AIS-HACCP - University of Minnesota Duluth AIS-HACCP plan.Use the manual as a refer-ence.This manual is not copyrighted,so copy its forms as necessary or copy the whole manual to share

AIS-HACCPA preventative system to control the spread of invasive species

Training Curriculum

Aquatic Invasive Species–Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point

This course manual is adapted from the "HACCP: HazardAnalysis and Critical Control Point Training Curriculum,"developed by the National Seafood HACCP Alliance forTraining and Education. It is written for wild baitfish har-vesters, fish farmers (both private and public), fishery man-agers and researchers, and law enforcement personnel. Fishfarmers culturing aquatic invasive species for food or otherpurposes can also apply this HACCP approach.This manualidentifies critical pathways through which aquatic invasivespecies and/or non-target aquatic species could be moved tonew waterbodies. It explains an approach (called AIS-HACCP) to prevent the inadvertent transfer of these species.

Contributing Editors: Patrice M. Charlebois, Douglas A.Jensen, Mike R. Klepinger, Eric C. Obert, Fred L. Snyder,Helen M. Domske, Sharon M. Moen

Production Coordinator: Marie E. ZhuikovProofreader: Joyce M. Daniels

We would like to thank these additional people for theirreview of the original ANS-HACCP Manual:

Mark CoscarelliJoe MorrisMarg DachodaJay RendallRoy JohannesSteve SadewasserMyron Kebus

Funding for the revision of this manual was provided by agrant from The Great Lakes Protection Fund. The fundingfor the development of the original version of this manualcame from the National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration to the National Sea Grant College Programthrough an appropriation by Congress based on theNational Invasive Species Act of 1996.

Minnesota Sea Grant Publications Number: MN SG–F11

Michigan Sea Grant Publications Number: MSG-00-400

Initial Printing: February 2001, Reprint April 2002,Revised and Reprinted December 2004

For additional copies contact:

Minnesota Sea Grant2305 E 5th St.Duluth, MN 55812Phone: (218) 726-6191Fax: (218) 726-6556E-mail: [email protected]: www.seagrant.umn.edu

Michigan Sea Grant401 E. Liberty, Suite 330Ann Arbor, MI 48104-2099Phone: (734) 763-2298Fax: (734) 647-0768E-mail: [email protected]: www.miseagrant.umich.edu

The University of Minnesota is an equal opportunity employerand educator.

AIS-HAACP

Aquatic Invasive Species – Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point

Training Curriculum

Second Edition

Edited by Jeffrey L. Gunderson and Ronald E. Kinnunen

http://www.seagrant.umn.edu

http://www.miseagrant.umich.edu

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Hazards – Aquatic Invasive Pathogens, Plants, Invertebrates, and Vertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Getting Ready for HACCP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Principle 1: Hazard Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Principle 2: Determine the Critical Control Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Principle 3: Establish Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Principle 4: Critical Control Point Monitoring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Principle 5: Corrective Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Principle 6: Verification Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Principle 7: Record-Keeping Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Sources of Information on Preparing AIS-HACCP Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Appendix 1: Best Management Practices for Combating AIS during Field Operations . . . . . . . 42

Appendix 2: Steps in Completing an AIS-HACCP Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Appendix 3:AIS-HACCP Pre-plan Example – Wild Harvested Baitfish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Appendix 4:AIS-HACCP Plan Example – Waterfleas on Management Agency Equipment . . . . . 52

Appendix 5:AIS-HACCP Plan Example – Conservation Officers Patrolling Inland Lakes . . . . 57

Appendix 6:AIS-HACCP Plan Example – Wild Harvested Emerald Shiners . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Appendix 7:AIS-HACCP Plan Example – White Suckers Cultured for Sale as Baitfish . . . . . . 72

Appendix 8: Blank AIS-HACCP Plan Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Appendix 9: Sample Reporting Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

n Table of ContentsH

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Introduction – 1

Gizzard shad spawning in Lake Powell and Asiancarp making their way up two major NorthAmerican rivers highlight the reality that fisherymanagement agencies and fish farmers canspread aquatic invasive species (AIS).

To deal effectively and fairly with potential AISvectors, it is important to characterize operationsaccording to their risks of spreading AIS. Riskassessments for individual operations could ensurethat unnecessary and ineffective AIS regulationswill not disrupt the economy of these industriesor the activities of research, management, andenforcement personnel.

AIS might spread to new areas as wild-harvestedbaitfish or cultured fish are transported frominfested waters. Some management agencies haveclosed AIS-infested areas to harvest and culture,some states have banned the importation of livebait, and others only allow AIS-free bait intotheir state or specific watersheds.The activities offisheries managers, researchers, and enforcementofficers might also contribute to the ever-widening distribution of AIS.Although mostfisheries activities pose minimal risk for spread-ing AIS, paths for dispersing AIS are diverse…fortunately, they are also manageable.

One approach to this problem is to adapt theHazard Analysis and Critical Control Point(HACCP – pronounced “has-sip”) concept usedby the seafood industry to minimize health risksassociated with seafood consumption.The advan-tages of this system are that it manages diversehazards, fosters partnership between industry andgovernment regulators, and is effective whenproperly applied.The HACCP approach concen-trates on points that are critical to product safety.It also aims at minimizing risks, and increasingcommunication between decision-makers, regu-lators, and the industry.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)issued seafood regulations based on the principlesof HACCP in 1995.These regulations specifythat HACCP-trained personnel perform certainjobs to ensure safe processing and importing offish and fishery products. Just as HACCP appliesto the fish processing industry, it can help ensureproduct safety in other business processes.Thebaitfish/aquaculture trade can reduce the risk ofcontaminating wild baitfish/aquaculture productswith unwanted aquatic species by adapting theHACCP approach.

This manual supports a one- to 11⁄2-day courseon AIS-HACCP.While it serves as a stand-alonedocument for developing AIS-HACCP plans, itis best used during the course and as a referencefor course attendees.

n Introduction

Objectives:

l Provide an overview of this coursel Provide an introduction to AIS-HACCPl Present the seven HACCP Principlesl Define terms used in this manual

2 – Introduction

Course Objective

This course is designed to train fish farmers, baitharvesters, management agencies, researchers, andenforcement personnel in the use of HACCPfundamentals to control the spread of AIS viatheir operations. Here, the goal of the HACCPapproach is to prevent the spread of AIS whilemaintaining viable baitfish and aquacultureindustries and allowing appropriate field activi-ties for fishery researchers, managers, andenforcement personnel. HACCP is an approachthat brings decision-makers, management agen-cies, researchers, and industry representativestogether to establish a plan to prevent the spreadof AIS.The HACCP approach can also be usedto certify AIS-free products for those businessesthat choose to seek this certification. Courseattendees will learn how to apply HACCPprinciples to their unique situations.

The HACCP approach stresses communicationbetween industry and resource managers.Throughdocumentation and communication,AIS-HACCP helps anyone who may inadvertentlymove AIS avoid the hardships of over-regulationand the pitfalls of ignoring AIS in their work.For the AIS-HACCP concept to be adopted, theindustry, resource management agencies,researchers, enforcement personnel and appro-priate decision-makers must accept it.

Course Format

This AIS-HACCP course is divided into:

1) HACCP fundamentals

2) A work session to develop a baitfish/aquacul-ture or resource management, field research,or enforcement AIS-HACCP plan

The first segment defines the seven fundamentalprinciples of HACCP.As each principle is dis-cussed, participants will see how it fits into thedevelopment of an AIS-HACCP plan.This seg-ment also presents information about specifichazards and will help you understand HACCP

principles and how they interrelate.

The second segment demonstrates how todevelop an AIS-HACCP plan. During this partof the course, participants will divide into teamsto write a plan based on their experiences.

Expectations for Participants

HACCP is a common-sense technique used tocontrol AIS hazards in wild baitfish and aquacul-ture products that can also be incorporated intoresource management, field research, or enforce-ment operations. It is an important environmentalsafety management system and can be integratedinto any operation.You are encouraged to askquestions and to contribute first-hand experiencesto discussions.The more you contribute and askquestions during the training, the less complicatedthe HACCP system will seem and the easier itwill be to implement an AIS-HACCP plan foryour situation.

How to Use This Manual

This manual is yours. Become familiar with it.Learn where the definitions are, where the formsare that will help you develop an AIS-HACCPplan, and where to find other basic information.Make as many notes and marks in the text asneeded for assisting in creating and understandingan AIS-HACCP plan. Use the manual as a refer-ence.This manual is not copyrighted, so copy itsforms as necessary or copy the whole manual toshare with others.

Introduction – 3

The Meaning and Importance of HACCP

Many people may not have heard the term“HACCP” until recently. However, it is neithera new term nor a new concept. HACCP ismerely an acronym that stands for “HazardAnalysis and Critical Control Point.” But theconcept behind this term is important.HACCP is a preventive system of hazard con-trol rather than a reactive one. Many operationscan use it to reduce the risk that products andequipment will be contaminated by AIS andwill therefore prevent the spread of theseunwanted species to new water bodies.Toensure uncontaminated fish, water, and equip-ment the HACCP system is designed to identifyAIS hazards, establish controls, and monitorthese controls. Hazards can be aquatic nuisancefish or other aquatic vertebrates, invertebrates,plants, and parasites or pathogens.

The Pillsbury Company pioneered the HACCPconcept for food production during its effortsto supply the U.S. space program in the early1960s. Pillsbury decided that their existingquality control techniques were inadequate.Thecompany found that the end-product testingnecessary to assure against contamination dur-ing food production would be so extensive thatlittle food would be available for space flights.

The only way to ensure safety, Pillsbury con-cluded, would be to develop a preventive sys-tem that kept hazards from occurring duringproduction. Since then, Pillsbury’s system hasbeen recognized worldwide as the state-of-the-art measure for hazard control. It is not a zero-risk system, but it is designed to minimize therisk of hazards.

The Seven HACCP Principles

1) Conduct a hazard analysis. Prepare a list ofsteps in the process where significant hazardsoccur and describe preventive measures.

2) Identify the critical control points (CCP) inthe process.

3) Establish controls for each CCP identified.

4) Establish CCP monitoring requirements.Establish procedures for using monitoringresults to adjust the process and maintaincontrol.

5) Establish corrective actions to be taken whenmonitoring indicates a deviation from anestablished critical limit.

6) Establish procedures to verify that theHACCP system is working correctly.

7) Establish effective record-keeping proceduresthat document the HACCP system.

These principles will be explained in the follow-ing chapters. HACCP regulation and otherdomestic and international HACCP controlsystems are based on these principles.AIS-HACCP is a preventive system to help ensurethat fish, water, and equipment are free of AIS.

The AIS-HACCP concept focuses on the partsof the operations and processes most likely tospread AIS.The AIS-HACCP approach allowsdecision-makers, regulators and others to look atvarious operations and evaluate how potentialhazards are being handled.

With AIS-HACCP, the emphasis is on under-standing the entire process.This requires thedecision makers, management agencies, and indus-try to communicate and work with one another.Outside reviewers will have the opportunity toevaluate the AIS-HACCP plan and determine ifcritical hazards have been properly identified andif hazards are consistently controlled. Everyoneinvolved shares the responsibilities of developingand implementing AIS-HACCP plans.

4

AIS: Aquatic Invasive Species

BMP: Best Management Practice

Control: (a) (verb) To manage the conditions ofan operation to maintain compliance with estab-lished criteria. (b) (noun) The state in whichcorrect procedures are being followed and crite-ria are being met.

Control Limit (CL): A criterion that must bemet for each control measure associated with acritical control point.

Control Measure: Factors that can be used tocontrol an identified aquatic invasive species hazard(sometimes referred to as a preventive measure).

Control Point: Any point, step or procedure atwhich aquatic invasive fish or other aquatic verte-brates, invertebrates, and plants can be controlled.

Corrective Action: Procedures followed whena deviation from a critical limit occurs at a CCP.

Critical Control Point (CCP): A point, step orprocedure at which control can be applied to pre-vent or eliminate an aquatic invasive species hazard.

CCP Decision Tree: A sequence of questionsasked to determine whether a control point is acritical control point.

Deviation: Failure to meet a critical limit.

HACCP: Hazard Analysis and Critical ControlPoint.

HACCP Plan: The written document basedupon principles of HACCP that delineates theprocedures to be followed to ensure the controlof a specific process or procedure.

HACCP System: The result of the implemen-tation of the HACCP plan.

HACCP Team: The group of people responsi-ble for developing a HACCP plan.

HACCP Plan Validation: The initial review bythe HACCP team to ensure that all elements ofthe HACCP plan are accurate.

Hazard: An aquatic invasive parasite or pathogen,plant, invertebrate, or fish or other aquatic verte-brate that is reasonably likely to be transported toa new waterbody and establish reproducing popu-lations that could negatively impact existingspecies, recreation, or other existing use of waterresources in the absence of its control.

Monitor: To conduct a planned sequence ofobservations or measurements to assess whether aCCP is under control and to produce an accu-rate record for future use in verification.

Operating Limits: Criteria more stringentthan critical limits that are used by an operatorto reduce the risk of AIS contamination. Forexample, if a certain chemical concentration isrequired to control an AIS hazard, the operatinglimit is generally set above the minimum con-centration needed to ensure effective treatment.

Risk: An estimate of the likely occurrence of ahazard.

Severity: The seriousness of a hazard (if notproperly controlled).

Validation:Verification focused on collectingand evaluating scientific and technical informa-tion to determine if the AIS-HACCP plan,when properly implemented, will effectivelycontrol the AIS hazards.

Verification: The use of methods, procedures ortests, in addition to those used in monitoring,that determine if the HACCP system complieswith the HACCP plan and/or whether the planneeds modification.

Definitions and Acronyms

As you learn more about HACCP, you willneed to understand some terms.To assistyou, the most common definitions arefound below. Refering to these terms willhelp you develop and implement your ownAIS-HACCP plan.

Hazards– Aquatic Invasive Pathogens, Plants, Invertebrates, and Vertebrates – 5

To perform a hazard analysis for the develop-ment of an AIS-HACCP plan, everyone involvedmust recognize potential hazards.The HACCPplan is designed to control all reasonable AIShazards. Such hazards are categorized into fourclasses: parasites and pathogens, plants, inverte-brates, and fish and other aquatic vertebrates.

Hazard: An aquatic invasive parasite or pathogen,plant, invertebrate, or fish or other aquatic verte-brate that is reasonably likely to be transported toa new waterbody and establish reproducing popu-lations that could negatively impact existingspecies, recreation, or other existing use of waterresources in the absence of its control.

Species considered AIS vary from state to state.Consult with resource management agencies andRegional Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Forcesto determine which species are considered AIShazards.Aquatic invasive parasites or pathogensinclude: whirling disease (Myxobolus cerebralis),Heterosporis sp.,Asian tapeworm (Bothriocephalusacheilognathi), spring viremia of carp (Rhabdovirus

carpio), and largemouth bass virus.

Aquatic invasive plants include: Eurasian water-milfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum), water chestnut(Trapa natans), hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata), curly-leaf pondweed (Potamogeton crispus), and purpleloosestrife (Lythrum salicaria).

Aquatic invasive invertebrates include: zebramussel (Dreissena polymorpha); quagga mussel (D.bugensis);Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea); spiny(Bythotrephes longimanus), fishhook (Cercopagispengoi), and lumholtzi (Daphnia lumholtzi) water-fleas; rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus); Chinesemitten (Eriocheir sinensis) and green (Carcinusmaenas) crabs.

Aquatic invasive fish include: Eurasian ruffe(Gymnocephalus cernuus), round goby (Neogobiusmelanostomus), white perch (Morone americana),rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalamus), threespine(Gasterosteus aculeatus) and fourspine (Apeltesquadracus) sticklebacks, smelt (Osmerus mordax),and Asian carps – black (Mylopharyngodon piceus),grass (Ctenopharyngodon idella), silver(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), and bighead(Hypophthalmicthys nobilis). Other aquatic verte-brates include amphibians or reptiles that may beidentified as nuisance species.

n Hazards – Aquatic Invasive Pathogens, Plants, Invertebrates,and Vertebrates

Objectives:

l Introduce AIS hazards:l Aquatic invasive pathogensl Aquatic invasive plantsl Aquatic invasive invertebratesl Aquatic invasive fish and other aquatic

vertebratesl Review characteristics of certain AIS

species

6 – Hazards– Aquatic Invasive Pathogens, Plants, Invertebrates, and Vertebrates

Hazards

The following descriptions review the uniquelife histories and characteristics of selected AISthat make them of environmental and economicconcern. Note how moving water, fish, or equip-ment can spread AIS. Not all AIS are covered inthis section, so you will need to gather additionalinformation to develop effective AIS controlstrategies. For information on other species seepages 40-41(sources of info. chapter) or the Websites listed at the end of this chapter (page 16).

Parasite and Pathogen Hazards

Aquatic invasive parasites and pathogens includeviruses, bacteria, and invertebrates that have avariety of life history strategies that allow themto be easily transferred from one location toanother in water, on equipment, on or in infect-ed fish, or in some cases, in mud on your boots.

Whirling Disease (Myxobolus cerebralis)

Whirling disease is caused by a microscopic para-site that infiltrates the head and spinal cartilageof fingerling trout.This European myxosporeanparasite causes whirling disease in many salmonidfish species and has spread to hundreds of streamsin the northeastern and western United States.Whirling disease now affects wild fish and fishhatcheries in 23 states and is having negativeimpacts in some areas.This parasite employs botha fish host and an aquatic worm host known as atubifex worm.The parasite becomes engulfed bya tubifex worm, which acts as its intermediatehost.This relationship produces a free-floatinglife phase of the parasite that eventually attachesto trout and salmon.After coming into contactwith the host fish, the parasite penetrates thehead and spinal cartilage of fingerling troutwhere it multiplies rapidly, putting pressure onthe organ of equilibrium.This causes the fish toswim erratically (whirl) and have difficulty feed-ing and avoiding predators. It is this whirlingeffect that has provided the name for disease.

Once established in a stream, the parasite cannotbe eradicated, nor can its worm host, withoutsignificantly damaging the ecosystem.Whirlingdisease has no known human health effects.Thisparasite produces myxospores that are nearlyindestructible and can remain dormant for up to30 years in water and mud. Because an infectedfish can harbor tens of thousands of the myx-ospores, it is recommended that discarded skeletalparts and fish entrails go to a landfill when possi-ble.Anglers should not discard these parts in thewater where the fish was caught, nor should theybe disposed of in a kitchen disposal.Whirlingdisease myxospores can survive most wastewatertreatment systems.

Infected fish and fish parts are the primary vec-tor for transmitting whirling disease. It may alsobe transmitted by birds and it is possible anglerscould carry the parasite on fishing equipment.However, live infected fish are the main vectorfor the spread of the parasite. It is important tonot transport live fish or carry fish or fish partsfrom one water body to another. If you are fish-ing in waters known to be infected by whirlingdisease, take care to rinse all mud and debrisfrom equipment and wading gear, and drainwater from boats before leaving the infecteddrainage.

Spring Viremia of Carp (Rhabdovirus carpio)

Spring viremia of carp (SVC) is a virus that cancause significant mortality of common carp(Cyprinus carpio) and is considered a problem inEurope, the Middle East, and Russia. It wasfound in North America in koi and then in alake in northern Wisconsin where it caused acommon carp die-off. Many of the Asian carpsand goldfish seem to be susceptible to the virus.There is little known about the susceptibility ofnative North American Cyprinids, many ofwhich are valuable baitfish species or are impor-tant in food webs. Some are endangered.

The virus seems to spread through fish feces andenters the fish through the gills. Blood sucking


parasites, including some leeches and the fishlouse Argulus, have also been implicated in thespread of the disease. Because it survives in waterand mud, and can survive desiccation–boats, nets,boots, equipment, and possibly birds might spreadthe virus. Many factors determine how the diseasewill affect a population, but temperature seemsto play a key role.The disease seems to causehighest mortality in the spring as water startsto warm above 54°F. Research suggests thatmaximum mortality can be expected in watertemperatures below 64°F.The virus apparentlystarts replicating before the fish’s immuneresponse (which is slower in cooler water) cancounteract the infection. Once the water tem-perature increases above 68°F, the immunefunction of susceptible fish increases and mortalityis reduced. Signs of infection are often non-specific and include darkened skin, pop-eye,ascites (dropsy), pale gills, hemorrhage in thegills, skin, and eye, and protruding vent with athick mucoid fecal cast. Behaviorally, infected fishmay exhibit lethargy, decreased respiration rate,and loss of equilibrium. Laboratory tests arerequired to confirm a diagnosis of the virus andonly approved labs can confirm SVC.

Heterosporis

Heterosporis is a parasite that infects fish muscletissue and causes it to appear white and opaque,almost as if the fish was already cooked or hadfreezer burn.This is a newly identifiedmicrosporidian parasite of fish. It doesn’t appearto directly cause mortality in fish but in severelyinfected fish, the parasites’ spores can make upmost of the fillet rather than muscle tissue.Thereis no evidence that the parasite can infect humans,however, it can alter the appearance and qualityof the fillet so much that it does not appearedible. Heterosporis has been found primarily inyellow perch, but also in walleye. Laboratorystudies suggest many other species might besusceptible to infection. Fish with Heterosporishave been found in Wisconsin, Minnesota, andOntario, the first places in the Western

Hemisphere.While direct evidence is unavailable,there is concern that fish-eating birds may beable to spread the parasite. Until we know moreabout how this parasite spreads, we must makesure we don’t facilitate its spread through fisherymanagement, research, and enforcement activitiesor through the stocking of fish or sale of baitfish.Research shows that microsporidians are suscep-tible to desiccation. Until we learn more aboutthis microsporidian parasite, follow the recom-mendations adapted from the WisconsinDepartment of Natural Resources:

1. Place infected fish in the garbage, burn them,or bury them. Do not throw infected fish backinto a lake or river.

2.Thoroughly dry all equipment (outside ofboats, trailers, nets, boots, etc.) when movingfrom one water body to another.

3. Drain and flush all live wells, bait buckets, andbilges away from lakes and rivers, so waterdoes not run into a water body.


Plant Hazards

When live fish are harvested from infestedwaters, there is a risk that plant AIS can bemoved.These hazards can come with the fish,the water, or clinging to equipment used ininfested waters. Many aquatic invasive plantspecies reproduce by fragmentation. Small piecesof the plant can settle to the bottom, take root,and grow even after being out of water for manydays or even weeks in some moist, cool condi-tions. Care must be taken to prevent the trans-port of viable plant fragments to uninfestedwaters. In addition, many plants can produceseeds or tubers that can survive long periodsbefore germinating.

Eurasian Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum)

Eurasian watermilfoil is a submersed aquaticplant that has long stems with feathery leavesattached in whorls of four. Each leaf typically has12 or more pairs of leaflets, one of the key char-acteristics used to differentiate between Eurasianand northern watermilfoil. Eurasian watermilfoilis an exotic species that came to North Americafrom Europe. It was discovered in the easternU.S. sometime before 1950 and has since spreadto at least 47 states and three Canadianprovinces. Eurasian watermilfoil can interferewith recreational and other uses of the lakes andrivers by producing dense mats at the water sur-

face.These mats are similar to, but can be moreextensive than those produced by native vegeta-tion. Matted milfoil can displace native aquaticplants and alter environmental conditions, whichin turn may harm fish and wildlife. Milfoil isspread from one body of water to another pri-marily by the introduction of plant fragments.Fragmentation is the principal means of repro-duction in this species.A milfoil fragment only afew inches long can form roots and grow into anew plant. Milfoil fragments are most abundantfrom mid to late summer but can be transportedfrom a lake year-round. Zebra mussels can colo-nize Eurasian watermilfoil and be moved to newlocations along with the plant fragments.

Water Chestnut (Trapa natans)

European water chestnut is an aquatic plantnative to Eurasia. It usually is rooted in the mudof quiet streams, ponds, freshwater regions ofestuaries, and on exposed mud flats.Water chest-nut bears a rosette of floating leaves (similar tosmall birch leaves) on a submersed stem usuallythree feet long but it may reach 15 feet.Aninconspicuous flower with four white petals islocated at the center of the leafy rosette.Waterchestnut has become an AIS in North Americabecause of its ability to reproduce rapidly andform extensive floating mats. It impedes naviga-tion, interferes with recreation, and can impact


aquatic ecosystems by eliminating other aquaticplant species in the shade of the floating canopyand because it has low food value for wildlife.Fish farming and baitfish harvest would beseverely restricted by an infestation of waterchestnut. In addition, it produces large, hard, nut-like fruits with sharp spines that can be haz-ardous to swimmers and people walking onbeaches.The seeds can remain viable for up to12 years.

Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata)

Hydrilla is an extremely prolific aquatic plant thathas already infested millions of acres of lakes,rivers, and irrigation systems throughout thesouthern U.S. Hydrilla resembles a number ofplants, especially Elodea.The leaves are spear-shaped with saw-tooth edges.They have smallspines on the underside of the leaf center vein,and the leaf margins are serrated. It was first foundin a Florida river and drainage canal in 1960. It isbelieved to have been imported for aquariums.

When hydrilla invades, important native sub-mersed plants are shaded out and eliminated.Near the water surface it branches profusely andproduces greater stem density than any othersubmersed aquatic plant.As a result, recreationaland commercial boating becomes difficult, sein-ing or trapping fish is nearly impossible andswimming becomes unpleasant and even danger-

ous. Like Eurasian watermilfoil, hydrilla can formnew plants from fragments containing one ormore whorls of leaves. Hydrilla usually doesn’tform seeds, but it is so efficient in using lowlight levels and available nutrients that the frag-ments can produce large stands in a few months.In the late summer to early winter hydrilla alsoproduces structures called tubers from fragmentsthat grow down into the bottom mud. Studieshave shown that a single fragment of hydrilla canform thousands of tubers in one growing season.The tubers can rest for several years beforesprouting, although many sprout the first springafter they form.These long-lived reproductivestructures make hydrilla difficult to eradicatebecause the removal of plant material doesn’tharm tubers.The presence of tubers also requiressafe and proper disposal of dredge spoils.

Invertebrate Hazards

When live fish are harvested from infestedwaters, there is a risk of moving AIS inverte-brates.These hazards can come with the fish andwater, or cling to equipment used in infestedwaters. Some aquatic invertebrates can produceresting eggs that resist freezing and drying, andthey can produce eggs and larvae that are toosmall to see without aid of a microscope. Otherinvertebrates, like zebra mussels, can attach toboats, equipment, and vegetation, and survive outof the water long enough to be moved to otherwaters.As a result, aquatic invasive invertebratespresent differing challenges.


Zebra Mussels (Dreissena polymorpha)

Zebra mussels were discovered in Lakes St. Clairand Erie in 1988. Since then, they have infestedall the Great Lakes except Lake Superior(although some tributaries and bays are infested)and have spread to hundreds of inland lakes andto large river systems in the U.S. Closely-relatedquagga mussels (Dreissena bugensis) have also beenfound spreading throughout the Great Lakes.Therapid spread and abundance of both mussels canbe partly attributed to their reproductive cycles.A fully mature female mussel may produce up toone million eggs per season. Eggs are fertilizedoutside the mussel’s body and within a few daysbecome free-swimming microscopic larvae calledveligers that soon develop small clam-like shells.Veligers swim, feed, and drift with the currentfor three to four weeks before they settle onfirm objects such as rocks, clams, docks, andboats.They attach to hard surfaces with sticky,secreted fibers called byssal threads. Zebra andquagga mussels can also colonize soft muddybottoms when hard objects deposited on themud serve as a substrate.As a few mussels beginto grow, they in turn serve as substrate foradditional colonization, forming mats of zebramussels over soft sediment.

Mussel colonies can reach densities of up to100,000 mussels per square meter. Mussels filterphytoplankton from the water and so can reducethe food for zooplankton, which in turn arefood for larval and juvenile fish as well as foragefish that support sport and commercial fisheries.This competition for phytoplankton, the base of

the food web, could have negative and sustainedenvironmental impacts. Zebra mussels have con-tributed to increased water clarity in areas theyhave infested.As a result, rooted aquatic plantshave become a problem in some of these areas,because turbidity no longer shades them out.Filtering of the water by mussels has also resultedin noxious blue-green algae blooms in someareas. Zebra and quagga mussels also rapidlyaccumulate persistent contaminants and passthem up the food chain, which increases the riskof exposure to humans.The mussel’s affinity forhard surfaces clogs pipes used to draw waterfrom infested areas.

Power and municipal water treatment plants,industrial water users, irrigation systems, andeven cooling water inlets of boat engines can becolonized and clogged. Native mussels (many ofwhich were threatened or endangered already)have been completely eliminated as zebra musselsheavily colonized their shells. Zebra mussels alsoaffect beaches.The sharp edge of mussel shellsfound in windrows along swimming beachescan be a hazard to unprotected feet. Becausezebra mussels and quagga mussels can cause suchdramatic problems for the environment andwater users, including fish farmers and baitfishproducers, it is imperative to keep this speciesout of uninfested waters and prevent them fromentering aquaculture facilities.

Spiny Waterfleas (Bythotrephes longimanus)

Fishhook Waterfleas (Cercopagis pengoi)


Spiny and fishhook waterfleas are easily recog-nized by their shapes.The tail spine is their dis-tinguishing feature and separates them from allother free-swimming lake invertebrates, or zoo-plankton.The spine often comprises 70 to 80percent of the animal’s total length, and has fromone to four pairs of thorn-like barbs. Fishhookwaterfleas can be distinguished from spiny water-fleas by the loop at the end of their tails and by amore pointed brood pouch.

Spiny and fishhook waterfleas belong to the classCrustacea, a group of animals including crabs andshrimp that possesses a hard exoskeleton (outershell). Like all other Crustacea, they shed theirexoskeleton (molt) in order to grow.These water-fleas have a remarkable influence on the biologi-cal communities of the lakes they invade, largelybecause of their rapid reproduction. Femalescarry their offspring on their backs in a balloon-like brood pouch, which can be filled either withdeveloping embryos or resting eggs. Frequently,females exhibit a rapid and unusual method ofreproduction known as parthenogenesis, or asex-ual reproduction. By this method, females pro-duce from one to ten eggs that develop into newfemales without mating or fertilization. Femaleoffspring are genetic replicas of the mother.Thegeneration time of this parthenogenic life cycle(embryo to adult female) varies with water tem-perature, because, as with all Crustacea, rates ofmetabolism rise and fall with temperature.

During the summer when the surface water ofthe lake is warm, spiny and fishhook waterfleascan produce a new generation without fertiliza-tion (parthenogenesis) in less than two weeks.Because males are not needed for parthenogene-sis, they are rarely found when food is plentiful, orwhen environmental conditions favor rapid popu-lation growth. Sex of offspring is not determinedgenetically, but rather by environmental factors;when food becomes limited or when the lakecools in the fall, males are produced.Adult femalessense declining environmental quality and respondby producing male rather than female offspring.These males mate with females to produce resting

eggs.The resting eggs are carried as orange-brownspheres in the female brood pouch.They are laterreleased and sink to the lake bottom where theycan survive over winter. In spring or early sum-mer, these eggs hatch into juvenile females thatbegin parthenogenic reproduction.

Resting eggs can remain dormant for long peri-ods, offering an explanation for the arrival ofthese waterfleas in North America from north-ern Europe. Resting eggs also allow waterfleas tobe easily spread to new waters if fishing lines,nets, or equipment are fouled with egg-ladenfemales. Research has also shown that restingeggs can survive the passage through the alimen-tary canal of fish. Spiny and fishhook waterfleaseat smaller zooplankton like Daphnia. Daphnia,however, are also important food items for small,juvenile fish.These waterfleas thus competedirectly with young fish for food.

To the detriment of some fish, rapid populationgrowth enables invasive waterfleas to monopolizethe food supply at times.Although fish eat spinyand fishhook waterfleas, small fish have difficultyswallowing their barbed spine. Growth rates andsurvival of these young fish may be adverselyaffected by the presence of spiny and fishhookwaterfleas in the ecosystem, because of competi-tion for food. Fishhook waterfleas have alsobecome a significant nuisance to anglers.Theycatch on fishing lines while trolling, and accu-mulate in such high numbers and with suchdensity at the tip of fishing rods that the linecannot be reeled in.At times, charter and recre-ational anglers have stopped fishing during peri-ods of the waterfleas’ peak abundance. Fishhookwaterfleas also foul commercial fishing nets.


Rusty Crayfish (Orconectes rusticus)

Rusty crayfish have invaded portions of all NewEngland states except Rhode Island.They havealso been documented as AIS in New York,Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri,Michigan, Minnesota,Wisconsin, New Mexico,and many areas in Ontario, Canada.Althoughnative to parts of some Great Lakes states, rustycrayfish have caused a variety of ecological prob-lems beyond their natural range.Anglers proba-bly spread rusty by bringing them north as bait.As rusty crayfish populations increased, they wereharvested for the regional bait market and forbiological supply companies; such activities prob-ably helped spread the species further.

Environmentally sound ways to eradicate orcontrol introduced populations have not beendeveloped, and none are pending.The best wayto prevent further ecological problems is to pre-vent or slow their spread into new waters.

Mature rusty crayfish mate in late summer, earlyfall, or early spring.The male transfers sperm tothe female, which she stores until her eggs areready to fertilize, typically in the spring (lateApril or May) as water temperatures begin toincrease.The stored sperm are released as eggsare expelled and external fertilization occurs.Because of this reproductive strategy, if a femalehas previously mated, theoretically one femalecrayfish could start a new population.

They are aggressive, often displacing native orexisting crayfish species. Perhaps the most serious

impact of invading rusty crayfish is the destruc-tion of aquatic plant beds. Rusty crayfish havereduced aquatic plant abundance and speciesdiversity.This can be especially damaging in lakeswhere beds of aquatic plants are not abundant.Although other crayfish eat aquatic plants, rustycrayfish eat more because of a higher metabolicrate.They also grow larger, hide less from preda-tors (and therefore feed longer), and attain highpopulation densities.

Rusty crayfish, especially juveniles, also feedheavily on benthic invertebrates like mayflies,stoneflies, midges, and side-swimmers. Rustycrayfish are estimated to consume twice as muchfood as similar-sized native species. Rusty cray-fish are more likely to compete with juvenilegame fish and forage species for benthic inverte-brates than are native crayfish.

Fish eat rusty crayfish, but they are less desirablethan many of the invertebrates they replacebecause of their thick exoskeletons. For fish, lessfood or lower food quality means slower growth,which can reduce survival.

Rusty crayfish may harm fish populations by eat-ing fish eggs.While rusty crayfish consume fisheggs, their relationship to fishery declines isunstudied. Observations and circumstantial evi-dence suggest that bluegill, bass, and northernpike populations frequently decline followingintroduction of rusty crayfish.The declines areprobably a result of reduced abundance anddiversity of aquatic plants, but reduced food(such as mayflies, midges, and side-swimmers)and egg predation may also play a role. Becauseimpacts and population abundance of rusty cray-fish vary in lakes that appear similar, it is notpossible to predict what will happen when theyinvade a new lake. Nevertheless, rusty crayfish areclearly an aggressive AIS. Cabin owners onheavily-infested northern Wisconsin andMinnesota lakes have even stopped swimmingbecause rusty crayfish occupy their favoriteswimming area throughout the day.They feargetting pinched by this large-clawed crayfish.


Fish and Other Vertebrate Hazards

When live fish are harvested from infested waters,aquatic invasive fish or other vertebrates likeamphibians or reptiles might be moved to unin-fested waters.These hazards can come with thefish or the water used to haul the fish. Separatingfish or other vertebrate AIS after harvest is diffi-cult and is best accomplished by preventing aninfestation in your ponds or facility or by harvest-ing during times of the year or times of the daywhen fish are spatially segregated.

Eurasian Ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus)

Eurasian ruffe are small (typically four to sixinches), aggressive fish native to Eurasia.Theywere introduced into the St. Louis River, a trib-utary of western Lake Superior, in the mid-1980s from the release of freshwater ballast fromocean-going vessels. Because ruffe mature quick-ly, have a high reproductive capacity, adapt to awide variety of environments, and compete withnative fishes, they are considered a serious threatto the delicate predator-prey balance vital to sus-taining healthy commercial and sport fisheriesacross North America.They have a faster first-year growth rate than most of their competitors.

Due in part to a high reproductive rate, ruffepopulations can rapidly increase. For example,ruffe became the most abundant fish in the St.Louis River in less than ten years. Ruffe preferdarkness and spend their days in deeper water,moving into the shallows to feed at night.Theyhave a well-developed system of subsurfacecanals on their head and lateral line that contain

sensory organs called neuromasts. Neuromastsgive ruffe the ability to detect extremely smallvibrations given off by both predators and prey.This allows them to avoid predators and to findprey in nearly complete darkness, giving them acompetitive advantage over native fishes.

Ruffe have spread about 190 miles east ofDuluth along the south shore of Lake Superior.They were also moved via ballast water toThunder Bay, Ontario, on Lake Superior, toAlpena, Michigan, on Lake Huron, and to north-ern Lake Michigan.There is concern that ruffemay negatively impact yellow perch populationsin the Great Lakes.Yellow perch are an extreme-ly valuable recreational and commercial speciesthat in the past experienced recruitment prob-lems in a number of the Great Lakes. Ruffereportedly consume fish eggs, which could harmnative fish populations in areas where ruffebecome abundant.

Round Goby (Neogobius melanostomus)

Round gobies were first discovered in the St.Clair River, the channel connecting LakesHuron and St. Clair, in 1990.This species comesfrom around the Black and Caspian seas, thesame area of the world as the zebra mussel.Theymost likely arrived in ballast water discharged bytransoceanic vessels.When they reach a new areagobies are capable of rapid population growth.Densities of round gobies in rocky areas haveexceeded 300 per square meter.

Round gobies are bottom-dwelling fish that siton rocks and other substrate.They are typically0.5 to 5.5 inches, but can grow to ten inches.


Gobies have large heads, soft bodies, and dorsalfins lacking spines; they loosely resemble largetadpoles.Their unique feature is a fused pelvicfin, which forms a suctorial disk. In flowingwater, this suction cup-like disk aids in holdingthe fish to the substrate. Round gobies look sim-ilar to sculpins, a native, bottom-dwelling fishoccasionally caught by anglers. Round gobiespossess four characteristics that make them effec-tive invaders:

l Aggressiveness–they feed voraciously and mayeat the eggs and fry of native fish such assculpins, darters, and log perch.They alsoaggressively defend spawning sites in rockyhabitats.

l A well-developed sensory system–their abilityto detect movement is enhanced allowingthem to feed in complete darkness, which givesthem an advantage over native fish.

l Robustness–they are able to survive underdegraded water quality conditions.

l Extended spawning–they spawn over a longperiod during summer, taking advantage ofoptimal temperature and food conditions.

The diet of round gobies consists mainly ofclams, zebra mussels and large invertebrates, butthey also eat fish eggs, small fish, and insect lar-vae. Round gobies have reduced local popula-tions of sculpins. Predation on eggs and fry oflake trout and lake sturgeon may limit recruit-ment of these species in the Great Lakes. Becausezebra mussels concentrate contaminants and gob-ies feed heavily on them, gobies can increasecontaminants in other fish that feed on them.Gobies have also proven a nuisance to anglersbecause they aggressively take live bait and inter-fere with fishing for more desirable species.

Rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalamus)

The rudd, a member of the minnow family, iswidely distributed throughout western Europeand Asia. Rudd were intentionally stocked inNorth America beginning in the 1920s. Escapefrom waters where rudd were introduced, exten-sive propagation as a bait species by southernstates, subsequent importation by other states,and release from bait buckets have resulted innumerous inland introductions of rudd in at least11 states.

In North America, the extent of successful natu-ral reproduction is unknown because rudd havebeen found at low densities at most locations.Rudd closely resemble a common baitfish, thegolden shiner, and show similarities to goldfish.In Europe, rudd frequently hybridize with close-ly related minnow species.As adults, rudd prima-rily feed on submersed aquatic vegetation.Theycan consume up to 40 percent of their bodyweight in aquatic vegetation per day. Ruddinhabit quiet surface waters and shallow areasalong the shorelines of lakes, river backwaters,and canals.They seldom move into open water.

Rudd reportedly do not compete effectivelywith other minnow species in Europe, but maycompete with trout and the plankton-eating frystages of perch and pike.They are frequent preyof European northern pike, perch, and browntrout.While rudd may not appear as much of anuisance as some other AIS, rudd may have sev-eral impacts in North America:

l Accelerate the aging process of infested lakes–rudd consume large amounts of aquatic vegeta-


tion, promoting the release of nutrientsthrough fecal waste and broken plant frag-ments. Phosphorus and other nutrients canincrease algal blooms and reduce water clarity.

l Reduce the reproductive success of nativefish–the depletion of aquatic vegetation in nearshore areas may damage spawning sites or nurs-ery habitats.

l Hybridization–rudd may hybridize with gold-en shiners.Although rudd-shiner hybrids werefound to be sterile, the reproductive success ofgolden shiners and other native species couldbe affected.

l Competition–rudd may compete with youngnative fish for food and habitat.

Asian Carp

black (Mylopharyngodon piceus)

grass (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

silver (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)

bighead (Hypophthalmicthys nobilis)

Carp have been intentionally brought intoNorth America from Asia for a variety of rea-sons. Grass carp have been used effectively foraquatic vegetation control. Black carp have beenused to control snail populations that serve as anintermediate host for a parasitic trematode, theyellow grub, which infects cultured catfish.Bighead carp were introduced into private fishfarms to control phytoplankton and improvewater quality. Silver carp were also imported forphytoplankton control and as a food fish.

The native ranges of these carps include Pacificdrainages centered primarily in China.Thesecarps have escaped or have been released intonatural waters of the U.S.The grass carp has thewidest distribution while the black carp has themost restricted (Approximately 30 escaped intothe Osage River, Missouri when high waterflooded hatchery ponds in 1994).All except theblack carp are reproducing in the wild.

Potential environmental impacts of the fourAsian carps differ by species. Black carp couldnegatively impact native aquatic communities byfeeding on and reducing, populations of nativemussels and snails, many of which are consideredendangered or threatened. Because bighead carpare planktivorous and attain a large size, they candeplete zooplankton populations.A decline inthe availability of plankton can reduce popula-tions of native species that rely on plankton forfood, including all larval fishes, some adult fishes,and native mussels.Adult fishes most at risk fromsuch competition in the Mississippi and Missouririvers are paddlefish, bigmouth buffalo, and giz-zard shad. Like bighead carp, silver carp coulddamage native species because they feed vora-ciously on plankton required by larval fish andnative mussels.This species could also competewith adults of some plankton-eating native fish-es, such as gizzard shad.The effects of grass carpintroduction on a water body are complex andapparently depend on the stocking rate, macro-phyte abundance, and community structure.

Negative effects involving grass carp includecompetition for food with invertebrates (e.g.,crayfish) and other fishes, significant changes inthe composition of macrophyte, phytoplankton,and invertebrate communities, interference withthe reproduction of other fishes, and decreases innursery areas and habitat for other fishes. Inaddition, grass carp may carry parasites and dis-eases known to be transmissible or potentiallytransmissible to native fishes. For instance, it isbelieved that grass carp imported from Chinawere the source of the Asian tapeworm(Bothriocephalus acheilognathi) in North America.


For more information on Aquatic Invasive Species visit these Web sites:

http://nas.er.usgs.gov

http://www.sgnis.org

http://www.great-lakes.net/envt/florafauna/invasive/invasive.html

http://www.glc.org/ans/anspanel.html

http://www.nbii.gov/invasive/spp.html

http://www.entryway.com/seagrant/

http://www.ucc.uconn.edu/~wwwsgo/aen.html

http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/exotics/

http:// www.miseagrant.umich.edu

http://www.iisgcp.org

http://www.protectyourwaters.net

http://www.whirling-disease.org


http://www.signis.org

http://www.great-lakes.net/envt/florafauna/invasive/invasive.html

http://www.glc.org/ans/anspanel.html

http://www.nbii.gov/invasive/spp.html

http://www.entryway.com/seagrant/

http://www.ucc.uconn.edu/~wwwsgo/aen.html

http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/exotics/

http://www.miseagrant.umich.edu

http://www.iisgcp.org

http://www.protectyourwaters.net

http://www.whirling-disease.org

Getting Ready for HACCP – 17

AIS-HACCP systems are designed to preventand control AIS hazards associated with wildbaitfish harvest/aquaculture operations fromharvest to distribution, and they can also beincorporated into resource management, fieldresearch, and enforcement operations.AIS-HACCP systems must comply with current BestManagement Practices (BMPs). See Appendix 1for a list of common BMPs. BMPs are activitiesroutinely conducted to ensure healthy, lively,good quality bait that is as free of other aquaticorganisms as possible. BMPs affect every aspectof baitfish and aquaculture operations and shouldbe prerequisite to AIS-HACCP.

Preliminary Steps

HACCP is often thought of in terms of its sevenbasic principles. However, it also includes fivepreliminary steps. Failure to properly address thepreliminary steps may lead to ineffective design,implementation, and management of the AIS-HACCP plan.These steps are summarized inAppendix 2, and reviewed fully in the followingchapters.

1) Management Commitment

For an AIS-HACCP plan to work, it is extreme-ly important to have the support of everyone in

the company or agency.Without it, the plan willnot become a company or agency priority or beeffectively implemented.

2) AIS-HACCP Training

Education and training are important elementsin developing and implementing an AIS-HACCP program. Employees who will beresponsible for the AIS-HACCP program mustbe adequately trained in its principles.Thiscourse is designed to meet that need.

3) AIS-HACCP Team Assembly

Assembling a team is an important step inbuilding an AIS-HACCP program.Althoughone person may be able to analyze hazards anddevelop a plan successfully, many businesses andagencies find it helpful to build a team.Whenonly one person develops the AIS-HACCP plan,some key points can be missed or misunderstood.The team approach minimizes this risk. It alsoencourages ownership of the plan, builds companyor agency involvement, and brings in differentareas of expertise.Teams can also include peoplefrom Sea Grant, resource management agencies,Cooperative Extension, universities or communitycolleges, or other local experts. Generic AIS-HACCP examples (see appendices 4-7), andpublished information on AIS can provideadditional assistance.

4) Description and Intended Use of Product

Once a HACCP team is established, the membersfirst describe the product and/or the process thatmay spread AIS. In the case of management,

n Getting Ready for HACCP

Objective:

l Describe the steps preceding AIS-HACCP planning

18 – Getting Ready for HACCP

research, and enforcement activities, actions thatpotentially spread AIS must be described. In thecase of aquaculture or baitfish production, theproduct, its distribution, intended customers(e.g., wholesale bait dealers, bait retailers, sportanglers, private pond/lake owners), and consumeruse of the product (e.g., bait for sportfishing,forage fish, stocking in sportfish ponds or aqua-culture operations, fish for fee operations, food)must be described.

5) Development and Verification of theProduct or Process Flow Diagram

A flow diagram (see Appendix 3, and appendices4-7) shows the steps involved in the research,management, enforcement, or fish productionactivity.This step provides an important visualtool that the AIS-HACCP team can use tocomplete the remaining steps of the plan. Only aclear, simple, but complete, description of theprocess is needed. It is important to include allthe steps within the control of the agency orbusiness developing the AIS-HACCP plan.Theflow diagram should be clear and completeenough so that people unfamiliar with theprocess can quickly comprehend your operationalprocedures. Since the accuracy of the flow dia-gram is critical to conduct a hazard analysis, thesteps outlined in the diagram must be verified. Ifa step is missed, a significant hazard may not beaddressed.The AIS-HACCP team should evaluatethe entire process or operation and make anychanges required in the flow chart.The evaluationallows each team member to gain an overall pic-ture of how the process or operation is conducted.

Hazard Analysis – 19

The hazard-analysis step is fundamental to theAIS-HACCP system.To establish a plan thateffectively prevents the movement of AIS, it iscrucial to identify significant AIS hazards andmeasures to control them.As previously stated, ahazard is an AIS fish or other aquatic vertebrate,invertebrate, plant, or pathogen that may bespread to new water bodies.

Considerations for the HACCP Team

During the hazard analysis, the significance ofeach potential hazard should be assessed byconsidering risk (likelihood of occurrence) andseverity.The estimate of risk is usually based upona combination of experience,AIS infestation data,and information in the technical literature.Severity is the seriousness of a hazard anddefining this will require close communicationwith resource management agencies and univer-sity experts.

For some AIS-HACCP plan developers, theexpertise necessary to properly assess the risk andseverity of the AIS hazards is available within theagency or company.

The HACCP team has the initial responsibilityto decide which AIS hazards are significant andmust be addressed by the HACCP plan. Keep inmind that there may be differences of opinion,even among experts, as to the significance of ahazard.The HACCP team may rely on guidancematerials and the opinions of experts who assistin the development of HACCP plans.

Hazard Analysis

One approach to hazard analysis divides it intotwo activities: brainstorming and risk assessment.Brainstorming should result in a list of potentialhazards at each operational step (see Figure 1,page 25) in the process.

All potentially significant hazards must be consid-ered.To assist in this, the following AIS hazardsshould be addressed:

l Pathogens (e.g., whirling disease, spring viremiaof carp)

l Plants (e.g., Eurasian watermilfoil)l Invertebrates (e.g., spiny and fishhook water-

fleas, zebra mussels)l Fish (e.g., round gobies, ruffe) and other aquatic

vertebrates (nuisance amphibians or reptiles)

After identifying hazards, the team conducts ananalysis of the risks and severity of each of theAIS hazards to determine the significance ofpotentially moving these to new waterbodies.However,AIS-HACCP focuses solely on signifi-cant hazards that are reasonably likely to occur.Without this focus, it would be tempting to try

n Principle 1: Hazard Analysis

Objectives:

l Describe hazard analysisl Demonstrate the use of a hazard analysis

worksheetl Present the concept of control measures

to control AIS hazards

20 – Hazard Analysis

to control too much and lose sight of truly rele-vant hazards.

Hazard Analysis Worksheet

A hazard analysis worksheet can be used toorganize and document the considerations inidentifying AIS hazards (see appendices 4-7).Ablank worksheet is available in Appendix 8. Listeach step in the process flow diagram in column1. Record the results of the hazards brainstormingin column 2. Record the results of the riskassessment in column 3, with the justification foraccepting or rejecting the listed potential hazardsin column 4.

Control Measures

Control Measures: Factors that can be used tocontrol an identified aquatic invasive species hazard(sometimes referred to as a preventive measure).

Control measures are actions and strategies thatcan be used to prevent or eliminate an AIShazard or reduce it to an acceptable level. Inpractice, control measures encompass a widearray of actions.

For each identified potential hazard on the hazardanalysis worksheet, describe in column 5 controlmeasures that may be used to control or preventthe hazard. If the hazard will be controlled at asubsequent step, then simply state that in column5. See examples in appendices 4-7.

First-time HACCP writers often identify toomany hazards! This can dilute your ability tofocus efforts and control the truly significanthazards.Accordingly, it is essential that only sig-nificant AIS hazards be identified and controlledwith the HACCP system.The dilemma isdeciding what is significant. A hazard must becontrolled if it is: 1) reasonably likely to occur,AND 2) if not properly controlled, it is likely toresult in an unacceptable risk of spreading AIS tonew water bodies.

Examples of Control Measures

An important difference between the seafoodHACCP program and this one is that science-based controls are currently lacking.As a result,control measures are best determined with thehelp of resource management agencies, SeaGrant, university, college, or other local experts.The following are examples of possible controlmeasures (not proven controls) that could beapplied to three types of hazards:

1. Fish Hazards Example – Eurasian ruffe

In ruffe-infested waters, harvest baitfish duringthe day in the shallow water where the ruffe areunlikely to occur. If there is a chance that ruffehave been harvested with baitfish and if thereis an appropriate size difference, separate ruffefrom the baitfish with grading steps at theholding facility.

2) Invertebrate Hazards Example -Waterfleas

In spiny waterflea- and fishhook waterflea-infestedwaters, harvest baitfish in spring or early summerwhen females are not present or not carryingresting eggs. Females carrying resting eggs quicklydie when removed from the water on nets andother gear, but resting eggs can survive. Becausewaterfleas are not strong swimmers they can beseparated from fish in holding facilities usingproper flow control.

3) Plant Hazards Example – EurasianWatermilfoil

Remove all plant fragments during the harvestand holding steps.

4) Pathogens Hazards Example – WhirlingDisease

Remove all mud from boots, nets, and otherequipment before leaving a water body contain-ing whirling disease or have designated (withappropriate tags) equipment that is only used inwhirling disease-infested waters.

Hazard Analysis – 21

Case Study: White Perch

White perch (Morone americana) are mem-bers of the temperate bass family, native toboth fresh and salt water along the Atlanticcoast, including some landlocked coastalponds and lakes.The species is thought tohave entered the Great Lakes above NiagaraFalls via the Erie Canal, which connectsLake Erie to the Hudson River drainage.Apair of adult white perch was captured inLake Erie in 1953, but they did notbecome abundant until the early 1980s. By1988, white perch were described as LakeErie’s second most abundant species.

The discovery of white perch in the OhioRiver during the early 1990s brought adouble measure of concern to fisheriesmanagement agencies.The findings showedthat this invasive species had reached anextensive inland drainage system, but alsoraised a serious question: had white perchbeen introduced to the Ohio Riverthrough stocking efforts as agenciesimported the similar striped bass (Moronesaxatilis) from the East Coast to enhancesport fishing?

A more likely pathway became apparentwhen a private lake manager in southeastOhio contacted Ohio Sea Grant Extensionto inquire about potential commercialmarkets for the large number of whiteperch he was removing from his chain offour membership-only fishing lakes.Aninvestigation showed that the lakes indeedcontained large populations of white perch.Multiple age classes were present, indicatingsuccessful reproduction, and many of thefish were quite large, ranging up to 250mm (10 inches).

These four lakes are connected by an over-flow drainage that leads into Little BeaverCreek, a tributary of the Ohio River.Theyreceive overflow water from other pay fish-ing lakes situated further up the basin.Thelakes typically spill their dams during heavystorms in late spring, a time when larvaland juvenile white perch are present.

Discussions with the lake manager con-cerning possible origins of the whiteperch revealed that several years previously,managers of the upstream pay lakes pur-chased white bass (Morone chrysops) fromLake Erie to stock for fishing.These whitebass are captured in shore seining opera-tions and transported from Lake Erie topay fishing lakes in southern Ohio andneighboring states.White bass and whiteperch, being in the same genus, look con-fusingly similar. Probably white perch werepresent in one or more shipments andbecame established in the stocked lakes.During spring overflows, their young werecarried into the downstream lakes andeventually into the Ohio River.

White perch have established a viablepopulation in the Ohio River, giving thempotential access to the entire MississippiRiver drainage.This range expansion of anAIS might have been prevented if a programsuch as AIS-HACCP had been available inthe early 1980s.AIS-HACCP training forlive fish haulers in Ohio is planned.

22 – Determine the Critical Control Points

n Principle 2: Determine the Critical Control Points

For every significant hazard identified during thehazard analysis (Principle 1) there must be oneor more critical control points (CCPs) where thehazard is controlled.The CCPs are the points inthe process where the HACCP control activitieswill occur.

Critical Control Point:Any point, step or proce-dure at which aquatic invasive fish or otheraquatic vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, andpathogens can be controlled.

Hazards can be prevented at CCPs.

In some cases AIS hazards can be eliminated by:

l Avoiding infested waters.l Choosing when, where, and how to sample or

harvest.l Tagging fishery management, research, and

enforcement equipment used in infested watersfor use only in infested waters.

l Treating all equipment used in infested waters

with chemicals, dehydration, freezing or otherappropriate measures to kill AIS.

l Separating AIS from baitfish or fish for stockingwhile in holding through grading, chemicaltreatment, or other control measures.

l Separating AIS manually from baitfish or otherlive fish.

l Selling the contaminated baitfish or other fishfor purposes other than release into publicwaters (e.g., sell fish for growout in recirculationaquaculture).

l Culturing only sterile AIS.

Control Point:Any step at which AIS can becontrolled.

It may not be possible to fully eliminate or preventa hazard. In some cases and with some hazards,minimization may be the goal of the AIS-HACCP plan, yet addressing all AIS hazards isimportant. Resource management agencies andothers developing AIS-HACCP plans shouldacknowledge and understand any limitations ofthe AIS-HACCP plan to control particularhazards.When AIS-HACCP plans cannot satis-factorily control AIS hazards, other approaches toprevent the spread will be required.

CCPs vs. Control Points

Some points in the flow diagram may be controlpoints but not CCPs.A HACCP plan can losefocus if points are unnecessarily identified asCCPs. Only points at which significant AIShazards can be controlled are considered CCPs.A tendency exists to designate too many CCPs.

Objectives:

l Define critical control point (CCP)l Examine the relationship between a sig-

nificant hazard and a CCPl Discuss how a CCP may change between

species, raised/harvested, and different AISl Review the use of a decision tree to

select a CCPl Offer examples of CCPs

Determine the Critical Control Points – 23

A CCP should be limited to that point or thosepoints at which control of the significant hazardscan best be achieved. For example, an AIS plantfragment can be controlled by avoiding infestedareas of the lake, by picking each fragment off ofa net before leaving the lake, and by freezing thenet for 48 hours before going to uninfestedwaters. However, avoiding infested areas or pick-ing off plant fragments would not necessarily beconsidered CCPs if freezing the net for 48 hoursbest controlled the hazard. Differentiatingbetween CCPs and control points will vary fromoperation to operation and depend on theirunique situation.When designating CCPs, con-sider any applicable state statutes or rules. Forexample, if it is illegal to transport AIS overland,then CCPs must comply.

Multiple CCPs and Hazards

A CCP can be used to control more than onehazard. For example, holding fish in flowingwater for 12 hours might be a CCP to separatebaitfish from AIS plant fragments and Daphnialumholtzi because neither can swim against thecurrent and will be flushed from the system.Likewise, more than one CCP may be needed tocontrol a hazard. In controlling plant fragments,both the flow rate and the length of time fish areheld in the tank could be CCPs if holding timeto eliminate AIS plant fragments is based on aminimum flow rate.An example of a CCP usedto control more than one management, research,and enforcement AIS hazard might be pressurewashing all boats, trailers, and equipment afterleaving infested waters.This could eliminateplant fragments, zebra mussels, and mud (thatmight transmit whirling disease).

CCPs are Product- and Process-Specific

CCPs identified for one process or product maybe different for the same process or product in adifferent situation. For example, the hazards ofdip-netting shiners at night may be quite differ-ent than seining shiners during the day from the

same infested water body.Also, the hazard ofmanagement, research, and enforcement activitiesfor moving larval zebra mussels differ dependingon the time of year. CCPs can differ for thesame process or product because the hazards andthe best points for controlling them may changewith differences in:

l Sampling/harvest methodsl Facility layoutl Holding tank designl Transportation techniquesl Type and use of equipmentl Source of water

Species behavior relative to conditions

Although HACCP models and generic HACCPplans can be useful in considering CCPs, eachprocess or product must be considered separately.See appendices 4-7 for examples of CCPs.


CCP Decision Tree

In Principle 1, you learned how to determinewhere hazards enter a process. Often the bestplace to control a hazard is at the point of entry.But this is not always true.The CCP can beseveral steps away from the point where the sig-nificant hazard is introduced.A series of fourquestions can help to identify CCPs for a process(see questions below and Figure 1, page 25).Thequestions are referred to as the CCP DecisionTree and are asked at each step identified inPrinciple 1 with a significant hazard. Properlyused, the CCP Decision Tree can be a helpfultool in identifying CCPs.

Question 1. Do control measures exist atthis step or subsequent steps for the identi-fied hazard?

If your answer is "yes," ask question 2.

If your answer is "no," then ask, "Is control atthis step necessary to prevent or minimize thehazard?" If this answer is "no" too, the step is nota CCP for that hazard. If the answer is "yes,"then you have identified a significant hazard thatis not being controlled. In this case, the step,process or product must be redesigned to includea control measure. Sometimes there is no reason-able control measure available. In such cases,HACCP does not provide assurance that theprocess or product is AIS-free.

Question 2. Does this step eliminate orreduce the likely occurrence of a signifi-cant hazard to an acceptable level?

Consider if this is the best step at which to con-trol the hazard. If the answer is "yes," then thestep is a CCP; move to the next significant haz-ard. If the answer is "no," ask question 3.

Question 3. Could contamination with ahazard or hazards occur, or increase at thisstep?

For example, if you continue to add fish harvest-ed from infested waters to holding tanks, youmay be adding an AIS that had already beenremoved from the system. If the answer is "no,"then the step is not a CCP for that hazard. If theanswer is "yes," then ask the fourth question.

Question 4.Will a subsequent step elimi-nate the hazard or hazards or reduce thelikely occurrence to an acceptable level?

If you answer "no," then this step is a CCP. Ifyou answer "yes," then this step is not a CCP forthis hazard. In this case, be sure the hazard iscontrolled by a subsequent processing step.

Determine the Critical Control Points – 25

Not a CriticalControl Point

CriticalControl Point

Start Here: Do control measures exist at this step or subsequent steps for the identified hazard?

Modifyprocedure

Does this step eliminate or reduce the likely occurrence of a hazard to anacceptable level and is this the best place to control the hazard?

Could contamination with identified hazards occur in excess of acceptable levels or could these increase to unacceptable levels?

Will a subsequent step eliminate identified hazards or reduce the likely occurrence to an acceptable level?

Is control at this step necessary to prevent the hazard?

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

N N

N

N

Figure I–CCP Decision Tree


Case Study: New ZelandMudsnail

New Zealand mudsnails (NZMS,Potamopyrgus antipodarum) are an invasivespecies in North America.They breed rap-idly, survive in high densities, and changetheir newfound environments in funda-mental ways. NZMS can reach densities of750,000 per square meter. Fishery managersand ecologists are concerned that NZMScould spread across the continent anddamage populations of native species bytaking over space and grazing. Invertebratestudies show serious declines in midge andmayfly populations in the rivers of westernNorth America where mudsnails are present.Widespread changes to the foundations offreshwater aquatic food webs are expectedif mudsnails hitchhike their way acrossthe continent.

In New Zealand, where these mudsnails arenative, several trematode parasites and atleast three fish species are controlling popu-lations. NZMS have a great capacity forreproduction.They produce clones asexually,meaning a single snail can create a newpopulation. One snail can release over 200juveniles per year, so a single individualcould be responsible for a population of3,000,000 to 4,000,000 snails in two years.

NZMS were detected in central Idaho’sSnake River in 1987. No one really knowshow NZMS found their way to the moun-tain states of western North America, butsome speculate that mudsnails were shippedto a western fish hatchery along with trouteggs being used by private and govern-ment hatchery managers to supplementmountain fisheries.

Hatchery managers, whose jobs includemaintaining and improving recreationalfisheries by stocking fish, often hatchtrout eggs and grow fish in their hatcheriesfor planting in American streams.Theysometimes use eggs from other regions tosupplement local egg supplies, in partbecause they want to provide anglers withdiverse fishery populations. In the processof importing eggs, which arrive in smallrefrigerated boxes, hatchery biologists rou-tinely treat their supplies with agents suchas iodine and hydrogen peroxide (for disin-fecting and anti-fungal protection, etc.) toreduce the chance that common diseaseswill affect the stock.Although sanitizingagents control fungi and diseases, theNZMS has a defense mechanism allowingsome individuals to survive: NZMS have atiny cover for their shell opening (called anoperculum) that they can close when theyexperience environmental stress.These verysmall snails could have arrived in NorthAmerica in a box of trout eggs and, withtheir opercula closed, survived the hatcherymanager’s sanitizing treatment.

Following the AIS-HACCP process, biolo-gists determined there is no knownmethod of “cleaning” fragile trout eggs toinsure the death of hitchhiking NZMS.Therefore, biologists must make sure theiregg supplies are AIS-free upon ordering.

Recent research shows that thoroughlyfreezing or drying potentially contaminatedequipment is a simple control method tolimit the spread of the NZMS to uninfestedareas. Such control methods could be easilyincorporated into AIS-HACCP plans

Establish Controls – 27

Controls must be established for each CCPidentified in the hazard analysis.A control repre-sents the boundaries that are used to ensure thata process or product is AIS-free. Each CCP musthave one or more controls for each significantAIS hazard.When the process deviates from thecontrol limits, corrective action must be taken toensure an AIS-free product. Examples of controlsmight be a minimum flow rate and time thatbaitfish are held in the holding tank to ensurethat aquatic invasive plant fragments are trappedin the outlet filters. In this case, adhering to aminimum flow rate and time controls the aquaticplant hazard. In the case of management, research,or enforcement activities an example might beto freeze nets or other equipment for a specifictime period during which both temperature andtime must be monitored.

Control: (a) (verb) To manage the conditionsof an operation to maintain compliance withestablished criteria. (b) (noun) The state inwhich correct procedures are being followedand criteria are being met.

Establishing Controls

In many cases, the appropriate control may notbe readily apparent or available.Tests may needto be conducted or information gathered fromsources such as scientific publications, regulatoryguidelines, experts, or experimental studies. If theinformation needed to define controls is notavailable, a conservative value should be selected.The rationale and reference material used toestablish controls should become part of thesupport documentation for the HACCP plan.

Control Limit: A criterion that must be metfor each control measure associated with a criti-cal control point.

Often a variety of options exist for controlling aparticular hazard. Practicality and experiencetypically drives the selection of the best controloption and the best control limit.

In many cases, it is not practical to continuallymonitor the harvested wild baitfish, wild fish, orcultured fish to ensure there are no AIS.Alternatively, controls may be set to assure thatthe harvest/holding/grading practices achievethe necessary elimination or containment of AIS.

n Principle 3: Establish Controls

Objectives:

l Define controls used at each critical con-trol point

l Describe how to establish controlsl Describe operating limits

28 – Establish Controls

Establishing Operating Limits

If monitoring shows a trend toward lack of con-trol at a CCP, personnel should take actionbefore the control limit is exceeded.The pointwhere personnel take such an action is called theoperating limit. Operating limits should not beconfused with control limits. Operating limitsare more stringent and thus established at alevel that would be reached before the controllimit is violated.

Operating Limit: Criteria that are morestringent than critical limits and that are used byresponsible personnel to reduce the risk of AIScontamination. For example, if a certain chemicalconcentration is required to control an AIS haz-ard, the operating limit is generally set above theminimum concentration needed to ensureeffective treatment.

The process should be adjusted when the oper-ating limit is exceeded to avoid violating criticallimits.These actions are called process adjust-ments.A processor may use these adjustments toavoid loss of control and the need to take cor-rective action. Spotting a trend toward loss ofcontrol early and acting on it can save addedstress on fish caused by procedures to separateAIS, or worse yet, product destruction.

Corrective action is only required when thecontrol limit is exceeded. For example, a controllimit could involve equipment only used ininfested waters unless it has dried for 7 days.Thecontrol limit is drying for 7 days, but if theprocess is conducted outside and the weather hasbeen cool and damp, sufficient drying may nothave occurred to eliminate the hazard. In thiscase, an operating limit might be 7 days withoutrain.This example demonstrates how operatinglimits might be used.

Operating limits may be selected for various rea-sons:

l For quality (e.g., separating fish by species & size)l To avoid exceeding a control limit (e.g., a flow

rate in holding tanks could be higher than thecontrol limit to ensure that any aquatic plantfragments are trapped in the outlet filter or adisinfectant solution could be stronger thanneeded to ensure control)

When a corrective action is necessary, operatorsmust be able to identify and segregate the affect-ed equipment or lots of fish. If lot sizes are big,segregation and corrective action are more diffi-cult but still necessary, even if control limits wereexceeded for only a small amount of the product.Segregating fish into smaller holding tanksmeans far less product may be involved when aviolation of a control limit occurs. Consequently,wise operators keep fish harvested from certainlocations segregated from other fish already inthe holding facility.

See appendices 4-7 for sample controls andcontrol limits.

Critical Control Point Monitoring – 29

Monitoring is important to ensure that thecontrols designed to eliminate or minimize AIShazards are consistently met.

Monitor: To conduct a planned sequence ofobservations or measurements to assess whether aCCP is under control and to produce an accuraterecord for future use in verification.

Purpose for monitoring:

l To identify trends that may require adjustmentsto ensure continued control over the hazards

l To identify when there is a loss of control (adeviation occurs at a CCP)

l To provide written documentation of thehazard control system

Monitoring is the process that personnel relyupon to maintain control at a CCP.Accuratemonitoring indicates when there is a loss ofcontrol at a CCP and a deviation from a controllimit.When a control limit is compromised, acorrective action is needed. Reviewing themonitoring records and finding the last recorded

value that meets the control limit can determinethe extent of the problem needing correction.Monitoring also provides a record that productionand processes were completed in compliancewith the AIS-HACCP plan, which is useful forverification as discussed in Principle 7.

Design of a Monitoring System

The preventive measures discussed in Principle 1and the control limits discussed in Principle 3are intended to control the hazards at each CCP.Monitoring procedures are used to determine ifthe preventive measures are being enacted andthe control limits are being met.

Monitoring procedures must identify:

l What will be monitored (column 4)–usually ameasurement or observation to assess if theCCP is operating within the control limit.

l How the control limits and preventive measureswill be monitored (column 5)–usually physicalor chemical measurements or observations.

l How frequently monitoring will be performed(column 6)–can be continuous or intermittent.

l Who will perform the monitoring (column 7)–someone trained to perform the monitoringtask.

n Principle 4: Critical Control Point Monitoring

Objectives:

l Define monitoringl Explain the need for monitoringl Design a monitoring systeml Review methods and equipment used for

monitoring controlsl Examine frequency of monitoringl Define who should monitor

30 – Critical Control Point Monitoring

What will be Monitored

Monitoring may mean measuring a characteristicof the product or of the process to determinecompliance with a control limit. Examples include:

l Measurement of water flow rate or tank waterexchange rate

l Measurement of freezer temperature whenfreezing nets to kill AIS

l Observations of the presence/absence of AISl Measurements of any chemical concentrations

for treatments used to kill AISl Determination of the sex or ploidy of cultured

AISl Observation of the effectiveness of pressure

washing boats, trailers, nets, and other equipment

Monitoring may also involve observing if a pre-ventive measure at a CCP is being performed.For instance:

l Checking with management agencies for listsof infested waters

l Checking that fish purchased from wholesalersdid not come from AIS-infested waters

How Control Limits and PreventiveMeasures will be Monitored

Monitoring must be designed to provide rapid(real-time) results.There is no time for lengthyanalytical testing because control limit failuresmust be detected quickly and an appropriatecorrective action instituted before distributionoccurs or infested equipment makes its way touninfested waterbodies.

Physical and chemical measurements are pre-ferred monitoring methods because testing canbe done rapidly. Physical measurements include:

l Time and temperature.This combination ofmeasurements is often used to monitor thedestruction or control of AIS risks on traps,nets, and other equipment. For example, netsused in Eurasian watermilfoil-infested waters inMinnesota must be frozen for 48 hours ordried for 10 days before using in other waters.

l Water flow rate. Since plant fragments, eggs,and many invertebrates cannot swim againstthe current, holding fish in flowing water toseparate them from AIS may be one way to

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

AIS-HACCP Aquatic Invasive Species – Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point AIS-HAACP Plan Form

AIS-HAACP Form B (10/2004)This form accomodates 2 Critical Control Points, attach additional pages of this form as necessary .


Each row answered “yes” incolumn 6 on the Hazard

Analysis Form

SignificantHazards

as determined in column 3of the Hazard Analysis

Form

Limits for eachcontrol measure

MonitoringDescribe what is being

monitored

Explain how the monitor-ing will take place

Frequency of monitoring

Person or position respon-sible for monitoring

CoCorrecrrectivtiveeActions

Actions taken when limitsof control mesaures are

not met

VerificationMethod of Verification

RecordsList what is recorded at

each critical control point

Final Step…Once you have completed your HACCP plan, attach it to the signed product/procedure form with the hazard analysis worksheets.

4

5

6

7

8


monitored




Corrective

Specify the monitoring procedure for each CCP in columns 4-7 on the AIS-HACCP Plan Form.

Critical Control Point Monitoring – 31

control the hazard. Measuring flow rate andthe time it takes for one complete waterexchange are examples of physical measure-ments that may need to be monitored.

l Visual examination. Observations for the pres-ence of AIS contamination on equipment or inbaitfish or fish for stocking or regular surveysfor AIS in waters considered to be uninfestedare ways to monitor AIS hazards.

When developing an AIS-HACCP plan, selectingmonitoring equipment requires consideration.Equipment used for monitoring CCPs varieswith the condition being monitored. Examples ofmonitoring equipment include:

l Thermometersl Clocksl Scalesl Flow metersl Chemical analytical equipment

The equipment chosen for monitoring at theCCP must be accurate. Consider the reliability ofmonitoring equipment when setting the controllimit. Periodic calibration or standardization isnecessary to ensure accuracy and is further dis-cussed in Principle 6 (page 35).

Monitoring Frequency

Monitoring can be continuous or intermittent.Where possible, monitor continuously.Continuous monitoring is possible for manytypes of physical and chemical parameters, butwill not control the hazard on its own.Thecontinuous record needs to be observed periodi-cally and action taken when needed.This too, isa component of monitoring.The length of timebetween checks will directly affect the amountof rework or product loss when a critical limitdeviation is found. In all cases, the checks mustbe performed in time to ensure that the irregularproduct or equipment is isolated before beingmoved to uninfested waters.

When it is not possible to monitor a CCP on acontinuous basis, it is necessary for the monitor-ing interval to be short enough to detect possibledeviations from control limits or operating limits.The frequency of intermittent monitoringshould be partially determined from historicalknowledge of the product and process.

Who Monitors

Assigning the responsibility for monitoring is animportant consideration when developing anAIS-HACCP plan. Individuals assigned to CCPmonitoring can be:

l Owner/operatorl Employees/helpersl Manager, researcher, or enforcement officer

Including all personnel in AIS-HACCP activitieshas the advantage of building a broad base ofunderstanding and commitment to the program.

Those responsible for monitoring a CCP should:

l Be trained in the CCP monitoring techniquesl Fully understand the importance of CCP

monitoringl Have ready access to the monitoring activityl Accurately report each monitoring activityl Immediately report control limit infractions so

that prompt corrective actions (Principle 5) canbe taken

The monitor’s duties should require that allunusual occurrences and deviations from controlsbe reported immediately to make sure adjustmentsand corrective actions are made in a timelymanner.All records and documents associatedwith CCP monitoring must be signed or initialedby the person doing the monitoring.

The monitor’s name is recorded in column 7 ofthe HACCP plan form (see appendices 4-7).

32 – Corrective Actions

Corrective actions must be taken when controlsat a CCP have been compromised.When possi-ble, determine these actions while developingthe HACCP plan.

Corrective Action: Procedures followed whena deviation from a critical limit occurs at a criti-cal control point.

When controls are violated at a CCP, institutethe predetermined, documented correctiveactions.These corrective actions should stateprocedures to restore process control and deter-mine the environmentally-safe disposition ofthe affected product or equipment. It may bepossible, and is always desirable, to correct theproblem immediately.

Corrective actions include:

l Isolating and holding fish for safety evaluationl Diverting the affected fish to another use

where AIS contamination would not be con-sidered critical

l Using an alternative measure to disinfect nets,equipment, and other gear

l Halting management, research, or enforcementactivities until hazard control is regained

l Using some method to separate AIS fromthe fish

l Rejecting fishl Destroying fish

Corrective actions are implemented when moni-toring results indicate a deviation from controllimits. Effective corrective actions depend heavilyon an adequate monitoring program.

The primary objective is to establish an AIS-HACCP program that permits rapid identifica-tion of deviations from a control limit.Thesooner the deviation is identified, the more easilycorrective actions can be taken and the greaterthe potential for minimizing the amount ofnoncompliant product or equipment.Theresponsibility of making corrective actionsshould be assigned to an individual who under-stands the process, product, and AIS-HACCPplan and who has the authority to make decisions.

All corrective actions taken should be docu-mented. Documentation helps to identify recur-ring problems so that the AIS-HACCP plan canbe modified.Additionally, records provide proofof product or equipment disposition.

Components of Corrective Actions

Effective corrective action plans must:

l Correct and eliminate the cause of the devia-tion and restore control of the AIS hazard.

l Identify the product or equipment that waspossibly contaminated with AIS and determineits disposition

n Principle 5: Corrective Actions

Objectives:

l Describe corrective actionsl Provide examples and components of

corrective actions

Corrective Actions – 33

l) Correct - Eliminate - Control

Corrective actions must bring the CCP backunder control.A corrective action should takecare of the immediate (short-term) problem aswell as provide long-term solutions.The objec-tive is to implement a short-term fix so thatcontrol can be re-established as soon as possiblewithout further deviations.An unanticipated orreoccurring control limit failure necessitates are-evaluation of the AIS-HACCP plan.A perma-nent solution to eliminating or minimizing theinitial cause or causes for the deviation should beimplemented if necessary. Specific instructionsfor corrective actions must be available to allworkers in the operation and should be part ofthe documented AIS-HACCP plan.

2) Identify Product or Equipment - Determineits Disposition

When a deviation occurs, identify the noncon-forming product or equipment.As previouslydiscussed, there are several steps that may be usedfor determining product or equipment disposi-tion and developing a corrective action plan. Ifproducts or equipment are to be tested andreleased or used in uninfested waters, the samplingmethod is important.The limits of sampling plansmust be understood.A faulty sampling protocolcan result in accepting an undesirable product. Itmay be prudent to consult an expert.

Corrective actions are usually written in an"if/then" format.The "if" part of the correctiveaction describes the condition and the "then"part describes the action taken. For example:“if ”nets brought to uninfested waters are tagged foruse in infested waters, “then” they must bepressure washed prior to use.

Corrective Action Records

Predetermined corrective actions are writteninto the AIS-HACCP plan.When control limitsare exceeded and a corrective action occurs, it isrecorded.A corrective action report form ishelpful.

The corrective action report should contain:

l Product or equipment identification (e.g.,product/equipment description, amount ofproduct/equipment on hold)

l Description of the deviationl Corrective action taken including final disposi-

tion of the affected product/equipmentl Name of the individual responsible for taking

the corrective actionl Results of evaluations

AIS-HACCP plan records should contain aseparate file in which all deviations and corre-sponding corrective actions are maintained inan organized fashion. Corrective actions arerecorded in column 8 of the AIS-HACCP planform. See appendices 4-7 for examples.

34– Corrective Actions

Case Study: Emerald Shiners

For many years, the Pennsylvania Fish andBoat Commission (PFBC) commonlytransferred adult emerald shiners to inlandlakes.Adult emerald shiners were historical-ly planted into new impoundments and inlakes that area fishery managers identified aslacking sufficient forage for desired gamefish populations.

In the spring, adult emerald shiners in LakeErie congregate in large schools near theshore, making them easily captured withshore seines.The PFBC formerly had fishproduction personnel capture the shinersby seining and loading them on hatcherytrucks for immediate distribution to lakesdesignated for stocking.While collectingemerald shiners for relocation to inlandlakes, PFBC personnel briefly examinedeach net for round gobies and zebra mus-sels before loading them from the lake forshipment.

In summer 1999, Pennsylvania Sea Granthosted an AIS-HACCP program for bait-fish wholesalers and dealers at Presque IsleState Park, Erie, Pennsylvania. Local baitdealers holding collection permits foremerald shiners in Lake Erie and personnelfrom several of PFBC’s hatcheries and itsLake Erie Research Unit attended. One ofthe hatchery representatives described theprotocol for collecting emerald shiners.Thegroup concluded that more extensive grad-ing and separation techniques (critical con-trol points) were necessary during harvestand before shipment to eliminate gobiesand zebra mussels.

After attending the AIS-HACCP program,PFBC personnel from the Lake ErieResearch Unit shared their concerns about

the transfer of emerald shiners with fish-eries management staff.A lengthy reviewfollowed, resulting in a PFBC policychange.The fisheries management staffdetermined that even though extensivegrading and separation techniques couldnearly ensure AIS-free shipments, the over-all benefit of transferring emerald shiners asa forage base supplement was not worththe risk of introducing a new invasivespecies to the inland waterways ofPennsylvania.As a result, the policy of usingemerald shiners as forage for inland lakeswas discontinued in 2000.

Verification Procedures – 35

Verification: The use of methods, procedures ortests, in addition to those used in monitoring,that determine if the HACCP system is in com-pliance with the HACCP plan and/or whetherthe plan needs modification.

Although it is complex, the proper developmentand implementation of the verification principleis fundamental to the successful execution of theAIS-HACCP plan. HACCP has spawned a newadag — "trust what you can verify," which speaksto the heart of the verification principle.Thepurpose of verification is to provide a level ofconfidence that the plan is based on solid science,is adequate to control the hazards associated withproducing and selling live fish, or conductingresource management, research, or enforcementactivities, and is being followed.

Elements associated with this principle includevalidation and reviews. Confusion sometime arisesbecause the HACCP plan includes verificationprocedures for individual CCPs and for theoverall plan.

Elements of Verification:

• Validation

• CCP verification activities

• Calibration of monitoring devices

• Calibration record review

• Targeted sampling and testing

• CCP record review

• AIS-HACCP system verification

• Observations and reviews

• Regulatory agencies

Validation

Before the AIS-HACCP plan is implemented, itis validated. From hazard analysis through eachCCP verification strategy, validation requires ascientific and technical review of the rationalesupporting every phase of the AIS-HACCP plan.Validation ensures that an effectively-implementedplan is sufficient to control likely AIS hazardsassociated with baitfish harvest and production offish for stocking or in resource management,field research, or enforcement activities.Validation provides objective evidence that theplan has a scientific basis. It often incorporatesfundamental scientific principles, scientific data,expert opinion, or specific observations or tests.

Validation: The element of verification focusedon collecting and evaluating scientific and techni-cal information to determine if the AIS-HACCPplan, when properly implemented, will effectivelycontrol the AIS hazards.

n Principle 6: Verification Procedures

Objectives:

l Define verificationl Describe AIS-HACCP plan verificationl Explain validation and review

36 – Verification Procedures

Validation can be performed by the AIS-HACCPteam or by an individual qualified by training orexperience.The scope and time needed to validatea plan may be similar to developing it.Components of the plan should be validatedbefore relying on the HACCP plan and whenfactors warrant.These factors could include:sampling/harvesting fish from a new lake; chang-ing the sampling/harvest gear or techniques; newscientific information about potential hazards ortheir control; or new AIS infestations.

Verification of CCPs

Verification activities developed for CCPs areessential to ensure control procedures used areproperly functioning and that they are operatingand calibrated within appropriate ranges for AIScontrol.Additionally, CCP verification includessupervisory review of CCP calibration, monitor-ing, and corrective action records to confirmcompliance with the AIS-HACCP plan. CCPverification may also include targeted samplingand testing.

Calibration of Monitoring Devices

Verification includes calibration of monitoringdevices or review of calibration records to assurethe accuracy of measurements. Regular calibra-tion of CCP monitoring equipment is important.If the equipment is out-of-calibration, thenmonitoring results will not be accurate.Significant deviations could render monitoringresults completely unreliable. If this happens, theCCP could be considered out of control sincethe last documented acceptable calibration.Thiscondition should be considered when establish-ing the frequency of calibration.

Calibration Record Review

Keep and review calibration records. Reviewingthe equipment calibration records involveschecking the dates and methods of calibration,and the test results (e.g., equipment passing orfailing).

Targeted Sampling and Testing

Verification may also include targeted sampling,testing, and other periodic activities. If you arerelying on others to verify through compliancerecords that the fish they sell to you are AIS-free,then you may want to check targeted samples tosubstantiate their claims.Typically, when a moni-toring procedure is not as stringent as desired, itshould be coupled with a strong verificationstrategy.

CCP Record Review

At least two types of records are generated ateach CCP: monitoring and corrective action.These records are valuable management tools,providing documentation that CCPs are operatingwithin established safety parameters and thatdeviations are handled appropriately. However,records are meaningless unless someone periodi-cally uses them.

AIS-HACCP System Verification

In addition to the verification activities forCCPs, verify the complete AIS-HACCP plan atleast annually or whenever there is a systemfailure or a significant change in the product orprocess.The AIS-HACCP team is responsible forensuring that this verification is performed.

System Verification Activities

Systematic verification activities include on-siteobservations and record reviews.An unbiasedperson who is not responsible for performing themonitoring activities usually performs reviews.

System verification should occur at a frequencythat ensures the plan is being routinely followed.This frequency depends on a number of con-ditions, such as the variability of the processand product.

Verification Procedures – 37

Role of the Regulatory Agencies in AIS-HACCP Plan Verification

Until the AIS-HACCP approach is jointlyaccepted and used by industry and resourcemanagement agencies, there is no official role ofthe resource management agencies in reviewingAIS-HACCP plans.The major role of resourcemanagement agencies could be to verify thatplans are effective and are being followed.Verification normally occurs at the facility or thewater body being harvested.

AIS-HACCP plans are unique documents pre-pared by the fish producer, manager, researcher,or enforcement officer to ensure the control ofAIS hazards.AIS-HACCP plan reviewers musthave access to records that pertain to CCPs,deviations, corrective actions, and other informa-tion pertinent to the plan that may be neededfor verification.The plans may, however, containproprietary information and must be appropri-ately protected by the regulatory agency or otherplan reviewers.

38 – Record-keeping Procedures

Accurate record keeping is an essential part of asuccessful AIS-HACCP program. Records providedocumentation that the control limits have beenmet or appropriate corrective actions were takenwhen the limits were exceeded. Likewise, theyprovide a means of monitoring so adjustments canbe made to prevent AIS contamination.

Types of Records Needed

1) AIS-HACCP Plan and SupportDocuments

AIS-HACCP support documents include theinformation and data used to develop the plan.This includes the written hazard-analysis work-sheet and records of information used in per-forming the hazard analysis and establishing thecontrols.

Support documents include:

l Current geographic range of AIS infestations l Data establishing the adequacy of barriers to

AIS contamination of equipment or productl Correspondence with consultants or other

experts

l List of the AIS-HACCP team and theirresponsibilities

l Summary of the preliminary steps taken in thedevelopment of the AIS-HACCP plan

2) Monitoring Records

AIS-HACCP monitoring records are primarilykept to demonstrate control at CCPs.Theserecords provide a useful way to determine ifcontrol limits have been violated. Periodically, amanager should review the records to ensure thatthe CCPs are being controlled in accordancewith the plan. Monitoring records also provide ameans by which regulators (if involved) candetermine whether a firm or agency is in com-pliance with its AIS-HACCP plan.

By tracking the values recorded on monitoringrecords, an operator or manager can determine ifa process is approaching its control limit.Trendscan be identified through record review to makenecessary adjustments. If timely adjustments aremade before the control limit is violated, opera-tors can reduce or eliminate the labor andmaterial costs associated with corrective actions.

CCP monitoring records for Eurasian watermil-foil might include:

l Written observations regarding the presence/absence of Eurasian watermilfoil fragments inharvested bait.

l A sign-out sheet that has a place to record thatappropriate tags on equipment (designating itbe used only in infested waters) were checkedprior to taking the equipment.

n Principle 7: Record-Keeping Procedures

Objectives:

l Describe the purpose and importance ofrecord keeping

l Identify the types of records neededl Describe records review process

Record-keeping Procedures – 39

l Number of water exchanges in holding tankswith baitfish taken from Eurasian watermilfoil-infested waters.

3) Corrective Action Records

See Principle 5: Corrective Actions, page 32.

4) Verification Records

Verification records (Principle 6:VerificationProcedures, page 35) should include:

l Modifications to the AIS-HACCP plan (e.g.,changes in handling and distribution)

l Personnel audit records verifying compliancewith guarantees or certifications

l Verification of the accuracy and calibration ofall monitoring equipment

l Results of in-house, on-site inspectionsl Results of equipment evaluation tests

Record Monitoring Information

Record monitoring information at the time theobservation is made. False or inaccurate recordsfilled out before the operation takes place orones that are completed later are inappropriate.

Computerized Records

When computerizing records, include controls toensure that records are authentic, accurate andprotected from unauthorized changes. Regularback-up of files is necessary to prevent loss ofrecords from a computer malfunction.

Record Review

Monitoring records for CCPs and control devia-tions should be reviewed in a timely manner bysupervisors.All records should be signed or ini-tialed and dated by the reviewer.

Monitoring Records

Include monitoring records for each of theactivities identified in columns 4 to 7 of the AIS-

HACCP plan.The names of these records shouldbe entered in column 9 of the form. Correctiveactions should be recorded in column 8.

40 – Sources of Information

As you develop your unique AIS-HACCP plan,look to the appendices for examples and forms.Gathering information from a variety of sourcesis usually the best way to begin, then focus onthe information that applies to your situation.Sources of information include:

The Baitfish/Wild Fish Harvester andAquaculturist

You, your employees, and your colleagues knowyour operation and water better than anyone.Experience is an excellent source of information.You may already know about hazards that canaffect your product, and you may have alreadyimplemented suitable controls, perhaps for pur-poses other than AIS.

State, Federal, Tribal Natural ResourceManagers

Federal, state and tribal natural resource man-agers can be good sources of information.Theymay point out potential hazards based on theirfield assessments, but it will usually be yourresponsibility to implement effective controlmeasures.

Trade Associations

Trade associations can also provide useful infor-mation.Trade journals are beginning to coverAIS topics and often provide general informationon potential hazards and controls.Articles onspecific processes or products can be useful.Some trade organizations provide services suchas consulting, educational programs, and publica-tions that can help identify hazards and controlmeasures.

Suppliers and Buyers

Suppliers of cleaning materials and fish handlingequipment can provide information on potentialhazards and control measures.A buyer couldnotice a rogue species in one of your productsand request only baitfish that are certified freefrom AIS. Note, however, that not all buyer’sspecifications relate to AIS.

Sea Grant/Cooperative Extension

Many universities have Sea Grant or CooperativeExtension programs.These programs providecontinuing education and technical assistance toindustry. Extension specialists and agents canassist in identifying potential hazards and controlmeasures.Also, a wealth of publications on AISare available through Sea Grant.

n Sources of Information on Preparing AIS-HACCP Plans

Objective:

l Identify other sources of information thatwill help with AIS-HACCP plan devel-opment

Sources of Information on Preparing AIS-HACCP Plans – 41

Publications

Textbooks, government publications and scientificliterature provide excellent AIS information.These publications usually include a list of addi-tional references. Scientific journals are availablein most university libraries. Summaries of infor-mation from scientific journals are also availablefrom Sea Grant, Cooperative Extension, and inother publications.

HACCP: Hazard Analysis and Critical ControlPoint Training Curriculum

The HACCP curriculum was developed to helpseafood processors learn about the HACCPprocess.The material contained in this AIS cur-riculum is based on it.

Computer-Accessible Information Sources

AquaNIC (Aquaculture NetworkInformation Center) www.aquanic.org

AquaNIC, maintained at Purdue University,West Lafayette, Indiana, is a gateway to elec-tronic resources on aquaculture. Fact sheets,technical bulletins, and other publications canbe viewed on your computer monitor, ordownloaded. AquaNIC also contains an imagedirectory that holds hundreds of pictures, shortvideos and slides in a variety of common formats.AquaNIC links to other aquaculture databaseson the Internet.

sgnis (Sea Grant Nonindigenous Species Site)www.sgnis.org

sgnis is a peer-reviewed national informationcenter that contains a comprehensive, searchablecollection of research publications and educa-tional materials produced by the National SeaGrant College Program.This site includesresearch findings, training and educationalmaterials, newsletters, distribution maps, a SeaGrant Graphics Library of slides, illustrations, andvideos, with links to Sea Grant personnel andrelated Web sites.

National Aquatic Nuisance Species Clearinghousewww.entryway.com/seagrant/

Sea Grant’s National Aquatic Nuisance SpeciesClearinghouse is the home of North America’smost extensive technical library of publicationsrelated to the spread, biology, impacts and con-trol of zebra mussels and other important aquaticnuisance, nonindigenous and invasive species.

United States Geological Surveynas.er.usgs.gov

The nonindigenous aquatic species site of theU.S. Geological Survey is a repository for a largedatabase of AIS information. Scientific reports,U.S. distribution maps, regional contact lists andgeneral information are available on this site.

United States Fish and Wildlife Servicewww.haccp-nrm.org

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is usingHACCP to prevent the spread of aquatic invasivespecies.Their Web site contains useful informa-tion and links for developing AIS-HACCP plans.

http://www.aquanic.org

http://www.signis.org


http://haccp.nrm.org/

http://www.entryway.com/seagrant

42 – Best Management Practices to Prevent the Spread of Aquatic Invasive Species During Field Operations

Natural resources fieldwork could unintentionallyspread AIS and non-target species (potentiallyinvasive) to new habitats during monitoring, col-lection, surveying, and fish stocking activities.AIS,including aquatic plants, invertebrates, fish, as wellas pathogens and diseases can spread to uninfestedwaters through two significant pathways:

1) movement on equipment (i.e., boats, trailers,nets, waders, water collection devices, etc.),

2) through the transfer of baitfish and fish raisedfor stocking in public and private waters.

The following "best management practices"(BMPs) are guidelines addressing pathways forpotential overland movement of AIS to otherwaters. Interrupting these pathways is critical.

Such guidelines developed for water-based recre-ation were federally approved in 2000 (FederalRegister, 2000). However, the problem of over-land transport is not limited to recreational waterusers; federal, tribal, and state natural resourcemanagers, baitfish and private aquaculturists,researchers, consultants, and enforcement person-nel can also move AIS. Except in jurisdictionswhere statutes, rules, regulations, and permitsapply, these guidelines are voluntary and areintended as the basis for site-specific operations.They are adapted from the recreational guide-lines referenced above and from a report by theU.S.Army Corps of Engineers(http://www.wes.army.mil/el/zebra/zmis/zmishelp/decontamination_and_disinfection_proce-dures.htm).

These BMP guidelines are based on the follow-ing principles:

1) Assume every water body is contaminated andthat boats and equipment should always beconsidered contaminated.

2) Keep one set of equipment for use only oninfested waters (it’s easy and effective).

3) Keep boat and equipment clean between tripsand let dry for as long as possible.

4) Decontaminate equipment following eachuse, whenever possible.

Aquatic Invasive Species Control for Boatsand Field Equipment

General precautions:

l Avoid using boats and equipment on bothinfested and uninfested waters (e.g., use dedi-cated boats, tanks, and equipment) or thosethat have not been thoroughly cleaned and dis-infected.

l Visit uninfested or least-infested sites first,whenever practical.

l Inspect and disinfect holding and transporttanks following each use.

l Pump spring, well or filtered water into haul-ing tanks when transporting fish or other liveorganisms to other waters – avoid use of lakeor river water during transport. Do not con-taminate on-board pumps or drains on trans-port trucks with lake or river water. (In manystates and provinces, it is illegal to transport

n Appendix 1

Best Management Practices to Prevent the Spread of Aquatic InvasiveSpecies During Field Operations

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Best Management Practices to Prevent the Spread of Aquatic Invasive Species During Field Operations – 43

water from designated infested waters without apermit. Check with your local state naturalresource agency before conducting field activity.)

Decontamination of Boat, Motor, Trailer andEquipment*

l Inspect and remove aquatic plants, animals, andmud from boat (keel, trim tabs, transducer),motor lower unit, trailer (rollers, bunks, wiring,lights, axle), anchor as well as waders, boots,nets and all equipment paying particular atten-tion to cracks and crevices.

l Drain lake or river water from motor or jetdrive, bilge, livewell, tubs, tanks, and samplingequipment before leaving water access.

l Dispose of unwanted plants, fish, worms, cray-fish, snails, or clams in the trash.

l Scrub or scrape boat hulls and equipment, ifinfested with attached zebra mussels.

l Roll out nets and hand clean or rinse withhigh pressure, hot tap water.

l Power wash boat, motor, and trailer, personalgear (waders, boots, scuba gear) and field sam-pling equipment (anchors, benthic grabs,plankton nets, ropes, bottles, tubs) with highpressure, hot tap water, OR

l Dry boat, motor, and trailer in the sun for atleast five days and equipment for at least 10days or freeze for two days before reuse.

* For difficult-to-clean equipment, consider using a method of

disinfecting below.

Disinfecting

Each treatment identified below effectively disin-fects equipment. However, implementing morethan one can improve efficacy and save time andeffort.As an example, inspection, removal, anddrying are an effective integrated approach totreat for zebra mussels.While zebra mussel larvae(veligers <1 mm) may survive out of water foronly a few hours, juveniles (e.g., 1 – 7 mm long)may survive a couple of days, and adults (e.g., upto 44 mm) up to 21 days under ideal conditions.

Using the inspection and removal process elimi-nates the most ‘stubborn’ and resilient stages ofjuveniles and adults. Combining inspection andremoval with drying will kill remaining larvae,effectively eliminating the risk for spread.

Physical Treatments:

Scrub, scrape and/or crush life stages of AIS,including zebra mussels. Small zebra mussels onsmooth surfaces feel like fine sandpaper. Due totheir size, they are delicate and easily damaged orcrushed via scrubbing or scraping. Power wash-ing will also likely damage their shells and washthem off.

Hot Water:

Rinse contaminated equipment with 140°F tapwater for 20-30 minutes using a garden sprayer,high pressure sprayer or self-service car wash. Ifthis period of time is not practical, rinse as longas possible.While hot water can kill zebra mus-sels, the emphasis of this treatment is to removeany unwanted species by rinsing them off theboat, motor, trailer and equipment.

Drying (Desiccation) and Freezing:

Exposure to warm, dry air and/or direct sun-light is effective for killing aquatic plants andanimals. Drying boats, motors and trailer forfive days is recommended by the VoluntaryGuidelines on Recreational Activities.TheU.S. Army Corps of Engineers(http://www.wes.army.mil/el/zebra/zmis/zmishelp/decontamination_and_disinfection_proce-dures.htm) recommends drying equipment for atleast 10 days or freezing for 2 days before reuse.

Chemical Treatments:

Another option to treat field equipment, espe-cially difficult-to-clean equipment, is throughchemicals. Several chemicals listed below areeffective for controlling all life stages of zebra

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chemicals. Several chemicals listed below areeffective for controlling all life stages of zebramussels, if properly applied.While these chemicalsmay not have been specifically tested againstother AIS, they may be effective; more research isneeded in this area. Efficacy of treatmentdepends upon the concentration used and con-tact time. Following chemical treatment, draindisinfectant into a suitable container for disposalor reuse, if possible.Also, be sure to rinse allsurfaces with clean water and dry everythingthoroughly.

Additional Strategies:

Use certified ‘clean’ fish, brood fish, wild-caughtfeeder fish, or fingerling sources.

Isolate fish or brood stock collected from knowninfested water bodies in dedicated tanks, pondsor raceways.

Place fish or brood stock in a holding facility ortanks before transporting to allow for depurationof fish’s digestive tracts.

Zebra Mussel Control for FishProduction Facilities

Several low regulatory priority (LRP) chemicalsapproved by the U.S. Food and DrugAdministration for prophylactic use to treat fishdiseases are also effective in controlling zebramussels in the absence or presence of fish. (It isimportant to note that none of these LRPchemicals are registered for zebra mussel con-trol.) Before any full-scale treatment, it is highlyrecommended that any chemical be site-verified(pilot-tested) for treatment efficacy before full-scale treatment.Toxicity of these chemicals canbe strongly influenced by water quality condi-tions, including temperature, pH, hardness,Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), ChemicalOxygen Demand (COD), and salinity. Consultwith your state’s Department of Agriculture, SeaGrant, or fish and wildlife agency office forlicensing and registered applicators.

No known chemical kills zebra mussels with100% effectiveness while being safe for all speciesof fish. However, there are three salts, includingsodium, potassium, and calcium chloride, that arealready FDA-approved for LRP use, whichmeans they can be used under specific condi-tions. For example, sodium chloride can be usedup to 10,000 mg/L and potassium chloride isapproved for use up to 2,000 mg/L as anosmoregulatory aide to relieve stress and preventshock of fish. Furthermore, dilute formalin, usedfor various fungus and parasite treatments is alsoeffective in killing veligers in the presence of fishin conjunction with potassium chloride (seebelow).

Control of Zebra Mussels (all life stages) inTanks, Ponds, and Raceways without Fish:

Drain tank, pond, or raceway to the extent pos-sible and treat using:

� 1-5 mg/L Rotenone for 24 hours (the powderformulation is recommended because zebramussels may detect the carriers in the liquid

Appendix1

All life stages:� 250 mg/L ROCCAL (benzalkonium chloride)for 15 minutes

Veligers and settlers:� 100% vinegar dip for 20 minutes� 1% table salt for 24 minutes

Veligers:� 500 mg/L hydrogen peroxide for 60 minutes� 167 mg/L formalin for 60 minutes� 250 mg/L chlorine bleach (5% sodiumhypochlorite) for 60 minutes

100 ml bleach in 20 L water or3 fluid oz. bleach in 5 gal. water

Gallons of Water550100

Cups of Salt

2/36 1/412 2/3

Best Management Practices to Prevent the Spread of Aquatic Invasive Species During Field Operations – 45

formulation and close their shells)� 2 mg/L chelated copper for 48 hours

Control of Zebra Mussel Larvae (veligers) inWaterWithout Fish:

Drain tank, pond, or raceway to the extent possi-ble and treat using:

� 167 mg/L formalin for 1 hour� 500 mg/L hydrogen peroxide for 1 hour

Control of Zebra Mussel Larvae (veligers)and Settlers During Fish Transport andHolding:

[Only use a water source free of adults.]

Sodium chloride:

� 10,000 mg/L (1%) for 24 hours at 12°C

Safe for: rainbow trout, lake trout, browntrout, fathead minnow, channel catfish, small-mouth bass, bluegill, yellow perch, and walleye

� 20,000 mg/L (2%) for 6 hours at 17°C

Not safe for: rainbow trout, channel cat-fish, bluegill, or fathead minnow

Calcium chloride:

� 10,000 mg/L (1%) for 24 hours at 12°C

Safe for: smallmouth bass, bluegill, walleye,and lake trout

Not safe for: rainbow trout, channel catfish,yellow perch, or fathead minnow

Potassium chloride:

� 2,500 mg/L (0.25%) for 24 hours at 12°C

Safe for: lake trout, rainbow trout, browntrout, channel catfish, smallmouth bass, andfathead minnow

Not safe for: walleye or yellow perch

� 10,000 mg/L (1%) for 6 hours at 12°C

Safe for: lake trout, brown trout, channel

catfish, bluegill, yellow perch, and fatheadminnow

Not safe for: rainbow trout, smallmouthbass, or walleye

� 750 mg/L for 1 hour followed by dilute for-malin (25 mg/L for 2 hours) at 20°C (Note: thisshorter treatment is more convenient for trans-porting fish and still kills 100% of the veligers)

Safe for: fingerling (50-75 mm) walleye,saugeye, sunshine bass, largemouth bass, andchannel catfish (25-30 mm), and larger (150-200 mm) rainbow trout, golden trout, browntrout, and muskellunge. Note: adding 0.5%sodium chloride decreased formalin’s effec-tiveness at killing veligers. (Edwards et al.2002)

Formalin:

� 100 mg/L for 2 hours at 20°C

Safe for: fingerling (50-75 mm) largemouthbass, channel catfish (25-30 mm), and larger(150-200 mm) rainbow trout, golden trout,brown trout, and muskellunge. Note: adding0.5% sodium chloride decreased formalin’seffectiveness at killing veligers.

Zebra Mussel Monitoring for FishProduction Facilities

Early detection of zebra mussels (and otherunwanted AIS) will minimize impacts on andprevent the spread from fish production facilities.During early infestation, attached zebra musselsare likely to be small (1/4-1/2 inch long) andthe number attached low. Early colonization ofpost-settlers feels gritty on smooth surfaces.Zebra mussels tend to avoid direct sunlight, sothey will mostly be found first in darkened areas(e.g., on undersides of stones).

� Dedicate raceways and tanks to hold fish col-lected from known infested water.

� Collect water samples to test for microscopiczebra mussel larvae using a 63 micron meshzooplankton net.

Appendix1


l Inspect hard surfaces throughout the systemincluding walls and floors of tanks and raceways,especially corners, seams, screens, and the under-side of any equipment left in the system, OR

l Hang a PVC pipe (2 feet long, 4-inch diameter)vertically, a brick, or a series of microscopeslides in a shady spot near the floor or bottomof the facility system for routine checking forsettlers.

l Keep records of monitoring activity forveligers, where the fish from a pond wereshipped to, if wild/hatchery/well water used inthe transport load, monitoring of the wildwater for veligers or adult zebra mussels, peri-odic inspections of the holding facilities orrearing ponds.

Sources

Cope,W.G.,T.J. Newton, and C.M. Gatenby.2003. Review of techniques to prevent introduc-tion of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) dur-ing native mussel (Unionoidae) conservationactivities. Journal of Shellfish Research 22(1):177-184.

Edwards,W.J., L. Babcock-Jackson, and D.A.Culver. 2000. Prevention of the spread of zebramussels during fish hatchery and aquacultureactivities. North American Journal of Aquaculture62:229-236.

Edwards,W.J., L. Babcock-Jackson, and D.A.Culver. 2002. Field testing of protocols to pre-vent the spread of zebra mussels Dreissena poly-morpha during fish hatchery and aquacultureactivities. North American Journal of Aquaculture64:220-223.

Federal Register. 2000.Voluntary guidelines onrecreational activities to control the spread ofzebra mussels and other aquatic nuisance species.Retrieved April 2004, fromhttp://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2000_register&docid=00-33076-filed.pdf.

Fisher, S.W., H. Dabrowska, D.L.Waller, L.Babcock-Jackson, and X. Zhang. 1994.Sensitivity of zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha)

life stages to candidate molluscicides. Journal ofShellfish Research 13(2):373-377.

Reid, D.F., J. Bidwell, J. Carlton, L. Johnson, E.Marsden, and S.J. Nichols (eds.). 1993. Zebramussel-specific containment protocols.AquaticNuisance Species Task Force, Research ProtocolCommittee, 24 pp.

U.S.Army Corps of Engineers.Accessed April2004. Decontamination and disinfection proce-dures. U.S.Army Corps of Engineers,WaterwaysExperiment Station,Vicksburg, MS. Fromhttp://www.wes.army.mil/el/zebra/zmis/zmishelp/decontamination_and_disinfection_procedures.htm.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1995. UnitedStates Fish and Wildlife Service. Service Manual(700 Series, Part 713, Fish Health,Washington,D.C.Accessed May 2004, fromhttp://policy.fws.gov/ser700.html).

Waller, D.L., and S.W. Fisher. 1998. Evaluation ofseveral chemical disinfectants for removing zebramussels from unionids. Progressive Fish Culturist60(4):307-310.

Waller, D.L., S.W. Fisher, and H. Dabrowska.1996. Prevention of zebra mussel infestation anddispersal during aquaculture operations.Progressive Fish Culturist 58:77-84.

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http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=200_register&docid=00-33076-filed.pdf

Steps in Completing an AIS-HACCP Plan – 47

AIS-HACCP is a system to prevent the spread ofinvasive fish and other aquatic vertebrates, inverte-brates, plants, and pathogens. It applies to a diverseindustries and resource management, research, andenforcement activities and provides opportunitiesfor industry and government partnerships.

Baitfish/aquaculture operators and fishery man-agers, researchers, and enforcement officers canuse it to reduce the risk that products, equipment,and activities will spread unwanted species intonew water bodies.AIS-HACCP plans are usefulfor fish that will be stocked into other waters, forbaitfish wild harvest or culture, and for naturalresource management, research, and enforcementactivities that might spread AIS. It concentrateson points in the process that are critical to thesafety of the product, minimizes the risks, andstresses communication between regulators andindustry.

A blank AIS-HACCP Plan Form and a HazardAnalysis Worksheet are in Appendix 9. Usingthese standardized forms will help in developinga plan and expedite review.A written hazardanalysis will be useful when performing AIS-HACCP plan reassessments and for justifyingwhy certain hazards were or were not includedin the AIS-HACCP plan.

n Appendix 2

Steps in Completing an AIS-HACCP Plan

Developing AIS-HACCP Plans:

Preliminary Steps 1. Document general information 2. Describe the harvest, production,

management, research, or enforcementactivity

3. Describe the method of transporta-tion, distribution and storage of fish,gear, boats, etc.

4. Identify the intended use and con-sumer (if applicable)

5. Develop a flow diagram

Hazard Analysis Worksheet 6. Set up the Hazard Analysis Worksheet 7. Identify the potential AIS-related hazards 8. Complete the Hazard Analysis

Worksheet • Understand the potential hazard • Determine if the potential hazard is

significant • Identify the critical control points

(CCP)

AIS-HACCP Plan Form 9. Complete the AIS-HACCP Plan Form

• Set the critical limits (CL) • Establish monitoring procedures:

What, How, Frequency,Who • Establish corrective action procedures • Establish verification procedures • Establish a record-keeping system

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48 – Steps in Completing an AIS-HACCP Plan

Preliminary Steps

1: Document general information.

Record the name and address of your facility oragency in the spaces provided on the first pageof the Hazard Analysis Worksheet and the AIS-HACCP Plan Form (Appendix 9).

2: Describe the cultured or wild harvestedfish (if applicable).

Identify the market name or Latin name (species)of the fish.

examples:l Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas)l Golden shiners (Notemigonus crysoleucas)l White sucker (Catostomus commersoni)l Walleye (Sander vitreus)

Fully describe the product.

examples:l Fathead minnows graded on 16 grader l Golden shiners graded on 21 grader l White suckers ungraded l Rosy red minnows from Arkansas, held in

ponds until distribution l White suckers graded on a 23 grader l Walleye fingerlings 5 - 8 inchesl Yellow perch fingerlings 2.5 - 3 inches

For management, research, and enforcementactivities:

l Completely describe research or manage-ment activities

l Describe all equipment and gear that will beused

l Identify when and how activities will beconducted

Record this information in the spaces providedon the first page of the Hazard AnalysisWorksheet and the AIS-HACCP Plan Form.

3: Describe the harvest, production, manage-ment, research, or enforcement activity.

Identify how the product or the samples arecollected, stored, and distributed. Identify whetherany special shipping or handling methods are used.

examples:l Wild harvested with seines, held in tanks,

graded, then trucked to retail stores l Pond-raised, seined, then held in different

ponds over the winter, trucked to retail stores l Pond-raised, trapped from ponds, then trans-

ferred directly to lakes for stocking l Anglers on three lakes are checked for viola-

tions each day for a given period of timel Electroshocking and seining are conducted

on 10 lakes to assess year class strength


4: Identify the intended use and customer(if applicable).

Identify how the product will be used.

examples:l Live fishing bait l Feeder fish (feeding pond or aquarium fish) l Stocking into public watersl Stocking into private watersl Stocking into aquaculture production facility

(indoor or outdoor) l Scale and stomach samples will be brought

back to the office for analysisl Fish will be brought back for captive brood

stock

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Steps in Completing an AIS-HACCP Plan – 49

Identify your intended customer or user of theproduct.

examples:l General public l A wholesaler l A retail storel Fish farmerl State agency


5: Develop a flow diagram.

The purpose of the flow diagram is to provide aclear, simple description of the steps involved inproducing your fishery products or conductingyour management, research, and enforcementactivities.The flow diagram should cover all ofthe steps in the process that your firm or agencyperforms.The flow diagram should be verifiedon-site for accuracy. Examples of flow diagramscan be found in appendices 3-8.

Hazzard Analysis Worksheet

6: Set up the Hazard Analysis Worksheet.

Record each of the steps from the flow diagramin column 1 of the Hazard Analysis Worksheet.

7: Identify the potential AIS-related hazards.

Record the AIS-related hazards for each step.Use your own expertise and that of others toidentify AIS hazards related to your fish produc-tion, or management, research, or enforcementpractices. Check with appropriate agencies todetermine if the waters in which you conductactivities are infested with invasive species.

Even if you think you have effective hazardcontrols in place, record the hazard. For example,your equipment might be free of AIS plantmaterial because of the: 1) absence of AIS in thearea of harvest or sampling in an infested water

body; or 2) existence of inadvertent hazardcontrols (procedures you typically use in thecourse of your activities that may remove AIS).

8: Complete the Hazard Analysis Worksheet.

Completing the Hazard Analysis Worksheetrequires understanding potential hazards, deter-mining if each potential hazard is significant, andidentifying critical control points for each signif-icant hazard associated with your product oractivities.

AIS –HACCP Plan Form

9: Complete the AIS-HACCP Plan Form.

Copy the Critical Control Points from column 6of the Hazard Analysis Worksheet to column 1 ofthe AIS-HACCP Plan Form. Enter the associat-ed hazard(s) from column 2 of the worksheet tocolumn 2 of the plan form. If you did not identifysignificant hazards and CCPs, you do not needto complete an AIS-HACCP plan.

Complete the AIS-HACCP Plan Form bydesigning techniques, methods, and treatments todeal with each significant hazard in column 2.For each significant hazard:

l set critical limitsl establish monitoring proceduresl establish corrective action proceduresl establish a record keeping systeml establish verification procedures

After you completed these steps for each hazard,the AIS-HACCP plan form is finished.

To signify that the AIS-HACCP plan has beenaccepted for implementation, the responsibleindividual on-site or a higher level official shouldsign and date the first page of the plan form.

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50 – AIS-HACCP Pre-plan Example: Wild Harvested Baitfish

Note:The planning process and plans shown inappendices 4-8 are examples.These examplesmay not encompass your situation since AIS-HACCP plans vary with state regulations and areusually tailored to product, species, and facility.

The following illustrates the use of a process narra-tive and flow diagram used in plan development.

Meet the fictitious ABC Baitfish Company,which sells emerald shiners harvested fromwaters infested with Eurasian watermilfoil.Theowner documented the following information tohelp his operation create an AIS-HACCP plan.

A written description should accompany an AIS-HACCP plan. Describing the steps needed toproduce a product offers a reference for the fishfarmer or baitfish harvester and facilitates com-munication with the staff and state resourcemanagement agencies.

ABC Baitfish Company NarrativeDescription

Harvest

Emerald shiners are seined late in the fall whenthey concentrate in shallow areas of LakeExotica. Large seines are deployed aroundschools of shiners in relatively vegetation-freeareas.The ends of the seine are pulled togetherand the shiners are loosely bagged in the seine.They are then dip-netted into 5-gallon bucketsfilled with about 1.5 gallons of lake water.Buckets with shiners and some lake water arethen dumped into the hauling truck, which con-

tains salted (0.5% solution), aerated, well waterfrom the culture/holding facility.An estimate ofthe volume of shiners is obtained by recordingthe number of gallons of shiners taken in eachseine haul.When leaving the harvest site visibleplant material is removed from the seine, dip-nets, waders, and any other equipment used inthe harvest process.The nets used in harvestingshiners from Lake Exotica are only used in LakeExotica at this time of year.They will be frozenduring the winter months before they are usedon another waterbody.

Transporting to Facility

Emerald shiners from a number of seine haulsare placed in the hauling truck and taken to theholding facility.The shiners and water on thetruck are drained directly into holding tanks atthe culture/holding facility.

Holding

Emerald shiners are held in flow-through concretetanks.Well water is sprayed in at one end of thetank and a screened standpipe at the other end ofthe tank drains the overflow.Agitation aerators areplaced in the tank to ensure proper oxygen levelsare maintained.Tanks are cleaned daily to removedead fish, debris, and any plant material. Shinersfrom subsequent harvests are added to the tankuntil the tank’s holding capacity is reached.

Transporting to Wholesalers/Retailers

When shiners are sold to retail bait shops, theshiners are dip-netted into 5-gallon buckets and

n Appendix 3

AIS-HACCP Pre-plan Example

Wild Harvested Baitfish

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AIS-HACCP Pre-plan Example: Wild Harvested Baitfish – 51

then loaded onto a truck filled with salted (0.5%solution), aerated, well water.Aeration is accom-plished using bottled pure oxygen released into thetanks via air stones. Upon arrival at the retail baitshop, shiners are dip-netted from the truck andplaced in 5-gallon buckets with a known amountof well water to measure the volume sold and totransport the shiners into the retail bait shop.

When shiners are sold to another wholesaler,they are dip-netted from the holding tanks into5-gallon buckets, their volume is measured, andthey are loaded onto a truck carrying salted,

aerated, well water.Aeration is accomplishedusing bottled pure oxygen released into the tanksvia air stones.When the truck arrives at the whole-sale facility, the shiners and water are draineddirectly into the wholesaler’s holding tanks.

After describing the process of producing fishfrom start to end in a written narrative, summa-rize the narrative description in a flow diagram.The flow diagram will be important in the nextstep of AIS-HACCP plan development, which isconducting the hazard analysis.The flow diagramfor the ABC Baitfish Company is depicted below.

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AIS-HACCP Plan Example: Emerald Shiners Harvested from Eurasian Watermilfoil-Infmilfoil-Infmilf estoil-Infestoil-Inf ed Waters – 65

Shiners are seined in the fall from lake Exotica.

Harvested shiners are dip-netted from the seine and moved to thetransport truck in 5-gallon buckets with lake water.

Buckets of shiners and lake water are dumped into transport truck.Truck also contains well water from facility which contains salt.

Seines, waders, dip nets and other equipment are removed from thelake.

Shiners are transported to holding facility where the water andshiners are drained from the truck directly into holding tanks.

Shiners at the holding facility are held in flow through, aeratedwell water until marketed.

More shiners are brought into the facility periodically for holding.

Shiners for sale to retail bait shops are loaded onto trucks anddelivered in salted, aerated, well water.

Shiners are dip-netted from the truck to 5-gallon buckets filled withwell water for measuring volume and for moving them into the bait shop.

Shiners for another wholesaler are dip-netted from tanks to 5-gal. buck-ets to measure volume, then onto trucks with salted, aerated, well water.

The whole truckload of water and shiners is drained directly into awholesaler’s holding tanks.

AIS-HACCP SAMPLE PLAN THREEAquatic Invasive Species – Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point Product/Procedure Form

Product/Pro

11List the steps involved in

the research, management,enfoenfoenf rcement, or fish pro-

duction activity. Only a sim-ple, but complete, descrip-

tion of the procedure isneeded. It is important to

include all the steps withinthe control of the agency

or business, but use only asmany steps as necessaryto define your procedure.

Product/Pro

22

33

44

55

66

77

88

Organization

(if applicable):

Harvest, production, man-agement, research,enforenf cement activit

Method of transporta

distribution and storage of

fish, gear,gear,gear boats,

(if applicable):

Organization name: ABC Baitfish Company

Address: RR 1, Box 111 City: Baitville State: MI Zip: 48999

Fish species: Emerald Shiners (Notropis atherinoides)Notropis atherinoides)Notropis atherinoides

Activity: Seined from Lake Exotica

Methods: Held in tanks at baitfish facility and then delivered to retailstores or wholesalers.

Intended use and consumer: To be sold live in retail bait shops and to whole-saler bait dealers for live fishing bait.

Next Steps…Once you have definedyour procedure, deter-

mine potential hazards bycompleting the potential

hazards worksheet.

X

Name: Andy Haccip

Signature: Date: 1/31/05

9

1010

1111

1212

AIS-HACCP Plan Example: Emerald Shiners Harvested from Eurasian Watermilfoil-Infmilfoil-Infmilf estoil-Infestoil-Inf ed Waters – 65













Product/Pro


the research, managemenenfoenfoenf rcement, or fish pr

duction activity. Only a sim-ple, but complete, descr

tion of the procedurneeded. It is importan

include all the steps withinthe control of the agenc

or business, but use only asmany steps as necessarto define your procedur

Product/Procedure Description

22

33

44

55

66

77

88

Organization infoinf

(if applicable):

Harvest, production, man-agement, research, orenforenf cement activity:

Method of transportation,


fish, gear,gear,gear boats, etc.:

(if applicable):



Fish species: Emerald Shiners (Notropis atherinoides)Notropis atherinoides)Notropis atherinoides




Next StepsOnce you have definedyour procedure, det

mine potential hazards bcompleting the poten

hazards worksheet.

X

Name: Andy Haccip


9

1010

1111

52 – AIS-HACCP Plan Example: Waterfleas and Eurasian Watermilfoil on Management Agency Boats and Equipment

Agency biologists launch their research boat on Lake Ono and conductfish sampling using a standard trawl net at two offshore stations.

After those two sampling runs, boat is trailered to another lakewhere they sample fish with trawls. The journey between the twolakes takes approximately 2 hours.

Fish sampling efforts are continued on the second lake, Lake Bono,with the same type of trawl net at two different locations.

After the 2 sampling sessions, the boat is driven back to the orig-inal on-land secure storage facility.

AIS-HACCP SAMPLE PLAN ONEAquatic Invasive Species – Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point Product/Procedure Form

Product/Procedure Flow


the research, management,enforcement, or fish pro-






2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Organization info

(if applicable):

Harvest, production, man-agement, research, orenforcement activity:



fish, gear, boats, etc.:

(if applicable):

Organization name: Department of Waters and Lands

Address: 123 Main Street City: Capital City State: NY Zip: 11111

Fish species: Forage fish assessment

Activity: Trawling

Methods: Boat & gear trailered to public landing sites. Fish are capturedwith a trawl for assessment, then released. No fish are brought back tothe office. Sometimes more than one lake is sampled per day.

Intended use and consumer: N/A



hazards worksheet.

X

Name: Andy Haccip


9

10

11

12

Upon completion ofyour AIS-HACCP plan,

sign to signify that theplan has been accepted

for implementation.

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AIS-HACCP Plan Example: Waterfleas and Eurasian Watermilfoil on Management Agency Boats and Equipment – 53

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AIS-HACCP SAMPLE PLAN ONEAquatic Invasive Species – Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point Protential Hazards Worksheet

Potential AIS Hazards

List all relevant species

Examples: round goby,tubenose goby, non-native

amphibians, etc.

AIS Fish and Other Vertebrates

N/A

AIS Invertebrates

Cercopagis pengoi is present in Lake Ono.

AIS Plants

Eurasian watermilfoil is present in Lakes Ono and Bono

AIS Pathogens

N/A

Examples: Dreissenid mus-sels, spiny waterfleas, etc.

Examples: Eurasian water-milfoil, water chestnut, etc.

Examples: whirling dis-ease, heterosporis, spring

viremia of carp, etc.

Next Step…Once you’ve identified

potential hazards, completea hazard analysis form.


AIS-HACCP SAMPLE PLAN ONEAquatic Invasive Species – Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point Hazard Analysis Worksheet

1 Activity 2 Hazards 3 4 Justification 5 Control 6 CCP

Activity, Harvest orAquaculture Step (from flow diagram)

Potential AIS hazards introduced or controlledat this step (from poten-tial hazards worksheet)

Are AIS haz-ards signifi-cant?(Yes/No)

Justify your decisions forcolumn 3.

What control measurescan be applied to pre-vent the significant haz-ards?

Is this step acritical con-trol point?(Yes/No)

Work Flow Step

At the start ofthe day agencybiologistslaunch theirresearch boaton Lake Ono andconduct routinefish samplingusing a stan-dard trawl netat two offshorestations.

Fish/Other Vert.

No

No AIS fish arefound in any lakestypically sampledwith this boatand equipment.

Nets and equipmentshould be inspectedand fish removedbefore samplingas a precaution.

No

InvertebrateCercopagispengoi No

Ono was the firstrecorded site forthis species. Ithas been presentin Ono for 4 yrs.

No

PlantEurasianWatermilfoil(EWM)

No

EWM has beenpresent in thislakes for 10years.

No

Pathogens

No

AIS Pathogensnot present

No

Next Step…Once you have determined the critical control points of your procedure, you may enter them in row 1 of the HACCP plan form.

Work Flow Step

The researchboat is trail-ered to LakeBono. The over-land journeytakes approxi-mately 2 hours.Once theyarrive at thesecond lakethey continuethe fish sam-pling efforts

Fish/Other Vert.

No

No AIS fish arein Lake Ono.

No

InvertebrateCercopagispengoi Yes

Adults & eggscould be on netsand other collect-ing equipment, theanchor and boat.

Nets, equipment,and the boat canbe washed and/ortreated to removeor kill the hazard.

Yes


No

EWM has been inLake Bono for 8years. No

Pathogens

No


No

1

2

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AIS-HACCP Plan Example: Waterfleas and Eurasian Watermilfoil on Management Agency Boats and Equipment – 55

AIS-HACCP SAMPLE PLAN ONEAquatic Invasive Species – Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point Hazard Analysis Worksheet








Work Flow Step

After the 2sampling ses-sions, the boatis driven backto the boatlaunch andreturned to theAgency’s secure,on-land storagefacility.

Fish/Other Vert.

No

No AIS fishpresent ineither lake


No

Invertebrate

No

No known AISinvertebratespresent in LakeBono.

No


Yes

Both lakes areinfested with EWMthat could betransferred touninfested waters.

Nets, boats andequipment washed/treated prior touse in uninfestedwaters.

No

Pathogens

No


No


Work Flow Step Fish/Other Vert.

Invertebrate

Plant

Pathogens

3

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1 The research boat is trailerd toa second lake. The overland jour-ney takes approximately 2 hours.Once they arrive at the secondlake they continue the fish sam-pling efforts at two locations

After the 2 sampling sessions,the boat is driven back to theagency’s secure, on-land storagefacility

2 Cercopagis pengoi is present inLake Ono. It could be transport-ed from there to uninfestedlakes.

Nets and collecting gear couldhave Eurasian watermilfoilattached which could be releasedinto an un-infested lake.

3 No live adults or resting eggsleft on boats or equipment.Boats and equipment are washedwith high pressure hoses, netsare tagged and only used ininfested waters

No viable Eurasian watermilfoilleft on boats or equipment orboats and equipment tagged andonly used on EWM infested watersor dried for 10 days.

4 Presence of adult C. p. or eggs.Ensure that the boat and allequipment is power washed and netstagged for use in infested watersonly are not brought to Lake Bono.

Presence of EWM. Monitor thatboat and all equipment have beensufficiently power washed, prop-erly tagged, or dried for 10 days

5 Visual inspection for adults.Visually inspect tag on nets.Visually inspect boats for anydebris that could indicate powerwashing was not effective.

Visual inspection for EWM frag-ments. Visually inspect nets andequipment for appropriate tags.

6 Each time boat and equipment areused in Lake Ono.

Each time equipment is used inEWM infested lake.

7 Staff Staff

8 Cease operation and secure cleanAIS-free nets, boats, or equip-ment before proceeding

Cease operation and secure cleanAIS-free nets, boats, or equip-ment before proceeding

9 Records review. Records review.

10 Record washing, drying, or treat-ment procedures used on boatsand gear. Record that nets wereinspected for a tag prior totrawling.

Record washing, drying, or treat-ment procedures used on nets andgear. Record that nets wereinspected for proper tags priorto employee leaving the storagefacility at the end of the day.

AIS-HACCP SAMPLE PLAN ONEAquatic Invasive Species – Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point AIS-HAACP Plan Form



Analysis Form

SignificantHazards


Form



monitored




CorrectiveActions


not met





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AIS-HACCP Plan Example: Conservation Officers Patrolling Inland Lakes – 57

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Conservation Officers (COs) depart office trailering boat. COsretrieve moored boat at Lake Woo and trailer it into water at land-ing at Lake Zoo for safety checks and fishing enforcement.

COs patrol the lake. While patrolling, COs come upon an illegallyset net. They anchor, inspect and pull the net, and bring it aboard.

COs return to landing. Boat is driven onto trailer. Trailer isdriven out of water. Net is stored in rear of vehicle.

After the 2 sampling sessions, the boat is driven back to the orig-inal on-land secure storage facility.

COs continue to Lake Yoo. COs arrive at Lake Yoo for routinepatrol. Boat and trailer are backed into water at boat landing.

While patrolling, COs come upon a suspicious float in adjacent wetland. COsanchor, don waders and inspect float. Float is not attached to anything. COsreturn to boat, remove waders, pull-up anchor and continue circuit of lake. COs complete circuit of Lake Yoo and return to landing and boat isdriven onto trailer. Trailer is driven out of water. COs return tooffice, store illegally-set net for future destruction.Next morning, COs depart office in vehicle with same boat traileredbehind. COs arrive at Lake Poo for routine patrol. COs back boatand trailer into water at boat landing.

AIS-HACCP SAMPLE PLAN TWOAquatic Invasive Species – Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point Product/Procedure Form


1

List the steps involved inthe research, management,

enforcement, or fish pro-duction activity. Only a sim-

ple, but complete, descrip-tion of the procedure is

needed. It is important toinclude all the steps within

the control of the agencyor business, but use only as

many steps as necessaryto define your procedure.


2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Organization info

(if applicable):





(if applicable):

Organization name: Department of Resource Enforcement

Address: 123 Main Street City: Outlaw City State: MI Zip: 11111

Fish species: N/A

Activity: Checking for violations by boat on several area lakes

Methods: Moored boat is taken from lake and trailered to other lakes forenforcement activities.

Intended use and consumer: N/A



hazards worksheet.

X

Name: Andy Haccip


9

10

11

12



for implementation.

58 – AIS-HACCP Plan Example: Conservation Officers Patrolling Inland Lakes

AIS-HACCP SAMPLE PLAN TWOAquatic Invasive Species – Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point Protential Hazards Worksheet




amphibians, etc.


N/A

AIS Invertebrates

Zebra mussels are present in lakes Woo and Yoo.

AIS Plants

Eurasian watermilfoil is present in Lake Zoo.

AIS Pathogens

N/A







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5


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AIS-HACCP SAMPLE PLAN TWOAquatic Invasive Species – Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point Hazard Analysis Worksheet








Work Flow Step

In morning, COsdepart officein vehicle withboat trailerbehind. COsretrieve mooredboat at LakeWoo and loadonto trailer.COs arrive atLake Zoo forsafety checksand fishingenforcement.Boat and trail-er are backedinto water atboat landing.

Fish/Other Vert.

No

AIS Fish notpresent


No

Invertebrate

Zebra musselsYes

Woo is infestedwith z.m. & couldbe moved as adultson boat or plantsand as larvae inany standing water.

Yes

Plant

No

AIS Plants notpresent in LakeWoo. No

Pathogens

No

None present

No


Work Flow Step

COs patrol thelake. Whilepatrolling, COscome upon anillegally setnet. Theyanchor, inspectand pull thenet, and bringit aboard.

Fish/Other Vert.

No

AIS fish notpresent in LakeWoo. No

Invertebrate

Zebra mussels Yes

Zebra mussels fromLake Woo could bepresent on theboat.

Hazard controlled atprevious step.

No

Plant

No

AIS Plants notpresent in LakeWoo. No

Pathogens

No

None present

No

1

2










Work Flow Step

COs return tolanding.Vehicle andtrailer areretrieved.Trailer isbacked intowater at boatlanding. Boatis driven ontotrailer.Trailer isdriven out ofwater. Net isstored in rearof vehicle.

Fish/Other Vert.

No

AIS Fish notpresent

No

Invertebrate

No

AIS invertebratesnot present in LakeZoo No

PlantEurasian water-milfoil Yes

Lake Zoo infest-ed with EWM andcould be movedto another lakeon equipment.

Before leaving boatlanding, remove allweeds from equipment(trailer, motor,anchor, etc.)

Yes

Pathogens

No

None present

No


Work Flow Step

COs continue toLake Yoo. COsarrive at LakeYoo for routinepatrol. Boatand trailer arebacked intowater at boatlanding.

Fish/Other Vert.

No


Invertebrate

No

None Present

No


EWM present andcould be intro-duced into Yoo onboat, trailer orequipment.

Hazard controlled inprevious step.

No

Pathogens

No

None present

No

3

4

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Work Flow Step

COs patrol thelake. Whilepatrolling, COscome upon asuspiciousfloat in adja-cent wetland.COs anchor, donwaders andinspect float.Float is notattached toanything. COsreturn to boat,remove waders,pull-up anchorand continuecircuit oflake.

Fish/Other Vert.

No

AIS Fish notpresent

No

Invertebrate

No

AIS invertebratesnot present in LakeZoo. No


EWM entangled onboat anchorcould be intro-duced into LakeZoo.

Hazard controlled inprevious step.

No

Pathogens

No

None present

No


Work Flow Step

COs completecircuit of LakeYoo and returnto landing.Vehicle andtrailer areretrieved.Trailer isbacked intowater at boatlanding. Boatis driven ontotrailer. Traileris driven outof water. COsreturn tooffice andstore illegal-ly-set net forfuture destruc-tion.

Fish/Other Vert.

No


Invertebrate

Zebra mussels

Yes

Z.M. could beintroduced intonext lake asadults on weedsensnared on equip-ment, and as lar-vae in any stand-ing water or incoiled wet anchorrope.

At landing, removeweeds from equip-ment. Drain water,rinse equipment(including waders &anchor rope) withhigh-pressuresprayer or hotwater. If net notdisposed of, freezeor dry for 1weekbefore use.

Yes

PlantNo

AIS Plants notpresent in LakeWoo.

No

Pathogens No None present No

5

6

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Work Flow Step

Next morning,COs departoffice in vehi-cle with sameboat traileredbehind. COsarrive at LakePoo for routinepatrol. COsback boat andtrailer intowater at boatlanding.

Fish/Other Vert.

No

AIS Fish notpresent in LakeYoo. No

InvertebrateZebra mussels

Yes

Zebra mussels pres-ent in Lake Yoo.

Hazard con-trolled at pre-vious step. No

Plant

No

AIS plants notpresent in LakeYoo. No

Pathogens

No

None present inLake Yoo

No



Invertebrate

Plant

Pathogens

7

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1 In morning, COs depart office invehicle with boat trailer andretrieve moored boat at Lake Wooand load onto trailer. COsarrive at Lake Zoo for safetychecks and fishing enforcement.

COs return to landing for trail-er. Trailer is backed into waterat landing. Boat is driven ontotrailer. Net is stored in rear ofvehicle.

2 Zebra mussels could be moved toLake Zoo as adults on boat orplants and as larvae in anystanding water.

EWM and could be moved to anotherlake on equipment.

3 Before leaving landing, allorganisms (e.g., weeds and adultmussels) are removed from equip-ment & water is drained. Allequipment is rinsed with a high-pressure sprayer or hot water.

Before leaving boat landing,remove all weeds from equipment(trailer, motor, anchor, etc.)

4 Presence of adult mussels orplant fragments.

Presence of plant fragments.

5 Visual inspection.High pressure rinsing.

Visual inspection.

6 Each time equipment leaves LakeWoo.

Each time boat leaves Lake Zoo.

7 Driver Driver

8 If adults or plant fragmentsfound on equipment, remove beforegoing to uninfested waters.

If plant fragments found onequipment, remove before going touninfested waters.

9 Records review. Records review.

10 Record time of rinsing and visu-al inspection.

Record time of visual inspection.

AIS-HACCP SAMPLE PLAN TWOAquatic Invasive Species – Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point AIS-HAACP Plan Form



Analysis Form

SignificantHazards


Form



monitored




CorrectiveActions


not met





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1 COs complete circuit of Lake Yooand return to landing for trail-er. Boat is loaded on Trailerthen driven out of water. COsreturn to office, store illegal-ly-set net for future destruction.

2 Zebra mussels present in LakeYoo could be introduced intonext lake as adults on weedsensnared on net, trailer, wadersor propeller, and as larvae inany standing water.

3 At landing, remove weeds fromequipment & drain water. Rinseequipment (including waders) withhigh-pressure sprayer/hot water.If net not disposed of, freezeor dry for 10 days before use.

4 Presence of adult or juvenilemussels or plant fragments.Freezing/ drying of net.Rinse or dry all equipment.

5 Visual inspection for plant frag-ments. Length of time net isfrozen or dried. Record of rins-ing method or length of time ofdrying.

6 Each time equipment leaves LakeYoo. Each time a net is confis-cated from Lake Yoo.

7 Driver

8 If adults or plant fragmentsfound on equipment, remove beforegoing to uninfested waters. Ifequipment not properly dried use ahot water or high pressure rinse.

9 Records review.

10 Record time of rinsing and visu-al inspection. Record length oftime of freezing or dryingactivities

AIS-HACCP SAMPLE PLAN TWOAquatic Invasive Species – Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point AIS-HAACP Plan Form



Analysis Form

SignificantHazards


Form



monitored




CorrectiveActions


not met





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AIS-HACCP Plan Example: Emerald Shiners Harvested from Eurasian Watermilfoil-Infested Waters – 65





















2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Organization info

(if applicable):





(if applicable):



Fish species: Emerald Shiners (Notropis atherinoides)






hazards worksheet.

X

Name: Andy Haccip


9

10

11

12



for implementation.

66 – AIS-HACCP Plan Example: Emerald Shiners Harvested from Eurasian Watermilfoil-Infested Waters

AIS-HACCP SAMPLE PLAN THREEAquatic Invasive Species – Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point Protential Hazards Worksheet




amphibians, etc.


None at this time.

AIS Invertebrates

None at this time.

AIS Plants

Eurasian watermilfoil found in Lake Exotica.

AIS Pathogens

None at this time.







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AIS-HACCP SAMPLE PLAN THREEAquatic Invasive Species – Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point Hazard Analysis Worksheet








Work Flow Step

Shiners areseined.

Fish/Other Vert.

No

AIS not present

No

Invertebrate

No

AIS not present

No

PlantEurasianWatermilfoil Yes

Lake Exotica isinfested withEWM

Hazard controlledat subsequentstep No

Pathogens

No

AIS not present

No


Work Flow Step

Harvestedshiners aredip-nettedfrom the seineand moved tothe truck in5-gal bucketswith lakewater.

Fish/Other Vert.

No

AIS not present

No

Invertebrate

No

AIS not present

No




Pathogens

No

AIS not present

No

1

2 Ap

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Work Flow Step

Buckets ofshiners andlake water aredumped intotransporttruck.

Fish/Other Vert.

No

AIS not present

No

Invertebrate

No

AIS not present

No




Pathogens

No

AIS not present

No


Work Flow Step

Seines, waders,dip nets andother equipmentare removedfrom the lake.

Fish/Other Vert.

No

AIS not present

No

Invertebrate

No

AIS not present

No


Lake Exotica isinfested withEWM and could bemoved on equip-ment.

Remove plantfragments, freezenets. Yes

Pathogens

No

AIS not present

No

3

4

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Work Flow Step

Shiners aretransported toholding facili-ty where thewater and shin-ers are drainedfrom the truckdirectly intoholding tanks.

Fish/Other Vert.

No

AIS not present

No

Invertebrate

No

AIS not present

No




Pathogens

No

AIS not present

No


Work Flow Step

Shiners at theholding facili-ty are held inflow through,aerated wellwater untilmarketed.

Fish/Other Vert.

No

AIS not present

No

Invertebrate

No

AIS not present

No


EWM Could bepresent in tanks

Time, flow rateand cleaningtanks Yes

Pathogens

No

AIS not present

No

5

6 Ap

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1 Seines, waders, dip nets andother equipment are removed fromthe lake.

Shiners at the holding facilityare held in flow through, aeratedwell water until marketed.

2 Eurasian watermilfoil could bemoved to uninfested lakes

Eurasian watermilfoil could bemoved with baitfish to retailoutlets

3 Plant fragments are removed fromwaders, buckets, other equipment.Nets are frozen for 48 hoursbefore use in uninfested waters.

Shiners held in flowing water forat least 18 hours. Tank bottomsand sides are swept before load-ing shiners to ensure plant frag-ments are no longer present. Flowrate maintained at 50 gal/min.

4 Presence of plant fragments andtime and temp.

Time, flow rate, and presence ofplant fragments

5 Visual inspection, clock andthermometer

Clock, timer and known volumecontainer, and visual inspection

6 Each time equipment leaves lake Each lot of shiners

7 Manager Manager

8 If time and temperature notobtained, refreeze for entiretime. If plant fragments foundon other equipment, remove beforegoing to uninfested waters.

If plant fragments are found,hold for another 18 hours. Ifflow rate drops, increase flowand hold for 18 hours.

9 Records review Records review

10 Record time in freezer and timeout. Record temperature.Record time of visual inspectionof equipment leaving the lake.

Record time shiners were broughtin, and time loaded out. Recordflow rate, and time of visualinspections

AIS-HACCP SAMPLE PLAN THREEAquatic Invasive Species – Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point AIS-HAACP Plan Form



Analysis Form

SignificantHazards


Form



monitored




CorrectiveActions


not met





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1 More shiners are brought into thefacility for holding.

2 Eurasian watermilfoil could bemoved with baitfish to retailoutlets

3 Shiners added at drain end of tank,separated by screen from other shiners,held in flowing water > 18 hrs. Tankbottoms/sides swept before loading toensure plant fragments are not pres-ent. Flow maintained at 50 gal/min.

4 Time, flow rate, and presence ofplant fragments

5 Clock, timer and known volumecontainer, and visual inspection,

6 Each lot of shiners

7 Manager

8 If plant fragments are found,hold for another 18 hours. Ifflow rate drops, increase flowand hold for 18 hours.

9 Records review

10 Record time shiners were broughtin, and time loaded out. Recordflow rate, and time of visualinspections

AIS-HACCP SAMPLE PLAN THREEAquatic Invasive Species – Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point AIS-HAACP Plan Form



Analysis Form

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72 – AIS-HACCP Plan Example: White Suckers Cultured for Sale as Baitfish with no ANS Infestation

Obtain eggs from wild suckers. Place in hatchery jars in facility.

As the fry hatch they flow into tanks where they are collected andcounted (volumetrically).

Fry are stocked into leased ponds -- Pond A (ID #), Pond B (ID #),and Pond C (ID #).

Suckers are trapped each week after July 20 to determine if theyare market size.

Each pond is seined when suckers reach market size. As many suckersas possible are seined before freeze up.

Suckers brought to holding facility for holding and grading. Holding tankshave flow through well water that discharges into wetland, then Rock Creek.

Well water with salt added is used to transport suckers. Suckers aresold to retail shops and wholesalers for export to other states.

Some suckers are stocked into aerated Pond D to be held over win-ter. Pond D has no outflow.

Pond D is seined and the suckers brought into holding tanks, graded andthen trucked in well water w/salt to retail shops.

AIS-HACCP SAMPLE PLAN FOURAquatic Invasive Species – Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point Product/Procedure Form









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Organization info

(if applicable):





(if applicable):


Address: RR 2, Box 555 City: Fishtown State: MI Zip: 48999

Fish species: White suckers (Catostomous commersoni)

Activity: Seined and trapped from grow out ponds.

Methods: Held in tanks on-site, then delivered to retail stores or whole-salers. Some held in aerated ponds over winter for sale in the spring.

Intended use and consumer: To be sold in retail bait shops for fishing bait.



hazards worksheet.

X

Name: Andy Haccip


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AIS-HACCP Plan Example: White Suckers Cultured for Sale as Baitfish with no ANS Infestation – 73

AIS-HACCP SAMPLE PLAN FOURAquatic Invasive Species – Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point Protential Hazards Worksheet




amphibians, etc.


None at this time.

AIS Invertebrates

None at this time.

AIS Plants

None at this time.

AIS Pathogens

None at this time.







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AIS-HACCP SAMPLE PLAN FOURAquatic Invasive Species – Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point Hazard Analysis Worksheet








Work Flow Step

Obtaining eggs,hatching them,and collectingfry.

Fish/Other Vert.

No

AIS fish specieshave not beenfound in riverwhere sucker eggswere collected.

No

Invertebrate

No

AIS invertebrateshave not beenfound in riverwhere sucker eggswere collected.

No

Plant

No

AIS plants havenot been foundin river wheresucker eggs werecollected.

No

Pathogens

No

No AIS pathogenspresent

No


Work Flow Step

Fry arestocked.

Fish/Other Vert.

No

No AIS fish havebeen found inhatchery sourcewater or inhatchery.

No

Invertebrate

No

No AIS inverte-brates have beenfound in hatch-ery source wateror in hatchery.

No

Plant

No

No AIS plantshave been foundin hatcherysource water orin hatchery.

No

Pathogens

No


No

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Work Flow Step

Suckers areharvested fromponds.

Fish/Other Vert.

No

Ponds haven’t beencontaminated withAIS & most of thetransport water iswell water.

No

Invertebrate

No

Ponds not contam-inated with AIS &most of thetransport wateris well water.

No

Plant

No

Ponds not contam-inated with AIS &most of thetransport wateris from well.

No

Pathogens

No


No


Work Flow Step

Suckers areheld and gradedin tanks at thefacility.

Fish/Other Vert.

No

Well water used& all nets andother equipmentare only used inthe facility.

No

Invertebrate

No


No

Plant

No


No

Pathogens

No


No

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Work Flow Step

Suckers aretrucked toretail storesor to whole-salers’ facili-ties.

Fish/Other Vert.

No


No

Invertebrate

No


No

Plant

No


No

Pathogens

No


No


Work Flow Step

Suckers aremoved to aerat-ed ponds forthe winter.

Fish/Other Vert.

No

Facility not infested& if trucks have usedcontaminated fish/water, they are drained/rinsed prior to use.

No

Invertebrate

No


No

Plant

No


No

Pathogens

No


No

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Work Flow Step

Suckers areharvested fromover-winterponds andbrought toholding facili-ty

Fish/Other Vert.

No


No

Invertebrate

No


No

Plant

No


No

Pathogens

No


No


Work Flow Step

Suckers aretrucked toretail storesand whole-salers’ facili-ties.

Fish/Other Vert.

No

Facility isn’tinfested andtrucks aredrained/rinsedbefore loading.

No

Invertebrate

No


No

Plant

No


No

Pathogens

No


No

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AIS-HACCP Aquatic Invasive Species – Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point Product/Procedure Form









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Organization info

(if applicable):


Method of transportation,distribution and storage of


(if applicable):

Organization name:

Address: City: State: Zip:

Fish species:

Activity:

Methods:

Intended use and consumer:



hazards worksheet.

X

Name:

Signature: Date:

AIS-HAACP Form A (10/2004)

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for implementation.

This form is the first page of the AIS-HACCP plan, please attach Hazard Analysis Worksheets & Plan Forms.

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AIS-HACCP Aquatic Invasive Species – Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point Protential Hazards Worksheet




amphibians, etc.

AIS-HAACP Worksheet A (10/2004)


AIS Invertebrates

AIS Plants

AIS Pathogens







AIS-HACCP Aquatic Invasive Species – Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point Hazard Analysis Worksheet









Invertebrate

Plant

Pathogens

AIS-HAACP Worksheet B (10/2004)This worksheet accomodates only 2 steps, attach additional pages of this form as necessary .



Invertebrate

Plant

Pathogens

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AIS-HACCP Aquatic Invasive Species – Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point AIS-HAACP Plan Form

AIS-HAACP Form B (10/2004)This form accomodates 2 Critical Control Points, attach additional pages of this form as necessary .



Analysis Form

SignificantHazards


Form



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n Previous Waters:

What was the last lake this boat was in?

Was the boat taken through a car wash?

m Yes m NoWas the boat Power Washed?

m Yes m No

Were any of the following disinfected?

q Boat q Horse tankq Ropes q Trailer drain holesq Dip nets q Droppersq Measuring board q Aerator

n Prior to launching the boat:

UTM (GPS) Coordinates of landing:

E N

Circle any of the following exotic speciessigns present at landing:

green white yellow

Listed species on signs:

q Rusty crayfishq Eurasian watermilfoilq Purple loosestrifeq Other:

Boat landing observations:

q Zebra musselsq Purple loosestrifeq Curly-leaf pondweedq Oriental mystery snailq Other•:• If a newly ID-ed or suspected exotic species is

observed, collect a sample

Check the following for aquatic vegetation:

q Anchor q Axleq Motor q Wheelsq Prop q Trailerq Lights/wiring q Rollersq Transom

n After Loading up the boat:

Check the following for aquatic vegetation:

q Anchor q Axleq Motor q Wheelsq Prop q Trailerq Lights/wiring q Rollersq Transom

Was the boat plug pulled so that the boat candrain away from the lake and storm drains?

m Yes m No

Comments:

Crew Leader:

Crew Members:

Date:

Lake:

County:

Landing:

Known Exotics:

q Purple Loosestrife q Rusty Crayfishq Curly-leaf Pondweed q Smeltq Zebra Mussel q Eurasian Watermilfoilq Flowering Rush q Heterosporisq Spiny Water Flea qYellow Irisq Oriental mystery snail

n Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission

Fall Survey 2004 – Aquatic Nuisance Species Inventory Sheet

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n Notes

n Notes