, Aquatics" Magazine, i'.O. bus 2.1680, West Palm Beach, El. 33416.

Medicinal Uses of Aquatic Plants Common to Florida by Site Newnan ........................... 4

Developing a Plan to Manage Lake Vegetation tn Slaulri A. l\Jiclwls, Sandy Engel and Thai McNabb ................10

Highlights from the Twelfth Annual Meeting of the FAPMS .............................................20

Hailer's Historical Highlights l.'jj Bill Hailer .......................22

AquaVine ..................................................23

(qua/lc.s

Medicinal Uses of Aquatic Plants Common to Florida

M an has waged a constant battle against aquatic plants

in an attempt to clear waterways for boat traffic, fishing and recre-ational activities. These plants are often viewed as troublesome weeds as opposed to a resource which might be exploited. Uses include; wastewater treatment, animal fodder, fuel production, soil additives and even food for human consumption. One aspect which has not been explored to any great extent is the use of these plants for their medicinal prop-erties. This paper aims to make people more aware that medicinal uses of aquatic plants have existed for many years, even for centuries.

Floating Plants Among this group of aquatic

plants, Pistia slraliofes (water lettuce) receives the most attention (Figure 1). As early as 77 A.D. Pliny in Egypt recorded the use of Pistia for the treatment of spreading inflammations of the skin and also for the healing of abrasions.

The particular utilization of the plant depends to a great extent upon the part of the plant that is used and how it is prepared. In the majority of cases it is the leaves of Pistia that are employed for their medicinal qualities.

A soothing poultice prepared from the leaves is applied for treatment of inflammations. Such poultices are also used to treat hemorrhoids and venereal ulcers. Alternatively the leaves can be boiled and the resulting extractant added to a bath to reduce swell-ings. In India, Pistia leaf juices are boiled with coconut oil and used to treat several chronic diseases. The medicinal uses of this plant

By Sue Newman

Graduate Assistant Department of Agronomy (IFAS)

University of Florida Gainesville, Florida 32611

can he extended further with the employment of additives. The addition of rice and coconut milk to the leaves results in a medicine for dysentery, whereas the addi-tion of rosewater and sugar produces a remedy for coughs and asthma.

A third leaf preparation is drying followed by grinding. Pow-dered leaves and honey are used to treat syphilitic diseases. The leaves are not the only part of the plant to he used as the roots are used as a laxative and an ointment for pain relief. Ashing of the whole plant and rubbing it into the scalp is a treatment for ringworm.

Another floating plant which has several reported uses is Lenma minor (common duckweed). Un-like Pistia, where the leaves are utilized to prepare medicinal treat-ment, with Lenina it is the entire plant which is used. This is probably due to the impracticality Of cutting off the various segments of these small plants. As with Pistia it is used as a soothing ointment and in poultices as well as being an antisyphilitic.

An infusion of the plant is used to treat jaundice. The plant is also used to treat dropsy (an abnormal accumulation of watery fluid in certain tissues or cavities of the body) and rheumatism. In con-unction with Spiroclela pal irli iza

(giant duckweed), several uses for Lemna have been found in China, for example, they are used in the treatment of swollen feet, urinary difficulties and muscular aches in fevers. Lemua alone has been used to treat eye diseases.

The last plant to he mentioned in this section is the renowned !-ich/ioruia crassipes (water

hyacinth). In India this plant is used in a remedy for goiter (a mal-function of the thyroid gland) and skin diseases.

Emergent Plants Among this group there is one

plant which has a use highly perti-nent to Florida, this is the use of Sagilfaria lancifolia (duckpotato) by the Seminole Indians for the treat-ment of cases of shock following an alligator bite! It does, however, have other more documented applications. In I laiti the leaves are crushed and laid on the cheek covering an aching tooth, this covering should not be left on for more than three hours, otherwise blistering will occur.

In Cuba it has different uses; it is made into a poultice which is applied to infected sores, chronic itches, insect and snake bites. In contrast the only use found for Sa'ittaria latifolia (common arrowhead) was the dispersion of ulcers resulting from tuberculosis.

In herbal medicines aquatic plants are frequently found to be remedies for poisons and are also used as tonics. A review of the small amount of literature relating to aquatic plant utilization shows the preponderance of these uses. Nasturtium aquatuu?n (water cress) is renowned as an invigorating tonic. As well as being a tonic, lptnnoea aquatua (water spinach) has been used as an antidote for certain cases of food poisoning. Brasenia schrebt'ri (water shield) has also been used to neutralize the effects of specific poisons though it does have other uses such as the treatment of cancer, hemorrhoids, boils, etc.

Another use often found for aquatic plants is as a purgative, laxative or diuretic, e.g., Nelumbo

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SIt I a delivers corifu del ici, b(('atIse its (rV (ff('CtiVC against aquatic weeds. And

o hen used according to label directions, Sonar has no restrictions that prevent Swim-ruing, fishing or drinking—unlike other aquatic herbicides. That means after treat-merit, swimmers can still swim, fishermen

I hang onto prize catches, amid Sonar can even he used iii drinking water reservoirs.

'the Sonar label will not restrict your water use hut Sonar will restrict your aquatic weeds. Sonar targets specific plants like tivdrilli, pondwced, water urilfoil and many

((I! iii i I now (cl_s. Tier I it lot it ols t hem all seiisoi i long, whether v ii applY before the' come iIJ) or after.

So get vour weeds out of t tie Ilow of things. Try Sonar And weed out your water, with-out the W( [IV

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Fig. I Water lettuce choked lake in Pasco County. Ihioto by Monica Dear, Pasco County Mosquito Control.

quaticS

lufea (American lotus), lpomoea, Nyrnphaea ado rata (fragrant water lily). Nyrnphaea seems to be some-thing of a paradox, for not only is it utilized in the treatment of con-stipation, but it is also said to be used as an astringent in bowel complaints and is taken as a cure for diarrhea and dysentery. As a poultice Nynphaea can be used as a remedy for ulcers and its juices can be used as a gargle for a sore throat. It is also utilized in the treatment of catarrhal infections and venereal diseases. Typha latifolia (cattail) has similar

properties to this plant. Another plant known as a diur-

etic is Pot ygonum hydropiperoides (smartweed). In addition, the leaves have antiseptic properties and are utilized externally as a counter-irritant and internally as a stimulant. Hydrocotyh' urnbellata (water pennywort) also has internal uses in that it is taken in the treatment of diseased kidneys.

The final plant to be considered in this section is Nuphar luteurn (spatterdock) whose leaves are macerated and used to stop bleeding. An infusion prepared

from the root system is applied as a lotion for eruptive skin ailments. It is suggested that its success is due to its high concentration of tannic acid which is noted for its antiseptic action.

Submersed Plants In general the plants in this

category seem to be utilized for their soothing purgative properties with the exceptions of Mirio-phi,!/um sp. (watermilfoil) whose crushed young leaves are a remedy for chronic dysentery, fever and a relief of thirst. Pota-?iiogL'ton pt'ctn?atus (sago pond-weed) is used in China to relieve fever of the liver.

Sedges, Grasses and Rushes While perusing the medicinal

uses of aquatic plants it is inter-esting to note sonic of the cures which are exclusive to women. l'auicum repens (torpedograss) is eaten to treat inflammations of the ovaries and abnormal menstru-ation. Even related plants do not necessarily have the same uses. A tonic made from Panicuin maxirnu in (Guinea grass) is taken as a diuretic. This plant can also be wrapped around the head to relieve headaches. In addition, it is used in tribal cultures in the healing and rainmaking ceremony.

Phrap,itcs australis (giant reed) is also a grass but with different uses. The utilization of this plant has altered over time. Historically it was the stalk and leaves of the plant that were the drug in the treatment of bronchitis and chol-era. However, in modern medi-cine, it is the rhizome that the Chinese use as a drug. The root has cooling properties which result in the soothing of sore throats and high fever. It is also used to hasten the eruption of pustules in measles, as a cure for hiccups, nausea and stomach inflammations. In Taiwan it is used for infantile digestive and skin diseases.

J uucus eftusus (soft rush) is a remedy for insomnia, inflam-mation of the throat and coughs. The leaves of C/adjoin janiaicense (sawgrass) are boiled and the resulting extract is used as a lotion for chicken pox.

Finally, Echinochloa crusgalli (barnyard grass) is reputed to be a

Sonar delivers great results. AlIiii)St anywhere. kirge recreatioii,i! lakes. Golf course pon(Is.

I )rainage canals. Even drinking water reservoirs. Sonar targets sps'itic plants like hydrilla,

coontail, duckweed, water inilfoi I and nianv others. And controls them all season long, whether von al.)t)lv lsIore tlu' come up or after.

But as efkctive as Sonar is against aquatic

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cides. Arid when used according to label direc-tions, it wont adversely affect your aquatic cnvirumuilcii t*, water clicuiistry or quality,

or lej k'tc water oxygeii. So restrict your aquatic weeds, riot aquatic

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See your Elauco distributor, or call toll-free: 1-800-352-6776.

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tonic which acts on the spleen and in addition, the shoots and roots can be crushed and applied to wounds to check hemorrhage.

Reading through this paper it would seem that there are many ailments that can be treated suc-cessfully by aquatic plants; however, as Scuithorpe states it is very difficult to establish to what extent the cures were achieved by the plant's properties or by super-stition and psychological reas-surance. "In very few instances has the therapeutic use of hydrophyte organs been acknowl-edged over a period of centuries. In yet fewer cases has any medicinal principle been isolated and identified from the organs used."

Remember, aquatic plants commonly found in Florida have been used in cultural ceremonies and in herbal medicine for centuries and may still be used today. So next time you have a headache and thirst after being in the hot sun or an airhoat, wrap some guinea grass around your head and munch some inyrin-phqllum. Personally, I would rather swallow a couple of aspirin and have a beer chaser!

This paper merely reviewed the information available in the lit-erature and makes no attempt to judge the findings. Its main aim was to introduce the reader to an area of interest that they may have been unaware. The following glos-sary will likely assist in under-standing some of the medicinal terms in the text.

Glossary

Catarrh - an inflamed condition of the mucus membrane

Diuretic - causing increase in the flow of urine

Infusion - a liquid extract Poultice - a moist, soft, ground

up form of plant applied to inflammations

Purgative - medicine that empties the bowels

Bibliography Burlage, H. M. 1968. Index of Plants of

Texas with Reputed Medicinal and Poisonous Properties. H. M. Burlage, Austin, texas. 272 pp.

Coon, N. 1974, lire Dictionary of Useful Plants. Rochdale Press, Emmaus, Pennsylvania. 290 PP.

Gopal, B. and K. l Sharma. 1981. Water I itjacint/r (Eichhornia crassipes) ,,iost I roublesonre need of the world. Flindasia Publishers, New Delhi, India. 128 pp.

Jacobs, M. L. and H. M. Burlage. 1958. Index of Plants of North Carolina with Reputed Medicinal Uses. H. M. Burlage, Austin, Texas, 322 pp.

Millspaugh, C. F. 1974. America,, Medicinal Plants. Dover Publications, inc., New York, NY. 806 pp.

Morton, J. F. 1974. Folk Re,,redii's of the Low Counlr. F. A. Seeman l'uhl. Inc., Miami, Florida. 176 Pp,

Morton J P. 1981. ,4 I/irs of Medicinal Plants of Middle A ,,,erica: llirhramas to Yucatan. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, 1,472 pp.

Perry, L. M. and J. Metigor. 1980. Medicinal Pla,rts of South-East Asia: A tt rib,, ted Properties and Uses. Ml'l' Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 632 Pp,

Sculthorpe, C. D. 1967. TIre Biology of Aquatic Vascular Plants. Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd., London and Colchester, England. 610 pp.

Watt, J. M. and M. C. Breyer-Brandwijk.

1962. 'lire Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Easter,, A frica. 2nd ed . F. and S. Livingstone, Ltd., Edinburgh and London, England. 1,457 pp.

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Sonar clearly tells its own story. With season-long aquatic Wild control that other aquatic herbicides cannot deliver. Sonar targets specific plants like water lily, hydrilla, duckweed and many other weed problems. And controls them all season long whether VOL) apply before they come up or after.

Unlike other aquatic herbicides, the Sonar label doesn't restrict swimming, fishing, or drinking. When used according to label direc-

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Developing a Plan To Manage Lake Vegetation

By Stanley A. Nichols

Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey Madison, Wisconsin

Sandy Engel*

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Madison, Wisconsin

Tom McNabb

W hat's the best way to manage aquatic plants?

Herbicides, harvesters, dyes, screens, and drawdown can help. But the difference between success and failure - between attacking or controlling plants - rests on a sound management plan. Such a plan can guide lake use, save time and money, identify problems, and reduce environmental harm.

Without a plan, treatments are haphazard. Objectives remain undefined, leaving no way to gauge progress. Plant commun-ities might be treated that need no control. Ineffective treatments are discarded without knowing why they failed. In short, the same failures are repeated each year.

A successful plan is built on four principles:

• define the problem. • understand plant ecology. • consider all techniques. • monitor the results. A plan enables progress to he

measured against objectives. When not met, the plan can he revised. Failures need not he repeated, for the planners can learn from their mistakes and chart more successful strategies.

Planning means team work. Lake users and managers must work together to share infor-mation, make decisions, and reach compromises. All viewpoints must he represented for the plan to gain wide acceptance. This is particu-larly true for lakes with multiple use.

Aquatics Unlimited Martinez, California

Getting Started Let's begin with a quiz (Fig. 1).

Most of the questions require a yes or no answer, but making the proper choice takes knowledge of Your lake and a vision of how it should he used. Answering no to some questions means the prob-lem is insignificant or needs to be reviewed.

Does a problem exist? Survey the plant community to reveal what species need control, how dense they are, and where in the lake they grow. Draw plant cover on a lake map to help locate problem areas.

Is the problem significant? Plants may not necessarily interfere with lake use and are valuable as fish and waterfowl habitat. Identify how the plants cause problems and whether they are worth controlling.

What are your management objectives? Divide your lake map into user areas, showing where angling, swimming, and boating occur (Fig. 2). Identify waterfowl habitat. Now develop objectives for each type of use. Consider channels in fishing areas, plantfree space for speed boaters, and undisturbed areas for waterfowl.

Are management methods available to meet objectives? Consider all control techniques for efficacy, cost, and environmental impact. Some methods work best inshore; some are too expensive for large areas; others are unselective and harm beneficial

plants. Seek opinions from differ-ent specialists to answer this question.

What management techniques will be used? Choose among chemical, mechanical, habitat manipulation, or biological tech-niques. Several techniques can he integrated into a strategy. But each one must he used properly. Federal or state laws may restrict or ban some techniques. Your plan should specify how, when, and where each strategy will he used.

Did the management strategy meet your objectives? After conducting a treatment program, evaluate its success. Don't expect quick fixes; remember, each stra-tegy has limitations. A mud-bottom lake is unlikely to turn from salad bowl to swimming pool. Perhaps your objectives were unrealistic.

Has the situation changed? Monitor your lake to collect data on water quality, the new plant community, and fishes and waterfowl using the lake. Monitoring can detect problems before they become unmanage-able. Get help from public agencies or hire private contractors for the work. Don't neglect to survey public opinions. Such information can he used to reassess your objectives and refine your plan.

* Request reprints from S. Engel, 3911 Fish Hatchery Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53711.

10

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63

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Rodeo breaks down into natural products and does not bioaccumulate in the food chain What's more, Rodeo will not leach into non target areas becau5e it has no residual activity

RODEO WILL CONTROL YOUR TOUGHEST GRASS, BROADLEAF WEEDS AND BRUSH, ROOTS AND ALL, INCLUDING:

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r DOES A PROBLEM no MoNITtj-*--

EXIST?

ye

IS THE PROBLEM SIGNIFICANT?

no

ye

WHAT ARE YOUR

I MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES?

IREVIEW I ARE MANAGEMENT METHODS

AVAILABLE TO MEET OBJECTIVES?

WHAT MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES IREVIEW I WILL BE USED?

—no DID THE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY MEET YOUR OBJECTIVES?

S THE SITU ATON _______ no y es F CHANGED?

Fig. 1 A planning quiz. Answer each question and follow the appropriate arrow

,Aquatics

Gathering Information

Where and how do you get needed information? Start with your OWfl planning team or form a special information-gathering team. Each member should become a bloodhound, tracking specialists in universities, federal

and state agencies, and private industry. At first, persons with broad training may serve you better than those more specialized. To locate agencies, companies, and lake managers consult direc-tories of the National Wildlife Federation2, the North American Lake Management Society3, and

the Florida Department of Natural Resources'.

Become a networker. Join lake societies to receive newsletters, attend meetings, and contact people from other lake groups. People may someday come to you for advice.

Seek varied opinions early in planning. Invite specialists to meet with your group, but beware of their bias and limited knowledge. Write for product literature, but watch for exaggerated claims. Consult public libraries for books about lakes or aquatic plants.

Your own lake can provide the best information. With guidance, your group can collect original data. State agencies, like the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources5, offer self-help programs for measuring water clarity and conducting lake surveys. Keep records of algal blooms, fluctuations in plant beds, and other water quality changes. Build a reference library to keep your notes, books, reports, news-letters, and company literature. A personal computer or word proc-essor is handy for storing data, writing notes, and revising your plan.

Controlling Plants

Your choice of plant control strategies should be guided by three principles:

• consider all methods.

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tical reflectance. Reflectance data I 'HARVESTING AND HERBICIDE for individual plant species are pro- I TREATMENT EVALUATION grarnmed and the computer will I select and false Color assigned I DETECTION OF PROBLEM

• ... .-.I-.• .. I AQUATIC PLANT INFESTATIONS co ors o a areasreflectance value for that species. Color imagery is then generated for each survey location. Large areas can be covered from the aerial perspective and processed at the touch of a button.

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The EnviroScan system can provide coverage of large areas rapidly. The camera systems are portable and can be carried to remote sites and installed in rental aircraft to limit costs. The imagery collected can be viewed at the site because of the video format and any ground truthing or re-takes of imagery can be performed on the same trip to the site. The imagery that is col-lected can be processed by the PIMS Computer any number of times for any of the different appli-cations mentioned here so Costs of data Collection can be spread across a number of projects or use needs of the client, The PIMS Sys-tem provides many of the benefits of satellite imagery for detection and mapping needs in a more flex. ible format.

14

ItvLaLs

• separate management strategies by lake use.

• weigh each method's benefits against its cost and environmental impacts.

Each chemical, mechanical, habi-tat manipulation, and biological technique has limitations, short-and long-term consequences, and environmental risks. Beware of hidden costs for maintaining equipment, repeating treatment, and restoring habitat.

Know local, county, state, and federal restrictions before using any method. Many states, for example, ban stocking of grass carp and require a permit to apply chemical herbicides. Few states require a permit for mechanical harvesting, but local ordinances may govern where the harvest can be dumped. Nearly every tech-nique has some restrictions.

Chemical Treatment. Herbicides can be used selectively to manage aquatic vegetation, because plants differ in susceptibility to herbi-cides6. For instance, the herbicide 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) is effective against Eurasian

watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) but not against curly-leaf pondweed (Potamogeton crispus)7. Knowing what plant species occur in your lake is vital to choosing an effective herbicide — one that will not cause resistant species to spread.

Herbicides can be applied rapidly with equipment ranging from hand pumps to helicopters. Follow directions on the label and don't exceed the recommended dosage. Because of lake dilution, treatment costs increase with water depth. This may restrict herbicide use to inshore areas.

CJ 0

B BOATING

F FISHING

R REFUGE

S SWIMMING

Another concern is for the environment.

Herbicides affect both plant and animal communities. They may kill aquatic invertebrates, which are vital fish and waterfowl food. Plants are also left to decay, causing fish kills and algal blooms if enough vegetation decomposes rapidly. Chemical sprays may drift into areas not needing control. Ingredients in some herbicides, such as copper sulfate, may accumulate in sediments, limiting future dredging options because of restrictions on disposing contami-nated wastes.

-------________

)

'llt.,,,,... i , . t'^-• - --./.. \

0 Us,`' 0 11 'S S • (3 u 000

Fig. 2 Summer plant cover (shaded) on imaginary Legne Lake, showing harvested channels and areas designated for different uses. Depth contours are in feet.

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Mechanical Treatment. Cutter-mounted boats are inexpensive and light enough to work inshore, but leave all plant fragments behind Mechanical harvesters cut and remove plants, but are expensive and can be cumbersome inshore. Tiller barges (rotovators) cut into sediments to destroy roots, hut have similar drawbacks of harvesters and create even more turbidity (Fig. 3)J

I larvesting does have many advantages. It frees areas for immediate use, without using chemicals. Few plants are left to decay. Control can he directed at specific areas or used selectively to create channels. I larvested plants, with their nutrients, can he hauled to farms or gardens and used as mulch or compost.

Mechanical harvesters affect ecosystems by destroying habitat and removing insects and small fishes trapped in the vegetation. They may create turbidity and leave fragments to drift on shore. Shoreline cleanup, using rakes and pitchforks, is often necessary with cutting and harvesting opera-tions. Most harvesters are ineffec-tive at removing duckweed and filamentous algae not clinging to large plants.

Habitat Manipulations. Plant growth can he controlled by altering the lake environment through deepening, shading, screening, or drawdown'.

Dredging can control attached plants if the lake is deepened enough to prevent sunlight from stimulating bottom growth. This depth varies with water clarity and plant species. For instance, Eurasian watermilfoil in clear lakes can reach the water surface from a depth of at least 12 ft., whereas sago pondweed (P. pt'ctiuutus) rarely grows beyond 5 ft. deep. Dredging to just 10 ft. deep there-fore might permit deepwater species to spread. Dredging also is expensive, ineffective against algae and other drifting plants, and creates a problem with disposing of bottom materials. Spot dredg-ing, to create boat channels, is a cheaper compromise to dredging an entire lake bed.

Commercial dyes control rooted plants and algae by tinting lake

Fc,'. 3 Bar, 'c-,,iou,itcd rotetilh'rs use liii dra i il/c, rollifilig discs to 11c."flo.11it.

water to retard sunlight penetra- Fiberglass screens combine tion. Their use is limited to ponds shading with bottom covering' and constricted hays of lakes with

(Fig. 4). When firmly anchored to

little or no flow through. The dyes the lake bed, the screens cause seem ideal for ponds on golf

underlying plants to decompose or

courses, where herbicides and

fail to develop. They should he harvesting equipment might

applied in spring and removed

damage the greens. Unlike each fall for cleaning. Otherwise herbicides, the dyes are not

the screens would become buried

directly toxic to plants. by sediment. Use them beside

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piers for boat access and along shore to create swimming areas.

Drawdown exposes the bottom of lakes and reservoirs that can be drained. Foliage is destroyed and underground plant parts are exposed to extremes of tempera-ture, drought, and soil com-paction. Instead of draining the

100 feet, clear c/la,i, u'ls al 'n' she re and

entire lake, eliminating all lake use, try a partial drawdown of a few inches to several feet iust enough to expose boat piers. However, summer drawdown may allow emergent plants, such as cattails, to colonize the lake bed and produce a marsh. Winter drawdown permits lake use in

summer, but may affect fish survival and lead to dominance by submergent plants resistant to drawdown8. A partial winter drawdown, repeated only as necessary, can control inshore plants and avoid some of these pitfalls. Biological control. Can aquatic plants he controlled with animals that eat plants? Aquatic insects, snails, fishes, and even mammals have been tried with varying success. Weevils, moths, and fungi recently have been intro-duced into southern waters and found to stress water hyacinth (Eichiornia crassipes). Managers now stock grass carp or white amur (Ctc'noplm rijugodou ide/la) to control other plants.

Adult grass carp have voracious appetities for aquatic plants. They first defoliate lakes and then keep plants from sprouting; control may last over 10 years. ho)• Native to China and the Soviet Union, the carp tolerate cold, oxygen-poor water and thus could survive winters in northern states. Sterile (triploid) grass carp, with three

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sets of chromosomes instead of the normal two, have been devel-oped to block reproduction. They have been endorsed for stocking by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Consult with state authorities before releasing any grass carp, because some states prohibit stocking and others require a permit.

Grass carp stocking has many drawbacks" 10• Because carp are difficult to confine in lakes, plants cannot always he saved as fish and waterfowl habitats. Stocking too many carp may reduce foliage so rapidly that algal blooms and oxygen depletion occur from decay of feces and undigested plant matter. Denuded shorelines become subject to erosion. Game-fishes may at first grow faster, but lack of vegetation robs them of prey and causes stunting.

Biological control must he approached cautiously. Control agents, like grass carp, may be dif-ficult to remove. They may escape to lakes and marshes valued for plant cover or become established in river systems. Their behavior may he unpredictable, especially in the North where biological control has been less studied. Because northern waters lack hydrilla (Hiit/ ri//a verticillala), grass carp stocked in low numbers prefer pondweeds and coontail (Ceratop1nllu in detnersuin), leaving the less palatable watermilfoil to spread. Control agents can impact more than plants. For example,

rusty crayfish (Oronu'ctes rusticus)

escaped into some Wisconsin lakes and not only destroyed aquatic plants but also displaced native crayfish, ate fish eggs, and reduced insect prey of fishes". Only careful screening, testing, and evaluation can reveal such ecological consequences.

Restoring Plant Communities

Adding plants to lakes may be more important than removing them. Many lakes have little vege-tation, undesirable species, or plants growing in the wrong places. Plants can he used to at-tract waterfowl, promote fish spawning, retard shoreline erosion, and improve water clarity by trapping nutrients. Short species can he planted to compete with taller ones that disrupt boating. Broad-leaved species can he grown to diversify monotonous stands of finely branched plants.

Aquatic plants can he grown from seed or transplanted as cuttings, winter buds, tubers, or whole plants. Nails or clay can he attached to sink the plants. Try native pondweeds (I'otaniogeton spp.) for a loose underwater garden.

Techniques that eradicate plants can promote desirable species and improve habitat. The herbicide 2,4-D can shift community compo-sition from watcrmilfoil and coon-tail to beneficial pondweeds and wild celery ( Vallisneria anu'ricann)7 .

Mechanical harvesting also can

stimulate wild celery by removing a shading canopy of watermilfoil1.

Screens and harvesters can channelize plant beds to produce island habitats, increase edge, and form cruising lanes for boaters and gamefishes. Lake shores can be resloped to promote or discourage habitat. Aluminum sulfate (alum) can reduce algae and thus improve water clarity for larger plants to grow.

Summary and Conclusion

A lake management plan is an orderly approach to plant manage-ment. It helps define the problem, set priorities, develop manage-ment strategies, and evaluate progress. As an educational tool, it can describe the what, how, why, and where of management tech-niques. As a team effort, a plan can focus community involvement.

Use the plan to integrate management techniques. Partial winter drawdown and screening for inshore control can he com-bined with offshore harvesting. I lerhicides or harvesting can reduce the number of sterile grass carp needed for stocking. Spot dredging can coincide with winter drawdown. Most important, a lake management plan can he inte-grated with watershed manage-ment to control both internal and external nutrient loading 2

Consider a lake management plan - thoughtfully developed and wisely executed - to breathe new life into your lake.

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Acknowledgments This article developed from two

workshops on aquatic plant man-agement, conducted by authors in November 1986 at the North American Lake Management Society conference in Portland, Oregon. We thank Douglas R. Knauer and Legne Engel for reviewing the manuscript.

References

Engel, S. 1987. Concepts in lake ,nanace-men!: Rest ructurin'5' littoral zones. Research/Management Findings No. 2. Wisconsin Department of Natural Re-sources, Madison, Wisconsin. 3 pp. National Wildlife Federation, 1988- Con-servation Direcforij. National Wildlife Federation, 1412 Sixteenth Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036. 313 pp. (Updated yearly.) Moore, M. L. 1987. NALMS inanaetnent yuide for lakes and reservoirs. North American lake Management Society, 1000 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 202, Washington, D.C. 211036. 48 pp. Florida Department of Natural Re-sources, Bureau of Aquatic Plant Man-agement, 3900 Commonwealth Boulevard, Tallahassee, Florida 32303. Wisconsin Department of Natural Re-sources, Lake Management Program, P. 0. Box 7921, Madison, Wisconsin 53707,

Cangstad, F. 0. 1986. Freshwater ve'eta-lion inanayernen t. Thomas Publications, Fresno, California. 380 pp. Nichols, S. A. 1986. Community manip-ulation for maerophijte management. Lake and Reservoir Management (North American Lake Management Society) 2:245-251. Cooke, G. D., F. B. Welch, S.A. Peterson and P. K. Newroth. 1986. Lake and reservoir restoration, Butterworth Publishers, Stoneham. Massachusetts.

392 pp. Dunst, K. C. et al. 1974. Survey of lake rehabilitation techniques and experiences. Technical Bulletin No, 75. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, Wisconsin. 179 pp.

10 Leslie, A. J., Jr., J. M. Van Dyke, R. S. llestand 111 and B. Z. Thompson. Man-a'einen t of aquatic plants in multi-use lakes with grass carp (Ctenophari/ngodon idella) Lake and Reservoir Management (North American Lake Management Society) 3:266-276.

o Lodge, [). M., A. 1.. Beckel and J. J. Magnuson. in, 1985. Lake-bottom tyrant. Natural History 94(8):32-37.

o Singh, K. I'. and D. F. Sefton. 985. Economical and effective ineasu res for

lake protection and managemen t. Public Works 116(9):132-t39.

JUST ANOTHER HYACINTH?

Recently the DNR located an infestation of rooted water hyacinth Eichlwrnio axurea in southern Palm Beach County. The site was contained and easily eradicated; however, the fact that someone was capable of buying the plant is disturbing. Rooted water hyacinth is native to South America and very similar in appearance to our naturalized hyacinth. The primary difference being the lack of inflated petioles and the fact that it is generally rooted in the mud.

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Highlights from the Twelfth Annual Meeting of the FAPMS

AWARD WINNERS

Photo Contest: Operations

1st ['Lice - Mike I 11111,11

2nd Place Alison Fox

3rd Place Mike Hulim

Auatic Scenes

1st ['Lice - Jim Kelley

2nd Place - Phil Chatman

3rd Place - Greg McClain

Memehership Drive: Bill Moore

(iv Ii ieh lie donated back to the William L. Major Scholarship lou ndat 0 ii)

Applicator ol the Year:

Gi-ady Vance

Applicator Paper ot the Year:

Ernie Feller

Exhibitor Award:

Southern Mill Crock l'roducts Co.

Presidential Award:

Dan Iliaver

Sutton's "Tubers-in-a-jar" Guess:

Gordon Baker

Knife Raffle: Gordon Baker

(which he donated hack to till' William L. Maier Scholarship Foundation)

Scholarship Award:

Mark MossIer Agri no my Dept

University of Florida Gainesville

i,itu'riain?Hu'iil fit i/ui' i/iuuiiiil )/auuquei Wlb j'niu'jdu'iI by ''illex fVest and i/ui' Vail

''eed l'fap lu/rues uc'a!laiuIu' upool request.

O:i/'o/,i ;iri's,d'iif Oh/s Kfll\'/l/, ic/jeers his Orifice 1'. NIc/e/Iii,1 ri'iii/ii:/:. f/ic

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o- 12

RL J_j111 :;á

201

-quaIics

In The Beginning i4iio,i t/111011

In the beginning There was Earth; heatitittil and wild; and thin man

came to dwell. At first he lived like other animals Feeding himself on plants and creatures around him And this was called Iii Balance Will, Nat ii rc. Soon man multiplied. lie grew tired of ceaseless hunting for food. lie built homes and villages. Wild plants and animals were domesticated. Some men became Farmers so that others might

become Industrialists, Artists, or Doctors. And this was called Society. Man and Society pg'sst'd. With his God-given ingenuity, man learned to teed,

clothe, protect and tra n.sport himself so that he might enjoy life.

I le built cars, houses on top of each other and nylon And life was more enjoyable. The men called Farmers grew more efficient. A single Farmer grew food for 49 Industrialists,

Artists and Doctors. And Writers, Engineers and leachers as well. To protect his crops and animals, the Farmer

produced substances to repel or destroy Insects, Diseases and Weeds.

I hese were called Pesticides. Similar snibsta ices wire made by I )octors to protect

liun'tans.

These were cal led Medicine. The Age of Science had arrived and with it came

better diet and longer, happier lives for more members of Society.

Soon it came to pass That certain well-led members of Society disapproved

Of the Farmer using Science. 'I'hev spoke harshly of his techniques for- feeding,

Protecting and preserving plants and animals. 'l'hev deplored his upsetting the Balance of Nature; They longed for the Good Old l)avs. And they had emotional appeal to the rest of Society. By this time Farmers had become so efficient,

Society gave them a new title. Unimportant Minority.

Because Society could not ever imagine a shortage Of food

Laws were passed abolishing I'esticndes, Fertilizers and Food Preservatives.

Insects, Diseases and Weeds flourished. Crops and Animals died. Food became scarce. To survive, Industrialists, Artists and Doctors were

forced to grow their own food. They were not very efficient. People and government fought wars to gain more

agricultural land. Millions of people were exterminated. The remaining few lived like animals. Feeding themselves on creatures and plants

around them Arid this was called In, Balninice Willi Nature.

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HALLER's HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS

C8H6C1203 Begins a Revolution

No, it wasn't the fighting kind of revolution that we read about so

often in newspapers, but the combination of carbon, hydro-

gen, chlorine, and oxygen atoms that were combined in 1940

contributed significantly to the agricultural revolution, The

discovery of the first widely used organic herbicide, 2,4-D, provided

for the first time the ability for man to efficiently control many

weeds in many sites. With 2,4-D, a means was finally available to the aquatic plant manager to

control water hyacinth and later, watermilfoil, lilies, and coontail. How could such a simple com- pound, so similar to naturally occurring plant hormones, become synthesized? It all

started a little over 100 years ago.

In the 1880s, the famous natur-alist and scientist Charles Darwin noted that plants grow towards

the light. What's more, he discovered that if the tips of

growing plants were covered or kept dark, the plants didn't grow

towards the light source. As simple as this discovery may

seem, it stimulated the interests of plant physiologists the world

over. Finally, some 30 to 40 years later it was conclusively

shown that the bending towards the light by Darwin's plants was a chemical phenomenon obviously caused by a "growth substance"

of unknown identity. In the 1930s, plant auxins were

discovered, identified, synthe-sized and derivatives (closely related chemicals) were being studied to produce such things

as dwarf plants, seedless toma-toes and stimulate plant produc-tion. This "hot" new field of plant physiology and plant growth reg-ulators produced an estimated 1,000 scientific papers a year in the late 1930s. This high level of research activity set the stage for the discovery of 2,4-D, an auxin type herbicide; a discovery that was destined to occur.

By the late 1930s it was well known that many phenoxyacetic acids were good growth regula-tors. Finally in 1940, Pokorny syn-thesized the first 2,4-dichloro-phenoxy acetic acid while searching compounds for use as fungicides. Having no fungicidal properties, Pokorny dismissed 2,4-D from his tests, but published its synthesis in 1941. The biological activity of 2,4-D on plant growth was soon discovered with scien-tists from Dupont and American Chemical Paint Company (Amchem) filing for use patents. Dupont scientists filed for its use as a growth regulator, and Amchem filed for its use as a weed killer. By this time it was becoming widespread knowl-edge that several growth regu-lators, at higher dosages, were toxic and often selectively con-trolled various plants. Two, 4-D was now available in small quan-tities for study by other scientists, several of whom found that the material controlled broadleaf weeds. Finally, a herbicide use patent was granted on December 11, 1945 to ED. Jones of Amchem. History indicates that the first experimental 2,4-D sold was to two USDA scientists in Beltsville, MD at a cost of $12.50 for a one pound container in 1943. By the time Jones received the herbicide use patent, Amchem had decided to offer 2,4-D to the public. Due to war time shortages, the first batch of 2,4-D formulated was bottled in wide-mouth chocolate syrup bottles and boxed for shipment under a shade tree outside of the chemical plant. This material did not at first sell well, but publicity in Readers Digest and Better Homes magazines made the public aware of its availability for control of such lawn weeds as

poison ivy and dandelions. Many people may have

believed that 2,4-D was dis-covered secretly as a part of the war effort by the U.S. govern-ment. Certainly the War Depart-ment studied many herbicides for potential use against crop plants, but there was no secret about 2,4-D. The synthesis and early studies of phenoxies were widely published during the early 1940s.

What about aquatic use of 2,4-D? Two,4-D didn't make it as a fungicide back in 1940, so is it also possible that the first use of 2,4-D on aquatics was also the result of an error? Maybe!

Can you imagine the interest that these new herbicides created among scientists? Did 2,4-D stimulate the formation of weed science programs in Amer-ican universities, stimulate forma-tion of Weed Science Societies, stimulate the agrichemical indus-try as we know it today, and yes, stimulate food production so that one American farmer today feeds nearly 200 people? Dis-covery of 2,4-D laid the ground-work for all these things.

By 1945, Dr. Fanny Fern Davis was experienced in 2,4-D use and was hired as a consultant to the National Capitol Park Service in Washington. D.0 The NCPS was responsible for maintaining the grounds and historical buildings in the D.C. area. By War's end, the turf around the White House, Washington Monument and the Mall was overrun with weeds and suffered from general neglect due to manpower shortages caused by the war. Dr. Davis sprayed 2,4-D on essentially all of these public areas to rejuvenate the turf and control weeds. Between turf applications, insecti-cides would be sprayed on orna-mental plants in the D.C. area, including on lotus plants in orna-mental pools. Insecticides were mixed in the same wooden tank that had been washed several times after spraying 2,4-D on turf. Needless to say, lotus plants sprayed with insecticide soon demonstrated curling and bending, typical of the auxin response caused by 2,4-D. Seri-ously, this incident in 1945 was

probably not the first "aquatic" application of 2,4-D, but it had to be close.

So what is 2,4-D? When one refers to 2,4-D, one is generally referring to a group of plant hormone-auxin type herbicides derived from 2,4-D acid. Two derivatives of 2,4-D acid are in general use in aquatic weed control. Two, 4-D dimethylamine salt and 2,4-D butoxyethanol ester are the most commonly used. Two, 4-D dimethylamine is formulated as a liquid and widely used for water hyacinth control. Two, 4-DBEE is sold as a granular formulation and most widely used for submersed weed con-trol (milfoil and coontail) and for emergent weed control (lilies). Although a relatively simple com-pound, slight changes in chemi-cal structure (and many substitu-tions are possible) dramatically changes the activity of the herbicide. One thing for certain, C8H6C1203 started a revolution which has allowed the retirement of many hoes around the world.

• Bill Hailer

AQUAVINE

WAPMS

]'he Western Aquatic Plant Management Society will hold its annual meeting on March 16 and 17, 1989 at the Alanioana American I iOtL'I in F lonol u Lu, Hawaii. The meeting will focus oil the latest ted iologv and research findings on the manage-nient of aquatic plants that grow in lakes, reservoirs, and irrigation systems. For further information contact:

David Spencer USDA Aquatic Weed

Control Research Lab Botany Department Uiii'ersitv of California Davis, CA 95616 (916) 752-6260

10-YEAR ANNIVERSARY The March 1989 issue of

Aquatic's will be the ten year anniversary of the magazine. I need your help with the 40th edition in order to make it a memorable issue. I'm asking that members of the FAI'MS, APMS and other aquatic plant manage-ment chapters around the country dig deep into your photo tiles for any old and new pictures and slides of people, places and events that you may have. I'm especially interested in historical photos, operational and aquatic scenes, people pictures and photos you max' have from past national society or chapter society meetings. With your help, we can make this an issue to remember. Please provide a caption, your name and your return address with photo. You will, of course, get full credit for your contribution. 'l'hanks!

Hello Komeen' Goodbye HydrMa

Introducing Griffin's Hardworking Aquatic Herbicide L ,'tirolliii I l\Jrill.I \erti, ill;lII rcL(I!Ird Roiiicii, the Ill ot c'fI1'ti\t' aqU1tid herbicide.

Here's why:

Costs less per treated acre than standard copper/organic herbi-cides Field tested and proven the most effective herbicide for Hydrilla con ml

Much lower fish toxicity than other soluble copper chemicals

Absorbed faster by the plant tissue than other forms of copper Highly effective when applied alone or in combination with other aquatic herbicides May he combined with other registered herbicides Safe—use treated water immediately for swimming, fishing or

irrigation Long shelf life

, Griffin Griflin.

Excellent stability pp The Hardworking Diflerence.' Griffin Ag Products Co.. Inc.

Always read and follow label directions. PO Box 1847 Valdosta. GA 316011847

Phone (912) 242.8635 Komeen' is a registered trademark of Griffin Corp.

23

Valent Corporation 6075 Poplar Avenue, Suite 322 Memphis, Tennessee 38119-4743 (901) 684-4800