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Roland Schmehl, TU Delft
Airborne Wind EnergyR&D status & outstanding challenges
Image source: Makani
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Presenter
• Associate Professor at Delft University of Technology • Co-founder of Kitepower BV• Coordinator of 2 H2020 projects (AWESCO & REACH)• AWE-responsible PI in Dutch NWO project NEON• Co-organizer of AWEC 2015, 2017 and 2019• Co-editor and editor of 2 Springer textbooks on AWE
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2013 2018
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Outline
• Fundamental working principles• Classification of concepts• Implemented technology demonstrators• Development challenges• Research challenges• Development of the sector
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Drag power:● Flying wing shaft power⇝ shaft power● Shaft power electricity (ω )⇝ shaft power ↑)● Electricity conductive tether⇝ shaft power
Lift power:● Flying wing traction force⇝ shaft power● Traction force shaft power (ω )⇝ shaft power ↓)● Shaft power electricity⇝ shaft power
Fundamental concepts Miles L. Loyd (1980)
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Key aspects +–
● Consumes significantly less material● Highly adjustable to wind resource● Access to high altitude wind● Increased mobility
● More complex than turbines● Requires reliable & robust control
● Depends on high-performance materials● Need to revise current regulatory framework
Image source: Skysails
Introduction
Kitepower Enerkíte Ampyx Power Kitemill Twingtec
KPSSkysails Skypull Windswept eWindSolutions
Technology demonstrators
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Man-lifting kite train (1930)AWES classification
Adapted from: Watson et al. “Future emerging technologies in the wind power sector: a European perspective”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2019.
Elelectricity generation
Flight operation
crosswind
rotational someAWE Vertical take-off and landing (VTOL)Horizontal take-off and landing (HTOL)Multi-drone conceptsLigther-than-air concepts
~ Flexible wing concepts
Kitemill Skypull TwingTec E-Kite
EnerKíte Ampyx KPS Kiteswarms
Kitepower Kitenergy eWind Solutions
~~ KiteGen stem
SkySails Power~~
Laddermill Guangdong HAWP
tether-aligned Omnidea
Windswept
AWEsystem
with fixed GS➡ with fixed GS
➡ with fixed GS
➡ with fixed GS
crosswind X-Wind loop track KiteGen carousel~~ with moving GS➡ with fixed GS ➡ with fixed GS
crosswind
rotational
Makani KiteKraft
Windlift KiteX
Bladetips Brainwhere
Altaeros Magenn
Sky WindPower on flying device➡ with fixed GS
➡ with fixed GS
➡ with fixed GS
Kitewinder
➡ with fixed GS
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Man-lifting kite train (1930)AWES classification
Adapted from: Watson et al. “Future emerging technologies in the wind power sector: a European perspective”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2019.
Elelectricity generation
Flight operation
crosswind
rotational Vertical take-off and landing (VTOL)Horizontal take-off and landing (HTOL)Multi-drone conceptsLigther-than-air concepts
~ Flexible wing concepts
Kitemill Skypull TwingTec E-Kite
EnerKíte Ampyx KPS Kiteswarms
Kitepower Kitenergy eWind Solutions
~~ KiteGen stem
SkySails Power~~
Laddermill Guangdong HAWP
tether-aligned Omnidea
someAWEWindswept
Kitewinder
AWEsystem
with fixed GS➡ with fixed GS
➡ with fixed GS
➡ with fixed GS
crosswind with moving GS➡ with fixed GS ➡ with fixed GS
crosswind
rotational
Makani KiteKraft
Windlift KiteX
Bladetips Brainwhere
Altaeros Magenn
Sky WindPower on flying device➡ with fixed GS
➡ with fixed GS
➡ with fixed GS
X-Wind loop track KiteGen carousel
~~
➡ with fixed GS
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Man-lifting kite train (1930)Further reading: awesco.eu/awe-explained
http://awesco.eu/awe-explained/
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Technology demonstrators
• Makani• Ampyx ( presentation Jaap Bosch) → presentation Jaap Bosch) • Enerkite• Twingtec• Kitemill ( presentation Lode Carnel)→ presentation Jaap Bosch) • Kitepower
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Wing7 (30 kW)California 2013
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M600 (600 kW)California 2017
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Hawaii 2018
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Norway 2019
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F6NW0QeKLZAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F6NW0QeKLZA
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AP-2 (50 kW)Noordoostpolder 2013
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AP-3 (250 kW)Marin 2018
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Ampyx Power AP4: 2 MW
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Germany 2012
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Germany 2014
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Germany 2019
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=utRe_OXNwNohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=utRe_OXNwNo
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2012
WIND ENERGY 2.0
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2019
WIND ENERGY 2.0
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TwingTec pilot next to turbine with same power
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2-uhsga4aTohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2-uhsga4aTo
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25 kW kite power system2012
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Sensor Unit
Bridle Line SystemKite
Control Unit
Traction Tether
Drum/Generator ModuleControl
CenterBattery Module
Ground Station
Power Electronics
Kite
Kite
Wind Meter
Launch mast (optional)
System components
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49 TU Delft V3 25 m2 Genetrix Hydra 14 m2 TU Delft V3 25 m2
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Genetrix Hydra 14 m2 TU Delft V3 25 m2TU Delft V3 25 m2
2.55 m
2.03 m
0.974 m
0.876 m
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Automatic pumping cycles at Maasvlakte II of Rotterdam Harbor
2012
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Kite Power 2.0 (2014-15)
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uexBpa7ovts&list=PLecBwCWKeP3Lqrt489F7IdvDXL59NrRps&index=1&autoplay=1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uexBpa7ovts&list=PLecBwCWKeP3Lqrt489F7IdvDXL59NrRps&index=1&autoplay=1
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40 m2 kite2017
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100 kW ground station
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Kite park power output
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Kite development: 25 – 40 – 60 m2
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Kite development: 100 m2
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https://vimeo.com/265594887
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2016 Q2 Q3 Q4 2017 Q2 Q3 Q4 2018 Q2 Q3 Q4 2019 Q2 Q3 Q4Quarter
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Days
Actual flight days per quarterCumulative flight days
Flight days
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Development as an industry
R&D landscape2018
Stanford University
AirLoom Energy
Skypoint-e
EnerKíte
SkySails Power
WindLiftUNC Charlotte
Worchester Polytechnic InstituteUniversity of Delaware
Fraunhofer IWES
AnuracChalmers University
RMIT University
Guangdong HAWP Technology
DTU-Wind
KitenergyKiteGen
Politecnico Milano
EPFLETH Zurich
TwingTec
ABB Corporate Research
TU Munich
University of Freiburg
UF Santa Catarina
University of VictoriaeWind Solutions
Makani / X
Oregon State University
University of Trento
Altaeros Energies
University of Zagreb
OmnideaUC3 Madrid
Beyond the Sea®Kitewinder
ENSTA Bretagne
University of Limerick
Kite Power Systems
Grenoble INP
KU LeuvenTU DelftKitepower
Ampyx Power
TU Berlin
Altitude Energy
KitemillECN
NLR
Skypull
KiteX
University of Applied
XsensAenarete
Sciences of Northwest Switzerland
E-Kite
Upwind
Sky WindPower
Kyushu UniversityTMIT
University of Strathclyde Windswept & Interesting
AirSeas / Airbus
KiteSwarms
academiaindustry
University of Stuttgart
University of Bonn
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Challenges
• Reliability & Safety– None of the projects has proven more than a few days of operation– Operation in kite parks
• Durability of materials– Tether and kite are critical components
• Regulations– Interference with air traffic and ground use
KNMI 20 year average wind data for De Bilt, the Netherlands.
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AWE resource assessment
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VLM simulation
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CFD analysis
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Oehler & Schmehl. "Aerodynamic characterization of a soft kite by in situ flow measurement". Wind Energy Science, 2019
http://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-1-2019
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CFD simulation with OpenFOAM Streamlines around the kite colored With the spanwise velocity component, computed for Re=3x106 and 12° AoA
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safety line
GNSS & IMU unit
8.08 m
0.40 m
depower winchsteering winch
steering line
2.63 m8.32 m
3.13 m
steering tape
knot
depower tape
bridle point
9.05 m
knot
power line
tether
pulley
y
z
x
Relative flow measurement setup
TU Delft V3 kite
Oehler & Schmehl. "Aerodynamic characterization of a soft kite by in situ flow measurement". Wind Energy Science, 2019
http://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-1-2019
85
g
Effect of power
● Changes chordwise force distribution
● Powering up the wing makes wing pitch backwards
depowered
powered
Oehler & Schmehl. "Aerodynamic characterization of a soft kite by in situ flow measurement". Wind Energy Science, 2019
http://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-1-2019
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Effect of power
● Wing flattens● Force increase also by area
increase
powered
depowered
Oehler & Schmehl. "Aerodynamic characterization of a soft kite by in situ flow measurement". Wind Energy Science, 2019
http://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-1-2019
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Aerodynamics
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Aerodynamics
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Aerodynamics
Fluid-Structure Interaction simulation of a ram air wing section
Finite element model of a LEI kite
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-D2wGbwT9Ws
Aeroelastic bending and torsion of a half wing supported by a bridle line
Wijnja, Schmehl, De Breuker, Jensen and Vander Lind: "Aeroelastic Analysis of a Large Airborne Wind Turbine". Journal of Guidance, Control and Dynamics, 2018
http://doi.org/10.2514/1.G001663
Aeroelastic model of an AWT and the tensile support system connecting it to the ground
Wijnja, Schmehl, De Breuker, Jensen and Vander Lind: "Aeroelastic Analysis of a Large Airborne Wind Turbine". Journal of Guidance, Control and Dynamics, 2018
http://doi.org/10.2514/1.G001663
Bridle line forces in a swept wing
Candade, Ranneberg & Schmehl. "Structural Analysis and Optimization of a Tethered Swept Wing for Airborne Wind Energy Generation". Wind Energy, 2020
http://doi.org/10.1002/we.2469
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Rapp, Schmehl, Oland, Haas. "Cascaded Pumping Cycle Control for Rigid Wing Airborne Wind Energy Systems". AIAA Journal of Guidance, Control and Dynamics, 2019
http://doi.org/10.2514/1.G004246
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Rapp, Schmehl, Oland, Haas. "Cascaded Pumping Cycle Control for Rigid Wing Airborne Wind Energy Systems". AIAA Journal of Guidance, Control and Dynamics, 2019
http://doi.org/10.2514/1.G004246https://youtu.be/XlCDNnALGGI
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Kite park layout
row
wind
colu
mn
wind
colum
n
row
Faggiani & Schmehl. “Design and Economics of a Pumping Kite Wind Park". In: Schmehl (ed.) "Airborne Wind Energy - Advances in Technology Development and Research", Springer, 2018
http://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1947-0_16
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Kite park power output
1 kite
4 x 4 kites
8 x 8 kites
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
6004002000 800 1000Time [s]
Pow
er [k
W]
Faggiani & Schmehl. “Design and Economics of a Pumping Kite Wind Park". In: Schmehl (ed.) "Airborne Wind Energy - Advances in Technology Development and Research", Springer, 2018
http://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1947-0_16
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Safety & reliability
400 m
70 m
2 m
20 m
Ground station
300 m
Safety zone
Ground station
50 m
Danger zone
65 m
Operational zoneOperational zone
Flight zone
Danger zone
50 m
KITEPOWERairbor ne wind energy
KITEPOWERair bor ne wind ener gy
Salma, Friedl & Schmehl: "Improving Reliability and Safety of Airborne Wind Energy Systems", Wind Energy, 2019
http://doi.org/10.1002/we.2433
(C) (A)
(B)
(D)
(E)
2012/08/02 Salma, Friedl & Schmehl: "Improving Reliability and Safety of Airborne Wind Energy Systems", Wind Energy, 2019
http://doi.org/10.1002/we.2433
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Kite park power output
103
Development as an industry
• Many bottom-up initiatives, e.g. by students and PhD researchers, only later picked up by academic staff
• Initially driven by research on control & optimization • Full automation, reliability and materials are critical
technical challenges• Developed in parallel to conventional wind energy• Since a few years also the wind energy community
shows interest
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Infrastructure
• EU-H2020 doctoral school AWESCO (2015-2018)• Industry association “Airborne Wind Europe”• EAWE Technical Committee “Airborne Wind Energy”
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• Marie Skłodowska-Curie Initial Training Network● 4 work packages focussing on scientific challenges:
– Modelling and Simulation (WP lead: TUD)– System Design and Optimisation (WP lead: ALU-FR)– Sensors and Estimation (WP lead: Xsens)– Control Systems (WP lead: TUM)
Airborne Wind EnergySystem Modelling, Control & Optimisation
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● 14 PhD projects, all contributing to relevant questions of industry
● 4 PhD projects supervised by TU Delft
● 10 EU-funded partners
● 2 CH-funded partners
● 3.4 M€ total budget
Airborne Wind EnergySystem Modelling, Control & Optimisation
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FP7● HAWE - FP7-ENERGY● Highwind - ERC
Horizon 2020● AWESCO - European Training Network● AMPYXAP3 - SME Instrument Phase I & II ● REACH - Fast Track to Innovation Pilot
Impact of EU funding
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Horizon 2020● NEXTWIND - SME Instrument Phase I & II● AWESOME - SME Instrument Phase I & II● SKYPULL - SME Instrument Phase I● TWINGTEC - SME Instrument Phase I● TWINGPOWER - Eurostars
Impact of EU funding
111
AWEC 2015 in Delft
AWEC 2019, 15-16 October, Glasgow, United KingdomBook of Abstracts, edited by Roland Schmehl, Oliver Tulloch, 164 pages.ISBN 978-94-6366-213-0doi:10.4233/uuid:57fd203c-e069-11e9-9fcb-441ea15f7c9cshortdoi:10/dcjm
AWEC 2017, 5-6 October, Freiburg, GermanyBook of Abstracts, edited by Moritz Diehl, Rachel Leuthold, Roland Schmehl, 188 pages.ISBN 978-94-6186-846-6doi:10.4233/uuid:4c361ef1-d2d2-4d14-9868-16541f60edc7shortdoi:10/cd54
AWEC 2015, 15-16 June, Delft, The NetherlandsBook of Abstracts, edited by Roland Schmehl, 123 pages.ISBN 978-94-6186-486-4doi:10.4233/uuid:6e92b8d7-9e88-4143-a281-08f94770c59fshortdoi:10/bjhs
AWEC 2013, 10-11 September, Berlin, GermanyBook of Abstracts, edited by Guido Lütsch, Christian Hiemenz, Roald Koch, 77 pages.ISBN 978-94-6186-848-0doi:10.4233/uuid:f91af52c-4e76-4cf5-917a-129455b3fca9shortdoi:10/c5j3
AWEC 2011, 24-25 May, Leuven, BelgiumBook of Abstracts, edited by Jacqueline De Bruyn, Moritz Diehl, Reinhart Paelinck, Richard Ruiterkamp, 73 pages.ISBN 978-94-6018-370-6doi:10.4233/uuid:54a23dff-74f9-4007-b1d6-e92e0c458491shortdoi:10/czgh
http://doi.org/10.4233/uuid:57fd203c-e069-11e9-9fcb-441ea15f7c9chttp://doi.org/10/dcjmhttp://doi.org/10.4233/uuid:4c361ef1-d2d2-4d14-9868-16541f60edc7http://doi.org/10/cd54http://doi.org/10.4233/uuid:6e92b8d7-9e88-4143-a281-08f94770c59fhttp://doi.org/10/bjhshttp://doi.or/10.4233/uuid:f91af52c-4e76-4cf5-917a-129455b3fca9http://doi.org/10/c5j3http://doi.org/10.4233/uuid:54a23dff-74f9-4007-b1d6-e92e0c458491http://doi.org/10/czgh
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Questions?
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