AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL ( a summary )

8/7/2019 AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL ( a summary )

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AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL

PRINKESH BARODIYA


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Air traffic control (ATC) is a service provided byground-based controllers who direct aircraft on the

ground and in the air.

The primary purpose of ATC systems worldwide is -

o separate aircraft to prevent collisions by use of lateral,

vertical and longitudinal separation minima.

o to organize and expedite the flow of traffic.o to provide information and other support for pilots

when able.


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Pursuant to requirements of the International CivilAviation Organization (ICAO), ATC operations are

conducted either in the English language or the

language used by the station on the ground.


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The primary method of controlling

the immediate airport

environment is visual observation

from the airport traffic control

tower (ATCT

).

The ATCT is a tall, windowed

structure located on the airport

grounds.

Airport Traffic Control Tower


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Aerodrome or Tower controllers are responsible for

the separation and efficient movement of aircraft andvehicles operating on the taxiways and runways of

the airport itself, and when the aircraft in the air is

near the airport .


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Radar displays are also available to controllers at some

airports. These displays include a map of the area, the

position of various aircraft, and data tags that include

aircraft identification, speed, heading, and other

information described in local procedures.

The areas of responsibility for ATCT controllers fall into

three general operational disciplines; Local Control or Air

Control, Ground Control, and Flight Data/Clearance

Delivery.


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Ground Control is responsible for the airport movement

areas, as well as areas not released to the airlines or otherusers.Any aircraft, vehicle, or person walking or working in

these areas is required to have clearance from Ground

Control. This is normally done via VHF/UHF radio.

Ground Control

Local control or air control

Local Control is responsible for the active runway

surfaces. Local Control clears aircraft for takeoff or

landing. Within the ATCT, a highly disciplinedcommunications is managed between Local Control

and Ground Control.


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Flight data / clearance delivery

Clearance Delivery is the position that issues route

clearances to aircraft, typically before they commence

taxing. These contain details of the route that the aircraft

is expected to fly after departure. The primary

responsibility ofClearance Delivery is to ensure that the

aircraft have the proper route and slot time.


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Air traffic flow management

The day-to-day problems faced by the air traffic control system are primarily

related to the volume of air traffic demand placed on the system . Several

factors dictate the amount of traffic that can land at an airport in a given

amount of time. Each landing aircraft must touch down, slow, and exit the

runway before the next crosses the beginning of the runway. Allowing for

departures between arrivals, each runway can thus handle about 30 arrivalsper hour.

PROBLEMS

Rain, ice or snow on the runway cause landing aircraft to take longer to slow and

exit, thus reducing the safe arrival rate and requiring more space between

landing aircraft. Fog also requires a decrease in the landing rate. These, in turn,

increase airborne delay for holding aircraft. In Area Control Centers, a major

weather problem is thunderstorms, which present a variety of hazards to

aircraft

Weather


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Both ANSPs and ATSPs can be public, private or

corporatized organisations and examples of the differentlegal models exist throughout the world today. The world's

ANSPs are united in and represented by the Civil Air

Navigation Services Organisation (CANSO) based at

Amsterdam Airport Schiphol in the Netherlands

Documents

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL ( a summary )