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Airway Anatomy
Presented By: Steven Jones, NREMT-P
Airway Anatomy
Upper Airway AnatomyLower Airway AnatomyLung Capacities/VolumesPediatric Airway Differences
Anatomy of the Upper Airway
Upper Airway Anatomy
Functionswarm, filter, and humidify air
Nasal cavity and nasopharynxFormed by union of facial bonesNasal floor towards ear not eyeLined with mucous membranes, ciliaTissues are delicate, vascularAdenoids
Lymph tissue - filters bacteriaCommonly infected
Upper Airway Anatomy
Oral cavity and oropharynxTeethTongue
Attached at mandible, hyoid boneMost common airway obstruction cause
PalateRoof of mouthSeparates oropharynx and nasopharynxAnterior= hard palatePosterior= soft palate
Upper Airway Anatomy
Oral cavity and oropharynxTonsils
Lymph tissueFilters bacteria
Commonly infected
EpiglottisLeaf-like structureCloses during swallowingPrevents aspiration
Vallecula“Pocket” formed by base of tongue, epiglottis
Upper Airway Anatomy
Upper Airway Anatomy
Sinusescavities formed by cranial bonesact as tributaries for fluid to, from eustachian tubes, tear ductstrap bacteria, commonly infected
Upper Airway Anatomy
LarynxAttached to hyoid bone
Horseshoe shaped boneSupports trachea
Thyroid cartilageLargest laryngeal cartilageShield-shapedCartilage anteriorly, smooth muscle posteriorly“Adam’s Apple”Glottic opening directly behind
Upper Airway Anatomy
LarynxGlottic opening
Adult airway’s narrowest pointDependent on muscle toneContains vocal bands
Arytenoid cartilagePosterior attachment of vocal bands
Upper Airway Anatomy
LarynxCricoid ring
First tracheal ringCompletely cartilaginousCompression (Sellick maneuver) occludes esophagus
Cricothyroid membraneMembrane between cricoid, thyroid cartilagesSite for surgical, needle airway placement
Upper Airway Anatomy
Larynx and TracheaAssociated Structures
Thyroid glandbelow cricoid cartilagelies across trachea, up both sides
Carotid arteriesbranch across, lie closely alongside trachea
Jugular veinsbranch across and lie close to trachea
Upper Airway Anatomy
Upper Airway Anatomy
Pediatric vs Adult Upper AirwayLarger tongue in comparison to size of mouthFloppy epiglottisDelicate teeth, gumsMore superior larynxFunnel shaped larynx due to undeveloped cricoid cartilageNarrowest point at cricoid ring before ~8 years old
Upper Airway Anatomy
Upper Airway Anatomy
Glottic Opening
Lower Airway Anatomy
FunctionExchange O2 , CO2 with blood
LocationFrom glottic opening to alveolar-capillary membrane
Lower Airway Anatomy
TracheaBifurcates (divides) at carina
Right main stem bronchiShorterStraighter
Left main stem bronchi
Lined with mucous cells, beta-2 receptors
Lower Airway Anatomy
BronchiBranch into secondary, tertiary bronchi that branch into bronchioles
BronchiolesNo cartilage in wallsSmall smooth muscle tubesBranch into alveolar ducts that end at alveolar sacs
Lower Airway Anatomy
Alveoli“Balloon-like” clustersSined with surfactant
Decreases surface tension ⇒ eases expansion surfactant ⇒ atelectasis (focal collapse of alveoli)
Alveolar membraneActual site of gas exchange
gases are exchanged between the alveolar air and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries by crossing this membrane
Lower Airway Anatomy
Lower Airway Anatomy
LungsRight lung = 3 lobes; Left lung = 2 lobesPleura
Visceral – membrane that covers the lungsParietal – lines the inner wall of the pleural cavity
Highly sensitive to pain
Pleural space
Lower Airway Anatomy
