Air quality impact assessment of the proposed Energy ... · Ricardo in Confidence Ref: Ricardo/ED62380103_AQIA/Issue Number 1 Ricardo Energy & Environment 1 Introduction Skanska Construction

Air Quality Impact Assessment for Project Laureate, Cambridge

___________________________________________________

Report for Skanska Construction UK Ltd

ED 62380103_AQIA | Issue Number 1 | Date 14/07/2016 Ricardo in Confidence

Air quality impact assessment of the proposed Energy Centre for Project Laureate, Cambridge | i

Ricardo in Confidence Ref: Ricardo/ED62380103_AQIA/Issue Number 1

Ricardo Energy & Environment

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Skanska Construction UK Ltd Ricardo Energy & Environment Gemini Building, Harwell, Didcot, OX11 0QR, United Kingdom

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This report is the Copyright of Skanska Construction UK Ltd. It has been prepared by Ricardo Energy & Environment, a trading name of Ricardo-AEA Ltd, under contract to Skanska Construction UK Ltd dated 20/06/2016. The contents of this report may not be reproduced in whole or in part, nor passed to any organisation or person without the specific prior written permission of Skanska Construction UK Ltd. Ricardo Energy & Environment accepts no liability whatsoever to any third party for any loss or damage arising from any interpretation or use of the information contained in this report, or reliance on any views expressed therein.

Date:

14 July 2016

Ricardo Energy & Environment reference:

Ref: ED62380103_AQIA- Issue Number 1

Air quality impact assessment of the proposed Energy Centre for Project Laureate, Cambridge | 1



Executive summary

Skanska Construction UK Ltd has been contracted to manage the construction programme of a new build development consisting of a Research & Development (R&D) facility, a dedicated Energy Centre (EC) and two enabling buildings, referred to as Project Laureate. The EC will generate and distribute energy to the R&D facility and enabling buildings. The development will consist of the following plant:

Low grade heat boilers (LGHB), with a capacity of 7,600 kW, located on the 1st floor of the EC.

High grade heat boilers (HGHB), with a capacity of 1,300 kW, located on the 1st floor of the EC.

Combined heat and power unit (CHPU), with a capacity of 530 kWe / 648 kWt, located on the 1st floor of the EC.

Two 1,150 kg/hour gas fired steam boilers (GFSB), located in the basement of the R&D facility.

This air quality impact assessment for the proposed facility was carried out as follows:

(a) Assessment of baseline air quality

(b) Identification of potentially sensitive locations

(c) Dispersion modelling study of emissions to forecast air concentrations at potentially sensitive locations

(d) Evaluation of forecast levels of released substances against relevant air quality standards

(e) Conclusions

The main focus of the air quality assessment was the evaluation of modelled levels against relevant standards and guidelines. Levels of relevant substances were forecast at sensitive receptors to enable an assessment of the effects on air quality with regard to human health risks to be evaluated.

The study used a wide range of information on baseline air quality to characterise baseline conditions in the vicinity of the proposed facility. The study was carried out using a highly conservative approach to ensure that any air quality effects are more likely to be over-estimated than under-estimated.

A state-of-the-art computer model was used to forecast the levels of substances emitted from the proposed facility that would result in the local area. The model was used to assess the impact of emissions assuming the continuous operation of all combustion plant.

The forecast levels of released substances combined with baseline levels were assessed against relevant air quality standards. In all cases, the proposed facility would make only a minor contribution to levels of airborne pollutants, and modelled levels of released substances when combined with background levels are forecast to comply with standards for air quality. Therefore the proposed facility is forecast to have no significant impacts on air quality. The proposed development is also forecast to have no significant cumulative or in-combination effects.

Using a set of independent criteria, the impact of the proposed facility on air quality can be described as “negligible” for emissions of nitrogen dioxide. Consequently, it was concluded that no further mitigation is necessary, other than the planned mitigation and control measures already built into the proposed facility.




Table of contents

1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 3

2 Relevant policy and guidance documents ............................................................... 4

3 Baseline air quality .................................................................................................... 6

4 Methodology .............................................................................................................. 8 4.1 Air quality modelling study ................................................................................................. 8

4.1.1 Overview................................................................................................................... 8 4.1.2 Meteorological data .................................................................................................. 8 4.1.3 Local land use and landform .................................................................................... 8 4.1.4 Model selection ........................................................................................................ 9

4.2 Process design and emissions .......................................................................................... 9 4.3 Buildings .......................................................................................................................... 10 4.4 Receiving environment .................................................................................................... 11 4.5 Standards and guidelines ................................................................................................ 14 4.6 Cumulative impacts ......................................................................................................... 15 4.7 Results interpretation ...................................................................................................... 15 4.8 Uncertainty ...................................................................................................................... 15

5 Results ...................................................................................................................... 17 5.1 Air quality model results .................................................................................................. 17 5.2 Assessment of cumulative impacts ................................................................................. 17

6 Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 21 6.1 Summary ......................................................................................................................... 21 6.2 EPUK Criteria .................................................................................................................. 21 6.3 Mitigation and monitoring ................................................................................................ 21

Appendices

Appendix 1 Modelled process contributions at sensitive receptors Appendix 2 Dispersion plots




1 Introduction

Skanska Construction UK Ltd have been contracted to manage the construction programme of a new build development consisting of a Research & Development (R&D) facility, a dedicated Energy Centre (EC) and two enabling buildings, referred to as Project Laureate. The EC will generate and distribute energy to the R&D facility and enabling buildings. The development will consist of the following plant:

Low grade heat boilers (LGHB), with a capacity of 7,600 kW, located on the 1st floor of the EC.

High grade heat boilers (HGHB), with a capacity of 1,300 kW, located on the 1st floor of the EC.

Combined heat and power unit (CHPU), with a capacity of 530 kWe / 648 kWt, located on the 1st floor of the EC.

Two 1,150 kg/hour gas fired steam boilers (GFSB), located in the basement of the R&D facility.

Ricardo Energy & Environment has been commissioned to provide an assessment of the impacts associated with the emissions of exhaust gases from the plant listed above on local air quality. The assessment has been prepared in support of the permit application for the proposed EC and R&D facility.

The following air quality impact assessment for the proposed facility was carried out as follows:

(f) Assessment of baseline air quality

(g) Identification of potentially sensitive locations

(h) Dispersion modelling study of emissions to forecast air concentrations at potentially sensitive locations

(i) Evaluation of forecast levels of released substances against relevant air quality standards

(j) Conclusions

Levels of relevant substances were forecast at sensitive receptors to enable an assessment of the effects on air quality with regard to human health risks to be evaluated.




2 Relevant policy and guidance documents

Key national and local policy and guidance documents relevant to air quality impacts have been reviewed to provide an insight into the planning context.

National and local policy background

The UK Air Quality Strategy (AQS)1 was developed by Government in 1997 and has subsequently been revised in 2003 and 2007. This sets out the national policy approach to air quality across the UK. The AQS sets out a series of air quality objectives which Local Authorities must work towards achieving. The UK air quality objectives are derived from legally binding limit values set in EU legislation.

Council obligations in this regard are laid down in the Environment Act 1995 which prescribes a system called Local Air Quality Management (LAQM). The air quality objectives are policy targets, and local authorities are not legally obliged to achieve them. All of the UK objectives are at least as stringent as the European Limit Values for the various pollutants. The Limit Values carry legal standing and have been written into UK law through the various Air Quality Standards Regulations.

The LAQM framework requires that Local Authorities which identify exceedances of air quality objectives within their geographical area must designate Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs) and produce an Air Quality Action Plan setting out measures they intend to take to work towards achieving the objectives. The air quality objectives are referenced in the Environment Agency’s H1 guidance document which was used to inform this modelling study.8

National Planning Policy Framework

The National Planning Policy Framework (2012) para 7 confirms the role of the planning system in contributing to sustainable development, and in particular the minimisation of pollution. It confirms that the planning system should prevent new development from contributing to “unacceptable levels of soil, air, water or noise pollution” (para 109). The term “pollution” includes “anything that affects the quality of land, air, water or soils, which might lead to an adverse impact on human health, the natural environment or general amenity. Pollution can arise from a range of emissions, including smoke, fumes, gases, dust, steam, odour, noise and light.” (Annex 2) The Framework goes on to state:

“120. To prevent unacceptable risks from pollution and land instability, planning policies and decisions should ensure that new development is appropriate for its location. The effects (including cumulative effects) of pollution on health, the natural environment or general amenity, and the potential sensitivity of the area or proposed development to adverse effects from pollution, should be taken into account.”

“124. Planning policies should sustain compliance with and contribute towards EU limit values or national objectives for pollutants, taking into account the presence of Air Quality Management Areas and the cumulative impacts on air quality from individual sites in local areas. Planning decisions should ensure that any new development in Air Quality Management Areas is consistent with the local air quality action plan.”

The Government’s Overarching National Policy Statement for Energy EN-1 describes the range of effects that emissions to air from energy development can have on air quality and natural habitats. It goes on to state that the Environmental Statement for such development “should describe: any significant air emissions, their mitigation and any residual effects distinguishing between the project stages and taking account of any significant emissions from any road traffic generated by the project; the predicted absolute emission levels of the proposed project, after mitigation methods have been applied; existing air quality levels and the relative change in air quality from existing levels; and any potential eutrophication impacts.” As well as emphasising the importance of compliance with air quality standards, this guidance also states that “air quality considerations will also be important where substantial changes in air quality levels are expected, even if this does not lead to any breaches of national air quality limits.”

1 Defra (2007) The Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland via https://www.gov.uk




This policy confirms the importance of ensuring protection of environmental quality, biodiversity and amenity for local residents in relation to development such as the proposed EC.

Cambridge Local Plan 2014: Proposed Submission

Under Policy 36: “Air quality, odour and dust”, of the Cambridge Local Plan 2014: Proposed Submission2, the Council states the following requirements for new developments relating to air quality:

Development will be permitted where it can be demonstrated:

a. that it does not lead to significant adverse effects on health, the environment or amenity from polluting or malodorous emissions, or dust or smoke emissions to air; or b. where a development is a sensitive end-use, that there will not be any significant adverse effects on health, the environment or amenity arising from existing poor air quality, sources of odour or other emissions to air.

Specifically applicants, where reasonable and proportionate, according to the end-use and nature of the area and application, must demonstrate that:

c. there is no adverse affect on air quality in an air quality management area (AQMA); d. pollution levels within the AQMA will not have a significant adverse effect on the proposed use/users; e. the development will not lead to the declaration of a new AQMA; f. the development will not interfere with the implementation of the current Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP); g. any sources of emissions to air, odours and fugitive dusts generated by the development are adequately mitigated so as not to lead to loss of amenity for existing and future occupants and land uses; and h. any impacts on the proposed use from existing poor air quality, odour and emissions are appropriately mitigated.

It is important to ensure that development proposals continue to contribute to and enhance the natural and local environment through their lifetime.

Air Quality in Cambridge: Developers Guide

Cambridge City Council’s “Air Quality in Cambridge: Developers Guide”3 details the requirements for the completion of an air quality assessment in support of new developments in Cambridge. In summary:

The air quality assessment should show the likely changes in air quality or exposure to air pollutants as a results of a proposed development. This will include an assessment of the existing air quality and a prediction of the future air quality, with and without the development. A summary of the results and an assessment of the impact are expected, from which the significance can be established. The developer will be expected to propose measures to address the air quality issues arising from the development. The extent and nature of suitable measures will depend upon the significance of the impact on air quality.

CHP: Advice note for developers on reducing the impact on air quality

Cambridge City Council has also provided additional guidance for developers of CHP systems4, in response to the increasing number of applications for gas-fired CHP units. In summary:

The emissions from CHP should be considered alongside the wider emissions associated with the development such as plant installation, traffic impacts and where relevant the potential for cumulative impacts of multiple CHP plants in a small geographical area; which could lead to localised hotspots of poor air quality.

The air quality study described in Sections 3 to 6 of this report is designed to comply with the relevant requirements of national and local policy and guidance in relation to air quality.

2 Cambridge City Council (2013) Cambridge Local Plan 2014: Proposed Submission via https://www.cambridge.gov.uk 3 Cambridge City Council (2008) Air Quality in Cambridge – Developers Guide via https://www.cambridge.gov.uk 4 Cambridge City Council – Gas fired combined heat and power (CHP): Advice note for developers on reducing the impact on air quality via https://www.cambridge.gov.uk




3 Baseline air quality

A wide range of information sources have been considered to enable baseline air quality in the local area to be characterised.

Reports produced by Cambridge City Council for the purposes of local air quality management were reviewed to identify any information on baseline air quality which was relevant to the assessment of the proposed facility5. This information was also evaluated to identify any concerns expressed by the local authority in respect of air quality at or in the vicinity of the proposed development.

There is one Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) in Cambridge. This was declared in 2004 for concentrations of NO2 and covers a large area of central Cambridge. The closest boundary of the AQMA is approximately 1.8 km north of the proposed development site.

Cambridge City Council operate five automatic monitoring stations, the closest of which is situated approximately 3 km north of the proposed development (as shown in Table 1).

Table 1: Details of automatic monitoring sites in Cambridge

Site name Site type Grid reference

Pollutants monitored

In AQMA? Approximate distance from proposed development site (km) X Y

Gonville Place Roadside 545508 257828 NO2, PM10, PM2.5 Y 2.95

Montague Road Roadside 546057 259487 NO2, PM10 Y 4.59

Newmarket Road Roadside 546317 258900 NO2, PM2.5 Y 4.02

Parker Street Roadside 545366 258391 NO2, PM10 Y 3.53

Regent Street Roadside 545289 258118 NO2 Y 3.27

All automatic monitoring stations are located within the AQMA, in central Cambridge, and are unlikely to be representative of the ambient conditions at the proposed development site. It has therefore been necessary to source background data for concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) from non-automatic monitoring locations (diffusion tubes) situated closer to the proposed development. In order to identify a representative background concentration, diffusion tubes within a 1.5 km radius were assessed. The concentrations for 2014 are provided in Table 2.

Table 2: Details of non-automatic monitoring sites located within 1.5 km of the development site

Site name Site type

Grid reference Pollutants monitored

In AQMA?

Approximate distance from proposed development site (km)

2014 NO2 annual mean concentration (µg/m3)

x y

Long Road Kerbside 544867 255709 NO2 N 1.31 41.7

Trumpington High Street

Roadside 544575 255307 NO2 N 1.38 30.1

Babraham Road

Roadside 546948 255169 NO2 N 1.09 21.4

Shelford Road

Roadside 544960 254220 NO2 N 1.16 26.2

All diffusion tube sites are situated at kerbside and roadside locations. The highest concentration of 41 µg/m3 was recorded at the Long Road diffusion tube site, which indicates an exceedance of the air

5 Cambridge City Council (2015) 2015 Updating and Screening Assessment for Cambridge City Council via https://www.cambridge.gov.uk




quality standard of 40 µg/m3. The 2015 Updating and Screening Assessment (USA) provided by Cambridge City Council states that the Long Road diffusion tube is located near to Addenbrookes Hospital on a “frequently congested road”, and concentrations at this site are therefore likely to be significantly higher than the ambient conditions at the development site. The USA goes on to confirm that the measurement at this site represents an urban background concentration of 26.9 µg/m3 at the closest receptor. Therefore the value of 26.9 µg/m3 is considered to provide an adequate estimation of the ambient concentrations at the proposed development site.

There are no monitoring stations measuring concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) in Cambridge. Therefore it was necessary to source baseline concentrations from the Defra’s national background air quality maps6. The highest annual mean value provided for grid squares within close proximity to the development site was found to be 338 µg/m3 for grid square x. 546500 y. 255500.

Table 3: National background air quality mapping data for the area surrounding the development site

National background air quality mapping grid reference

2001 CO annual mean

concentration (µg/m3) X y

545500 254500 318

545500 255500 336

546500 255500 338

Short term baseline concentrations were estimated as being twice the annual mean baseline concentration, in accordance with the relevant guidance7.

In summary; a detailed evaluation of baseline air quality data was carried out, and representative baseline air quality levels for each substance of potential concern were summarised, as set out in Table 4 below.

Table 4: Baseline air quality in the study area

Substance Averaging time AQ

Standard/ Guideline

Baseline Notes

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

Annual mean 40 26.9 Urban background value derived from

concentrations recorded at the roadside diffusion tube located on Long Road.


99.79th percentile of hourly means

200 53.8 2x annual mean.

Carbon monoxide (CO)

Maximum 8 hour mean

10,000 676 2x highest background map values in the vicinity

of the site (x. 545500 - 546500, y. 254500 - 255500).

6 UK air quality archive http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/data/, accessed November/December 2014 7 Defra (2016) Local Air Quality Management – Technical Guidance (TG16) via http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/technical-guidance/




4 Methodology

4.1 Air quality modelling study

4.1.1 Overview

The ADMS 5.1 dispersion model was used to evaluate the levels of released substances in the vicinity of the proposed facility. Levels of released substances were evaluated at the sensitive receptor locations, and the highest forecast levels at any point in the vicinity of the site were identified. The model was also used to provide contour plots of levels of the key substances emitted from the proposed facility.

The air quality study was carried out in accordance with Environment Agency guidance on air quality modelling studies,8,9 and established good practice for air quality modelling and assessment. Having regard to Defra guidance for natural gas combustion processes, the study considered emissions from the stack of the following substances:


Carbon monoxide (CO)

4.1.2 Meteorological data

Five years meteorological data (2011 – 2015) were obtained from a nearby, representative meteorological station. The nearest weather station with adequate data coverage was found to be Andrewsfield, which is situated approximately 39 km south east of the proposed facility. Measurements at this station are representative of the weather conditions likely to be experienced at the proposed development site. Meteorological data was sourced from the NOAA surface observations archive and processed into hourly sequential ADMS format. Data filling was carried out where necessary according to the methodology provided by the USEPA in their “Meteorological Monitoring Guidance for Regulatory Modelling Applications” guidance document. Interpolation was applied to data gaps of up to 3 hours for all variables.

The data capture for wind speed and wind direction was found to be good (>95 %) at the Andrewsfield meteorological station, however cloud cover data was found to have a coverage of around 80% for all years. Missing cloud cover data is quite common in meteorological data sets, and to address this cloud cover data recorded at the Cambridge, Stansted, Bedford and Luton meteorological stations were used to supplement the cloud cover data from Andrewsfield. The ‘Persistence’ method for gap-filling, where a missing value is replaced by the use of data from the previous hour(s), was then applied to remaining gaps up to 6 hours to provide cloud cover data with >90 % coverage. The percentage of hours for which met data was available, for each year, was as follows:

2011 - 95 %

2012 – 92 %

2013 – 95 %

2014 – 95 %

2015 – 96 %

4.1.3 Local land use and landform

The proposed development site is located to the south of the city of Cambridge and is surrounded by relatively flat agricultural land. Although local terrain is unlikely to significantly affect the results of the modelling assessment, in order to adopt a precautionary approach the effects of terrain on the dispersion of emissions from the proposed facility have been factored into the modelling study, at the highest appropriate resolution.

8 Environment Agency “How to comply with your environmental permit Additional guidance for: Horizontal Guidance Note H1 - Annex (f), Air Quality” April 2010 9 Environment Agency, “Frequently asked questions and further guidance on air quality modelling and assessment,” available via http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/business/regulation/38791.aspx (accessed July 2011)




Local land use patterns can affect the structure of the atmosphere. For example, the presence of high-rise buildings in an industrial or city centre area results in increased turbulence in the atmosphere. Conversely, areas with low vegetation or open water have less influence on the atmosphere, and tend to result in a more stable atmosphere. This is represented in the dispersion model using a parameter known as the “surface roughness length”. The surface roughness length used in this study was 0.3 metres, representative of an agricultural area.

4.1.4 Model selection

Environment Agency guidance on air quality modelling requires a “new generation” Gaussian dispersion model to be used for studies of this nature. There are two such models which are widely used in the UK, known as ADMS and AERMOD. Either model would be appropriate in principle for this study. The models are developed in similar but slightly different ways, and consequently give results which are not exactly the same. This reflects the variability in atmospheric dispersion processes, and how they are represented in modelling studies. For the purposes of this study, the ADMS v5.1 model was used.

4.2 Process design and emissions

Data on the process design and emissions for the proposed EC and R&D facility were obtained from the project team, including:

(a) Emissions concentration and/or release rate data.

(b) Emission temperature and volumetric flow/velocity data.

(c) Emission oxygen and moisture content for combustion sources.

(d) Location, height and diameter of the release points.

Emissions from each combustion source are based on the design specifications of each plant, which have been designed to comply with the emission standards set in the proposed European Directive for Medium Combustion Plant10 (see Table 5, and further discussion in the accompanying statement on emissions, Document Ref. ED62380103_Emissions).

Table 5: Combustion plant emission rates

Combustion plant Emission rates (g/s)

Oxides of nitrogen Carbon monoxide

6x low grade heat boilers 0.024 0.024

1x high grade heat boiler 0.0042 0.0042

1x combined heat and power unit 0.210 0.273

2x gas fired steam boilers 0.0412 0.0096

Source and process flow data used in the study are set out in Table 6.

10 European Commission “Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from medium combustion plants” via http://eur-lex.europa.eu/




Table 6: Source information

Emission point

Grid reference Exit

height Total exit diameter

Exit temp. Volume flux – st

release conditions

X Y M M °C m3/s

6x low grade heat boilers 545896 254903 33 0.377 45 1.67 (3% oxygen)

1x high grade heat boiler 545897 254900 33 0.313 85 1.15 (3% oxygen)

1x combined heat and power unit 545895 254903 33 0.451 85 2.40 (15% oxygen)

2x gas fired steam boilers 546063 255108 19.9 0.307 100 1.11 (3% oxygen)

It was assumed that all plant will operate continuously throughout the year. For the purpose of modelling impacts to assess population exposure, it was assumed that 70% of oxides of nitrogen are present as nitrogen dioxide for assessing long term mean concentrations, and 35% present as nitrogen dioxide for assessing short-term mean concentrations, following Environment Agency guidance.11

4.3 Buildings

The presence of buildings adjacent to the release point can affect the dispersion of emissions. To account for this an assessment of the location and parameters of on-site and adjacent buildings was completed. Due to its slightly unusual shape, the R&D building was modelled as three adjoining rectangles. The building parameters used in the modelling study are provided in Table 7.

Table 7: Building parameters at the development site

Building ref.

Building name

Height Length Width Angle between

building length and north

Grid reference

m m M ° x y

EC Energy Centre

25 24 70 84 545902 254933

EB1 Enabling building 1

25 39 20 103 545926 254986

EB2 Enabling building 2

25 20 37 86 545959 254949

RD1 R&D

building 1 18.9 30 107 112 546055 255107

RD2 R&D

building 2 18.9 27 97 58 546123 255120

RD3 R&D

building 3 18.9 106 29 81 546103 255058

LMB

Laboratory of

Molecular Biology

31 161 66 78 545929 255180

The building parameters were used to create a buildings module in the ADMS dispersion model. The model building layout is illustrated in Figure 1.

11 Environment Agency, “Conversion ratios for NOx and NO2,” undated, available from http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/business/regulation/38791.aspx




Figure 1: Visualisation of ADMS5 buildings input file

4.4 Receiving environment

Potentially sensitive locations in the vicinity of the facility were identified from Ordnance Survey mapping, including:

Residential areas and properties

Schools

Hospitals

Recreational facilities

All receptor locations were modelled at ground level (1m). Several receptors within close proximity to the development site were modelled at heights of 10 and 20m, in order to reflect the potential for impact at raised windows.

There are no designated habitat sites (European Sites, Ramsar Sites and SSSIs) located within 2 km of the proposed facility. Therefore the impact of emissions from the proposed facility at designated habitat sites was excluded from the assessment.

Additionally levels of released substances were assessed at a grid of points extending 1.5 km in each direction from the centre of the site. The grid size was 76 × 76 points, resulting in a grid resolution of 40 m. The size of the grid was reviewed to confirm that the points of maximum concentration were included within the grid area.

The potentially sensitive locations identified within the vicinity of the proposed facility are listed in Table 8 and presented in Figure 2, in which the location of the emission stacks are represented by red dots.




Table 8: Sensitive receptor sites

Ref. Name Type

Grid coordinates (NGR)

Height Approx. distance

from stack

x y m km

1 Long Road Sixth Form College A School 545895 255389 1 0.49

2 Long Road Sixth Form College B School 545895 255389 10 0.49

3 Long Road Sixth Form College C School 545895 255389 20 0.49

4 Cancer Research UK A Commercial 546110 255283 1 0.44

5 Cancer Research UK B Commercial 546110 255283 10 0.44

6 Cancer Research UK C Commercial 546110 255283 20 0.44

7 Frank Lee Centre Leisure Centre 546230 255175 1 0.43

8 Addenbrooke's Diabetes Clinic A Hospital 546235 255017 1 0.36

9 Addenbrooke's Diabetes Clinic B Hospital 546235 255017 10 0.36

10 Addenbrooke's Diabetes Clinic C Hospital 546235 255017 20 0.36

11 University of Cambridge Department of

Psychiatry University 546550 254921 1 0.65

12 Addenbrooke's Hospital Northwest Building A Hospital 546325 255132 1 0.49

13 Addenbrooke's Hospital Northwest Building B Hospital 546325 255132 10 0.49

14 Addenbrooke's Hospital Northwest Building C Hospital 546325 255132 20 0.49

15 Cambridge Centre for Occupational Health Hospital 546144 255499 1 0.65

16 House - Long Road A Residential 546031 255612 1 0.72

17 White Hill Farm

Residential/ Agricultural 546412 253984 1 1.05

18 Lapwing Avenue (new development) Residential 545491 254195 1 0.82

19 Fawcett Road (new development) Residential 545324 254438 1 0.74

20 House - Foster Road Residential 545064 254785 1 0.84

21 Paget Close Residential 545086 255027 1 0.82

22 Fawcett Primary School School 544994 255272 1 0.97

23 Plantation Avenue (new development) Residential 545373 255463 1 0.77

24 Whitelocks Drive (new development) Residential 545237 255363 1 0.80

25 House - Long Road B Residential 545454 255662 1 0.88

26 House - Babraham Road Residential 547020 254906 1 1.12

27 Laboratory of Molecular Biology (new

development) A University 545908 255127 1 0.22


development) B University 545908 255127 10 0.22


development) C University 545908 255127 20 0.22

30 R&D building A Commercial 546027 255052 1 0.20

31 R&D building B Commercial 546027 255052 10 0.20




Ref. Name Type

Grid coordinates (NGR)

Height Approx. distance

from stack

x y m km

32 R&D building C Commercial 546027 255052 20 0.20

33 New Papworth Hospital A Hospital 546011 254909 1 0.12

34 New Papworth Hospital B Hospital 546011 254909 10 0.12

35 New Papworth Hospital C Hospital 546011 254909 20 0.12

36 New Papworth Hospital D Hospital 546089 254928 1 0.20

37 New Papworth Hospital E Hospital 546089 254928 10 0.20

38 New Papworth Hospital F Hospital 546089 254928 20 0.20

39 New Papworth Hospital G Hospital 546188 254853 1 0.30

40 New Papworth Hospital H Hospital 546188 254853 10 0.30

41 New Papworth Hospital I Hospital 546188 254853 20 0.30

42 House - Adrian Way Residential 546453 255505 1 0.8204561

43 House - Hills Road Residential 546623 255385 1 0.872681357




Figure 2: Sensitive receptor locations

4.5 Standards and guidelines

Levels of released substances were assessed against the relevant standards for air quality. These standards derive from European environmental quality standards and are specified at a level such that no significant adverse effects on air quality would be expected to arise provided air quality complies with the relevant standards and guidelines.

The key reference point for identifying air quality standards and guidelines was Environment Agency H1 Document.8 The principles, standards and guidelines set out in this document were adopted for this assessment.

Table 9 provides the relevant standards and guidelines considered by this assessment.

Table 9: Air quality standards and guidelines

Substance Averaging time Standard value (µg/m3)

Nitrogen dioxide Annual mean 40

Nitrogen dioxide 99.79th percentile of hourly means 200

Carbon monoxide Maximum 8 hour mean 10,000

Standards specified for the protection of human health should in principle be applied at locations where people are likely to be present over the relevant averaging period7.




In practice, the study was carried out by assessing air quality across the grid of points covering the vicinity of the proposed facility as well as the identified sensitive locations set out in Table 8 and Figure 2. The study was carried out to ensure compliance with air quality standards at all locations in the study area for the substances released from the modelled sources.

4.6 Cumulative impacts

The potential for cumulative effects with existing sources of emissions to air was taken into account by the use of appropriate background air quality data.

The potential for cumulative effects with proposed sources of emissions to air was evaluated by considering other relevant proposed developments in the vicinity of the proposed biomass installation. Information on new developments was obtained from the Cambridge City Council and Cambridgeshire County Council online planning portals12,13. This information was considered in relation to the study results, as described in Section 5.2 below.

4.7 Results interpretation

Modelled levels of released substances were assessed against the air quality standards set out above.

The modelled annual mean concentrations of NO2 were also evaluated using the approach developed by Environmental Protection UK.14 This approach is recommended for use at selected receptor sites, and so the criteria has been applied to the maximum modelled concentrations found at the sensitive receptor locations listed in Table 8. This enables the scale of potential impacts on air quality to be described on a consistent and independent basis (see Table 10).

Table 10: Impact descriptors

Maximum annual mean concentration

% change in concentration relative to Air Quality Standard / Guideline

1 2 – 5 6 - 10 >10

75% or less of AQSG

Negligible Negligible Slight Moderate

76 - 94% of AQSG Negligible Slight Moderate Moderate

95 - 102% of AQSG Slight Moderate Moderate Substantial

103 - 109% of AQSG Moderate Moderate Substantial Substantial

110% or more of AQSG

Moderate Substantial Substantial Substantial

After completing this comprehensive range of evaluations, conclusions were drawn with regard to the potential effects on air quality of the proposed facility during the operational phase. Recommendations were made for any appropriate monitoring or mitigation measures.

4.8 Uncertainty

Throughout this assessment, where there is uncertainty in respect of the data, a precautionary approach (conservative) has been used to estimate the possible risks from exposure to emissions from the proposed facility, and ensure that modelled concentrations and impacts are more likely to be over-estimated than under-estimated. The approach enables allowance to be made for uncertainties in the study methodology and data inputs, to ensure that the study findings are protective of human health and the environment.

The conservative assumptions adopted in this study are listed below:

12 Cambridge City Council – Planning Portal via https://www.cambridge.gov.uk 13 Cambridgeshire County Council – Planning Portal via http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk 14 Environmental Protection UK / IAQM (2015) Land-use Planning & Development Control: Planning for Air Quality via http://www.iaqm.co.uk




It was assumed that the facility will operate continuously, whereas in practice there will be some process down-time.

It was assumed that 35% of oxides of nitrogen was present as nitrogen dioxide for the purposes of modelling short-term mean concentrations, and 70% for long-term mean concentrations. In practice, the proportion present as nitrogen dioxide will be significantly lower, particularly in the areas close to the facility at which the highest modelled concentrations of released substances are forecast to occur.

The highest modelled concentrations for any of the five years of meteorological data was used in the study.

Baseline air quality levels were selected on the basis of the highest levels likely to be applicable to the study area.




5 Results

5.1 Air quality model results

As set out above, the ADMS version 5.1 model was used to identify the highest levels of released substances which are forecast to occur in the local area as a result of emissions from the proposed facility.

The maximum concentrations across the gridded area, for each substance assessed, are provided in Table 11. The process contribution (PC) of each substance has been combined with the baseline to provide the process environmental concentration (PEC). Both the PC and PEC are provided as a percentage of the relevant air quality standard (AQSG).

Table 11: Maximum process contributions

Substance Averaging time AQSG* Baseline

Maximum modelled

PC**

Maximum modelled PC /

AQSG

PC + baseline (PEC***)

PEC / AQSG

µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 % µg/m3 %


Annual mean 40 26.9 2.46 6.14% 29.4 73.39%

99.79th percentile of 1 hour means

200 53.8 13.0 6.52% 66.8 33.42%

Carbon monoxide

(CO) Annual mean 10,000 676 43.6 0.44% 720 7.20%

* AQSG: air quality standard / guideline ** PC: process contribution *** PEC: predicted environmental concentration

Concentrations of each substance at the sensitive receptor sites, and dispersion plots, are provided in Appendix 1 and 2 respectively. The results in Table 11 and Appendices 1 and 2 confirm that all modelled concentrations due to emissions arising from the proposed EC and R&D facility, when combined with baseline concentrations, comply with the relevant air quality standards. The dispersion plots in Appendix 2 illustrate that the annual mean concentrations of NO2 at a distance of approximately 500m north of the EC, resulting from emissions from the proposed facility, are forecast to be <0.2 µg/m3. Therefore it is concluded that the impact of the proposed facility at the closest boundary of the AQMA (approximately 1.8 km north of the site) would be negligible.

5.2 Assessment of cumulative impacts

The potential for cumulative effects with proposed sources of emissions to air was evaluated by considering other relevant developments in the vicinity of the proposed installation. Information on new/proposed developments was obtained from the Cambridge City Council and Cambridgeshire County Council Planning Portals12,13. The assessment of cumulative impacts has focused on the impact of emissions on NO2 annual means. For the purposes of this assessment, all residential planning applications have been excluded.

The following planning applications for developments including combustion plant were identified within an approximate 1.5 km radius of the proposed facility.




Table 12: Identified planning applications including combustion plant within the vicinity of the proposed facility

Name Reference

number Proposal summary

Planning stage

New Papworth Hospital

14/1411/REM New Papworth Hospital and associated amenity space, planting, vehicle

drop off area, cycle parking, energy centre/plant room and servicing area.

Granted permission

Plot 9 16/1078/OUT

Outline Application with all matters reserved for up to 14,193sqm (excluding plant areas) of biomedical and biotech research and

development (Use Class B1(b)); landscaping; car and cycle parking areas and all other associated infrastructure.

Awaiting decision

The Forum 14/0120/FUL

Redevelopment of existing parking area to provide education centre (3,985sqm), private hospital (10,405sqm), hotel and conference centre

(12,540sqm), ancillary hot food takeaway (Class A5, 605sqm) and ancillary D1 (530sqm) and associated car parking and public realm

works, known as The Forum Cambridge.

Granted permission

Energy Innovation

Centre C/05009/12/CW

Erection of Energy Innovation Centre (EIC) of 2,675sqm GEA as part of the wider expansion of Addenbrooke's Hospital to form part of the

Cambridge Biomedical Campus authorised under planning application ref: 06/0796/OUT (Cambridge City Council), replacing the existing

Addenbrooke's boiler house. The EIC centre, as an energy from waste facility, incorporates clinical waste incineration generating heat; two gas-

fired Combined Heat and Power units generating electricity and heat; two Biomass Boilers generating heat; and three dual fuel (oil and gas)

conventional steam boilers, to be located to the south west of Addenbrooke's Hospital between Robinson Way and Addenbrooke's Road. Construction of an underground tunnel connecting the energy centre to the existing Addenbrooke's Hospital for the transportation of

clinical waste.

Granted permission

Plot 8 (“Bellatrix”)

16/0653/REM

Reserved matters consent, pursuant to outline approval 06/0796/OUT (varied by S73 application reference 14/2094/S73) for a 9,033sqm

(Gross External Area excluding plant) Biotech and Biomedical Research and Development building, including associated car and cycle parking, hard and soft landscaping, internal access roads , supporting facilities

and ancillary infrastructure.

Awaiting decision

Laboratory of Molecular

Biology (LMB)

07/0651/FUL

(1) Engineering works comprising the enlargement of an existing roundabout and the construction of a new length of carriageway with

footways; all to facilitate (2) the erection of a replacement Laboratory of Molecular Biology (in the form of a principal building and an attendant

Energy Centre, of usable floor-space, excluding plant, of 25,209 square metres), the whole being a research and development use falling within

Use Class b1(b) of The Town and Country Planning (Use Classes) Order 1987, along with the laying out of the site for circulation and vehicle parking together with the provision of new planting, landscaping and

public art.

Granted permission

New Papworth Hospital - The New Papworth Hospital Energy Centre will include a biodiesel CHP unit, two dual-fuel boilers, two gas-fired steam boilers and three oil fired back-up generators. The draft air quality impact assessment completed in support of the New Papworth Hospital development15, confirmed the maximum forecast ground level annual mean NO2 concentration, resulting from emissions from all on-site plant, to be 0.36 µg/m3.

Plot 9 – The development at Plot 9 is for a biomedical and biotech research facility that will be served by onsite gas boilers. The AQIA submitted in support of the Cambridge Biomedical Campus at Plot 916 confirms that the highest impact on annual mean NO2 at receptors outside of the proposed site to be 0.8 µg/m3 (at the roundabout to the south of Plot 9).

15 Cambridge Environmental Research Consultants (2016) Air Quality Assessment for proposed energy centre, New Papworth Hospital, Cambridge – Draft Report. Report reference: FM1023/R2/16. 16 Plot 9, Cambridge Biomedical Campus – Sustainability Statement, Chapter 7: Air Quality Report (2016) via https://idox.cambridge.gov.uk/online-applications/files/611E5D19405920F687D43AF37C88D15F/pdf/16_1078_OUT-SUSTAINABILITY_STATEMENT_CHAPTER_7_-_AIR_QUALITY_REPORT-1953970.pdf




The Forum – The Forum Cambridge is a mixed use development consisting of an education centre, private hospital and 198 bed commercial hotel. Emergency backup power generators are also located to the side/rear of the development to provide power to both the hospital and hotel in the event of a power failure. The development does not incorporate any on-site boilers, with all hot water and heating needs served by the Cambridge Biomedical Campus EIC district heating system17, therefore the impact of the facility on ambient air quality has been considered through a review of the effects on air quality of the EIC combustion plant.

Energy Innovation Centre (EIC) – The EIC will incorporate a clinical waste incinerator, two gas-fired CHP units, two biomass boilers and three dual fuel (oil and gas) conventional steam boilers. The Annual NO2 Contour plot submitted in support of the EIC18 indicates a maximum impact on annual means of NO2 of 2.2 µg/m3 to the south of the Addenbrooke’s Hospital, however the predicted concentration at the point of maximum impact from the proposed Project Laureate facility is forecast to be approximately 0.2 µg/m3.

Plot 8 (“Bellatrix” building) – The proposed “Bellatrix” building will comprise laboratory space, support services, facilities services, staff areas and administrative space. Emission sources include a CHP unit, steam boilers, hot water boilers and fume cupboards. Figure 6 (“Modelled NO2 annual mean process contribution (µg/m3)”) of the AQIA submitted in support of the proposed development19 indicates that annual mean concentrations of NO2, as a result of emissions from Plot 8, at the point of maximum impact from the Project Laureate facility will be <1 µg/m3.

LMB – The LMB will include flues and chimneys associated with on-site boilers, plant and general ventilation equipment, and an adjacent energy centre with unspecified plant. The Environmental Statement submitted in support of the development20 confirms the following:

“The proposed replacement LMB building is unlikely to have a significant impact on local air quality.”

“Emissions from chimneys and flues may impact on air intakes within the building design. The location and height of all chimneys and flues will be designed in such a way as to minimise the entrainment of exhaust fumes on all air intakes and sensitive locations.”

“Consideration has been given to appropriate sources of on-site renewable energy, with biomass boilers, GSHP and combined heat and power with GSHP being identified as the most appropriate technologies with the ability to provide 10% of the proposed developments energy requirements. It is anticipated that GSHP will be the technology employed.”

Therefore the impact of the LMB once operational has been forecast to be negligible, although the Environmental Statement does not confirm the nature of the energy plant to be used, and no quantitative estimations of pollutant concentrations have been provided. In view of the nature of this development and the commentary in the Environmental Statement, it is considered highly unlikely that emissions from this facility would result in an increase in annual mean nitrogen dioxide concentrations in the vicinity of the proposed Project Laureate facility which would approach or exceed the air quality objective.

17 AECOM (2014) The Forum Cambridge – Air Quality Assessment via https://idox.cambridge.gov.uk/online-applications/files/7335EDA3EB05E5329230ABCE866F840C/pdf/14_0120_FUL-AIR_QUALITY_ASSESSMENT-1406447.pdf 18 Peter Brett (2012) Cambridge Biomedical Campus Energy Innovation Centre – Annual NO2 Contour via http://planning.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/swift/MediaTemp/35548-2608.7_-_Annual_NO2_All.pdf 19 BTX Building – Air Quality Assessment (2016) Document Ref. H145-02-ME-RPT-XX-XX-91902 via https://idox.cambridge.gov.uk 20 Environ (2007) Replacement LMB Building, Cambridge – Environmental Statement Volume 1: Main Report via https://www.cambridge.gov.uk




Table 13: Summary annual mean NO2 concentrations at the point of maximum impact

New

Papworth Hospital

Plot 9 The

Forum EIC Bellatrix LMB Total

µg/m3

Estimated NO2 annual mean concentration at point of

maximum impact resulting from emissions from the Project Laureate facility

0.36* 0.8** n/a 0.2 1 Unknown 2.36

* Maximum forecast ground level concentration ** Maximum concentration at receptors outside of Plot 9

Table 13 provides a summary of the projected increases in annual NO2 concentrations for each of the new developments described above, at the forecast point of maximum impact resulting from emissions from the Project Laureate facility. This provides an estimated increase in the baseline annual mean concentration of 2.36 µg/m3, which when combined with the baseline concentration used in this modelling assessment (26.9 µg/m3) and the maximum process contribution from the proposed Project Laureate facility (2.46 µg/m3) provides a PEC of 31.72 µg/m3, which is 8.28 µg/m3 below the air quality standard.

On this basis, it is concluded that the cumulative impact of the all seven developments would comply with the air quality objective for NO2.




6 Conclusions

6.1 Summary

This study describes an assessment of potential effects on air quality of substances emitted from the proposed EC and R&D facility.

In all cases, modelled levels of released substances when combined with background levels are forecast to comply with standards and guidelines for air quality. Therefore the proposed facility is forecast to have no significant impacts on air quality. The proposed development is also forecast to have no significant cumulative or in-combination effects.

The study was carried out using a highly conservative approach to ensure that any air quality effects are more likely to be over-estimated than under-estimated.

On the basis of this assessment, it is concluded that the proposed facility will have no significant adverse effects on air quality.

6.2 EPUK Criteria

The EPUK criteria set out in Section 4.7 provide standard descriptors to be used in describing the forecast air quality effects of the proposed development. The assessment of the impact on air quality at sensitive receptor locations resulting from emissions from the proposed combustion plant for annual mean nitrogen dioxide is as follows:

Nitrogen dioxide:

o Maximum % change in concentration relative to AQSG: 3.36 % (Ref. 32: “R&D building C”)

o Maximum annual mean concentration as percentage of AQSG: 70.6%

Impact descriptor: Negligible

On this basis, the impact in relation to annual mean nitrogen dioxide levels can be described as “negligible”.

6.3 Mitigation and monitoring

In view of the finding that the proposed energy plant will have no significant adverse effects on air quality, it is concluded that no further mitigation is necessary, other than the planned mitigation and control measures already built into the proposed facility.

Air quality impact assessment of the proposed Energy Centre for Project Laureate, Cambridge



Appendices

Appendix 1: Modelled process contributions at sensitive receptors

Appendix 2: Dispersion plots




Appendix 1 - Modelled process contributions at sensitive receptors

Receptor ref.

NO2 annual mean

NO2 99.79th percentile of 1 hour means

CO maximum 8 hour mean

NO2 annual mean / AQSG

NO2 99.79th percentile of 1 hour means /

AQSG

CO annual mean / AQSG

µg/m3 %

1 0.183 1.47 0.247 0.46% 0.73% 0.0025%

2 0.189 1.48 0.255 0.47% 0.74% 0.0025%

3 0.210 1.71 0.285 0.52% 0.86% 0.0028%

4 0.368 2.37 0.458 0.92% 1.19% 0.0046%

5 0.380 2.45 0.466 0.95% 1.22% 0.0047%

6 0.418 3.77 0.494 1.05% 1.89% 0.0049%

7 0.528 2.27 0.619 1.32% 1.14% 0.0062%

8 0.391 1.72 0.546 0.98% 0.86% 0.0055%

9 0.401 1.74 0.551 1.00% 0.87% 0.0055%

10 0.439 1.96 0.571 1.10% 0.98% 0.0057%

11 0.119 1.05 0.181 0.30% 0.52% 0.0018%

12 0.333 1.61 0.445 0.83% 0.80% 0.0045%

13 0.338 1.63 0.449 0.84% 0.81% 0.0045%

14 0.352 2.22 0.470 0.88% 1.11% 0.0047%

15 0.171 1.74 0.249 0.43% 0.87% 0.0025%

16 0.130 1.30 0.194 0.32% 0.65% 0.0019%

17 0.0440 0.753 0.0722 0.11% 0.38% 0.00072%

18 0.0860 2.51 0.146 0.21% 1.26% 0.0015%

19 0.0923 1.74 0.157 0.23% 0.87% 0.0016%

20 0.0402 0.761 0.0649 0.10% 0.38% 0.00065%

21 0.0421 0.960 0.0727 0.11% 0.48% 0.00073%

22 0.0491 0.881 0.0862 0.12% 0.44% 0.00086%

23 0.0755 0.900 0.118 0.19% 0.45% 0.0012%

24 0.0670 0.993 0.110 0.17% 0.50% 0.0011%

25 0.0652 1.17 0.102 0.16% 0.59% 0.0010%

26 0.0564 0.860 0.0877 0.14% 0.43% 0.00088%

27 0.477 2.70 0.678 1.19% 1.35% 0.0068%

28 0.503 2.77 0.716 1.26% 1.38% 0.0072%

29 0.533 3.41 0.807 1.33% 1.71% 0.0081%

30 0.856 2.97 1.23 2.14% 1.49% 0.012%

31 0.900 3.14 1.30 2.25% 1.57% 0.013%




Receptor ref.

NO2 annual mean


CO maximum 8 hour mean

NO2 annual mean / AQSG

NO2 99.79th percentile of 1 hour means /

AQSG

CO annual mean / AQSG

µg/m3 %

32 1.35 6.07 1.60 3.36% 3.03% 0.016%

33 0.324 4.68 0.491 0.81% 2.34% 0.0049%

34 0.441 4.81 0.699 1.10% 2.41% 0.0070%

35 0.834 5.05 1.38 2.08% 2.52% 0.014%

36 0.517 2.70 0.803 1.29% 1.35% 0.0080%

37 0.550 2.66 0.852 1.38% 1.33% 0.0085%

38 0.640 3.10 0.980 1.60% 1.55% 0.010%

39 0.289 2.01 0.441 0.72% 1.00% 0.0044%

40 0.295 2.08 0.448 0.74% 1.04% 0.0045%

41 0.315 2.44 0.469 0.79% 1.22% 0.0047%

42 0.167 1.94 0.251 0.42% 0.97% 0.0025%

43 0.145 1.36 0.219 0.36% 0.68% 0.0022%

Receptor ref.

NO2 annual mean + baseline


+ baseline

CO maximum 8 hour mean + baseline

NO2 annual mean +

baseline / AQSG

NO2 99.79th percentile of 1 hour means +

baseline / AQSG

CO annual mean +

baseline / AQSG

µg/m3 %

1 27.1 55.3 676 67.7% 27.6% 6.76%

2 27.1 55.3 676 67.7% 27.6% 6.76%

3 27.1 55.5 676 67.8% 27.8% 6.76%

4 27.3 56.2 676 68.2% 28.1% 6.76%

5 27.3 56.2 676 68.2% 28.1% 6.76%

6 27.3 57.6 676 68.3% 28.8% 6.76%

7 27.4 56.1 677 68.6% 28.0% 6.77%

8 27.3 55.5 677 68.2% 27.8% 6.77%

9 27.3 55.5 677 68.3% 27.8% 6.77%

10 27.3 55.8 677 68.3% 27.9% 6.77%

11 27.0 54.8 676 67.5% 27.4% 6.76%

12 27.2 55.4 676 68.1% 27.7% 6.76%

13 27.2 55.4 676 68.1% 27.7% 6.76%

14 27.3 56.0 676 68.1% 28.0% 6.76%

15 27.1 55.5 676 67.7% 27.8% 6.76%

16 27.0 55.1 676 67.6% 27.5% 6.76%




Receptor ref.

NO2 annual mean + baseline


+ baseline

CO maximum 8 hour mean + baseline

NO2 annual mean +

baseline / AQSG

NO2 99.79th percentile of 1 hour means +

baseline / AQSG

CO annual mean +

baseline / AQSG

µg/m3 %

17 26.9 54.6 676 67.4% 27.3% 6.76%

18 27.0 56.3 676 67.5% 28.2% 6.76%

19 27.0 55.5 676 67.5% 27.8% 6.76%

20 26.9 54.6 676 67.4% 27.3% 6.76%

21 26.9 54.8 676 67.4% 27.4% 6.76%

22 26.9 54.7 676 67.4% 27.3% 6.76%

23 27.0 54.7 676 67.4% 27.4% 6.76%

24 27.0 54.8 676 67.4% 27.4% 6.76%

25 27.0 55.0 676 67.4% 27.5% 6.76%

26 27.0 54.7 676 67.4% 27.3% 6.76%

27 27.4 56.5 677 68.4% 28.2% 6.77%

28 27.4 56.6 677 68.5% 28.3% 6.77%

29 27.4 57.2 677 68.6% 28.6% 6.77%

30 27.8 56.8 677 69.4% 28.4% 6.77%

31 27.8 56.9 677 69.5% 28.5% 6.77%

32 28.2 59.9 678 70.6% 29.9% 6.78%

33 27.2 58.5 676 68.1% 29.2% 6.76%

34 27.3 58.6 677 68.4% 29.3% 6.77%

35 27.7 58.8 677 69.3% 29.4% 6.77%

36 27.4 56.5 677 68.5% 28.3% 6.77%

37 27.5 56.5 677 68.6% 28.2% 6.77%

38 27.5 56.9 677 68.9% 28.5% 6.77%

39 27.2 55.8 676 68.0% 27.9% 6.76%

40 27.2 55.9 676 68.0% 27.9% 6.76%

41 27.2 56.2 676 68.0% 28.1% 6.76%

42 27.1 55.7 676 67.7% 27.9% 6.76%

43 27.0 55.2 676 67.6% 27.6% 6.76%




Appendix 3: Dispersion plots

NO2 (annual mean, µg/m3)

NO2 (99.79th percentile of hourly means, µg/m3)




CO (maximum 8 hour mean, µg/m3)

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