Air Quality Air Quality ManagementManagement

China City Mobilization WorkshopChina City Mobilization WorkshopJoseph PaisieJoseph Paisie

USEPAUSEPABeijing, ChinaBeijing, China

AQ ModelingAQ Modeling

Emission InventoriesEmission InventoriesAQ MonitoringAQ Monitoring

Stationary & Area Sources

Stationary & Area Sources

Mobile SourcesMobile Sources

AQ & GHG Co-ControlStrategies

AQ & GHG Co-ControlStrategies

Regulations & ImplementationRegulations & Implementation

Continued Air Quality Measurement

Continued Air Quality Measurement

Health & EnvironmentalAssessment

Health & EnvironmentalAssessment

FEEDBACK

FEEDBACK

FEEDBACK

FEEDBACK

NationalNationalAQ

Standards & Goals

NationalNationalAQ

Standards & Goals

Compliance and Enforcement

Compliance and Enforcement

U.S. Air Quality Management U.S. Air Quality Management ProcessProcess

Federal-Regional-State Federal-Regional-State RolesRoles► National standards, rules, and National standards, rules, and

enforcementenforcement► Consistency of policies and programsConsistency of policies and programs► Technical guidanceTechnical guidance► Report on progress in reducing air Report on progress in reducing air

pollutionpollution► Ultimate authority & accountabilityUltimate authority & accountability

► State rulesState rules► Source PermitsSource Permits► Compliance & enforcementCompliance & enforcement► Implementation PlansImplementation Plans► Implement national rules & guidanceImplement national rules & guidance► Monitoring, modeling, emission Monitoring, modeling, emission

inventoriesinventories

► Conduct assessment and Conduct assessment and characterizationcharacterization

► Help develop multi-state strategies and Help develop multi-state strategies and trading programstrading programs

► Regional planning/coordination for Regional planning/coordination for implementation of national programsimplementation of national programs

FEDERALFEDERAL

REGIONAL

STATE

National Ambient Air National Ambient Air Quality StandardsQuality Standards

► Clean Air Act requires establishment of Clean Air Act requires establishment of primary National Ambient Air Quality primary National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) that "are requisite to Standards (NAAQS) that "are requisite to protect the public health" protect the public health" Need to protect sensitive subgroupsNeed to protect sensitive subgroups

► Different considerations apply to setting Different considerations apply to setting NAAQS than to achieving themNAAQS than to achieving them Setting NAAQS: health and environmental Setting NAAQS: health and environmental

effectseffects Achieving NAAQS: account for cost, technical Achieving NAAQS: account for cost, technical

feasibility, time needed to attainfeasibility, time needed to attain

Establish StandardsEstablish Standards

11o o Standard Standard 22oo Standard Standard

Carbon Carbon MonoxideMonoxide

9 ppm/10 mg/m3 (1 hr)9 ppm/10 mg/m3 (1 hr)

35 ppm/40 mg/m3 (8 hr)35 ppm/40 mg/m3 (8 hr)NoneNone

LeadLead 1.5 ug/m3 (quarterly)1.5 ug/m3 (quarterly) Same as primarySame as primary

Nitrogen Nitrogen dioxidedioxide

0.053 ppm/100 ug/m3 0.053 ppm/100 ug/m3 (annual)(annual)

Same as primarySame as primary

PM10PM10 50 ug/m3 (annual)50 ug/m3 (annual)

150 ug/m3 (24 hr)150 ug/m3 (24 hr)Same as primarySame as primary

PM2.5PM2.5 15 ug/m3 (annual)15 ug/m3 (annual)

65 ug/m3 (24 hr)65 ug/m3 (24 hr)NoneNone

OzoneOzone 0.08 ppm (8 hr)0.08 ppm (8 hr) Same as primarySame as primary

Sulfur DioxideSulfur Dioxide 0.03 ppm (annual)0.03 ppm (annual)

0.14 ppm (24 hr)0.14 ppm (24 hr)0.5 ppm (3 hr)0.5 ppm (3 hr)

US Air Quality StandardsUS Air Quality Standards

Air Quality Management Air Quality Management CycleCycle

WHAT WHAT REDUCTIONS ARE REDUCTIONS ARE

NECESSARY?NECESSARY?

WHAT WHAT REDUCTIONS ARE REDUCTIONS ARE

NECESSARY?NECESSARY?

HOW TO HOW TO ACHIEVEACHIEVE

HOW TO HOW TO ACHIEVEACHIEVE

IMPLEMENIMPLEMENTT

IMPLEMENIMPLEMENTT

EVALUATEEVALUATE

RESULTSRESULTS

EVALUATEEVALUATE

RESULTSRESULTS

ESTABLISHESTABLISH

GOALSGOALS

ESTABLISHESTABLISH

GOALSGOALS

-- 1970: NSPS, FMVCP- 1970: NSPS, FMVCP

-- 1977: Nonattainment - 1977: Nonattainment designations, PSD, Auto I/Mdesignations, PSD, Auto I/M

-- 1990: More nonattainment, - 1990: More nonattainment, Market Based program for Market Based program for SO2, Mobile source controls, SO2, Mobile source controls, Fuels, MACT,CAIRFuels, MACT,CAIR

-- Voluntary programs- Voluntary programs

-- SIP credits- SIP credits

-- Regional approaches- Regional approaches

-- Innovative State and local measures- Innovative State and local measures

-- Trends Analysis-- Trends Analysis

-- Attainment demo’s-- Attainment demo’s

-- Expanded public -- Expanded public information:information:

* AQI* AQI

* AIR* AIRNowNow

70’s: .08 ppm ozone & TSP70’s: .08 ppm ozone & TSP

80’s: .12 ppm ozone & PM-1080’s: .12 ppm ozone & PM-10

Now: .08 ppm ozone & PM-2.5Now: .08 ppm ozone & PM-2.5

-- Monitors: better job with fewer - Monitors: better job with fewer monitorsmonitors

-- Inventories: improved factors with 90, - Inventories: improved factors with 90, 96, 99, 02 inventories96, 99, 02 inventories

-- Modeling: EKMA > UAMV > CMAQ- Modeling: EKMA > UAMV > CMAQ

Some Major IssuesSome Major Issues

► Regional and international transport of air Regional and international transport of air pollutionpollution

► Effective market-based approaches for Effective market-based approaches for reducing air pollutionreducing air pollution

► Evaluating, communicating, and reducing Evaluating, communicating, and reducing risk to public health from air toxicsrisk to public health from air toxics

► Multi-pollutant effects Multi-pollutant effects ► Multi-media approachesMulti-media approaches► Balancing “carrot and stick“ in Balancing “carrot and stick“ in

our regulations & programsour regulations & programs

Citizen InvolvementCitizen Involvement

►Public ParticipationPublic Participation Hearings on Rules/PermitsHearings on Rules/Permits Comment Periods on Proposed RulesComment Periods on Proposed Rules WorkshopsWorkshops

►Administrative ReviewAdministrative Review Agency Review BoardsAgency Review Boards

►Legal ReviewLegal Review State CourtsState Courts Federal CourtsFederal Courts

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

Mill

ion

Tons

$-

$2,000

$4,000

$6,000

$8,000

$10,000

$12,000

$14,000

$16,000

$18,000

$20,000

Billion ($1999)

Economic Growth & Environmental Improvement

Sources: 1980 - 1999 emissions data are from the National Air Pollutant Emissions Trend Report (EPA, March 2000). Projections for SO 2, NOx and mercury are derived from the Integrated Planning Model (IPM). GDP data for 1980 - 2000 is from the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce. The GDP projection for 2010 is from OMB’s Analytical Perspectives Report for 2003, Table 2-1. The 2010 to 2020 projection follows EIA’s assumptions in AEO 2001 of 3% growth per year.

Power Plant SO2 Emissions (million tons)

Power Plant NOx Emissions (million tons)

GDP

SummarySummary

►Air Quality Standards/Goals and Air Quality Standards/Goals and Timelines are keyTimelines are key

►Technical Tools and Information are Technical Tools and Information are essentialessential

►Air Quality Management Process is Air Quality Management Process is iterative and adaptableiterative and adaptable

►Transparency is important to maintain Transparency is important to maintain credibilitycredibility

►Focus on results not just processFocus on results not just process