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7/28/2019 Air Pollution Yata
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AIR POLLUTION
SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:PROF..PRAVEEN SAPTARSHI APOORVA KULSHRESTHA (1003)CHITRANSH SHRIVASTAVA (1009)
MEENU JAIN (1014)PRIYANKA KULSHRESHTHA (1019)SOMSUBHRA CHATTERJEE (1024)4/13/2013 1
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Air Pollution in Shanghai, China, in2004
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ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Acrylonitrile Benzene Butadiene Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Formaldehyde Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs) Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Trichloroethylene vinyl chloride4/13/2013 3
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INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Arsenic Asbestos Cadmium Chromium Fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Platinum Vanadium
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What is air pollution? Contamination of the air by
noxious gases and minute
particles of solid and liquidmatter (particulates) in
concentrations that endanger
health
Air pollution only occursoutdoors
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What Is the Nature of theAtmosphere? The atmosphere is structured in layers, including the
troposphere, which supports life, and the stratosphere, which
contains the protective ozone layer.
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The Atmosphere Consists ofSeveral Layers Atmosphere varies in
Density Atmospheric pressure
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Atmospheric pressure (millibars)
120
Temperature
750 200 400 600 800 1,000
110
Thermosphere 65100
90Mesopause 55
80
70Mesosphere 45
60 Stratopause 35
50
Altitude(
miles)
Altitude(kilo
meters)
40 25Stratosphere
30 Tropopause
20 Ozone layer 15
10 Pressure Troposphere 5
(Sea
level)0
80 40 0 40 80 120
Temperature (C)
Pressure =
1,000 millibars
at ground level4/13/2013 8
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Air Movements in the TropospherePlay a Key Role in Earths Weatherand Climate
Troposphere 7580% of the earths air mass
Closet to the earth's surface
Chemical composition of air
Rising and falling air currents: weather and climate
Involved in chemical cycling
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The Stratosphere Is Our GlobalSunscreen Stratosphere
Similar composition to the troposphere, with 2 exceptions
Much less water
O3, ozone layer,filters UV
Location
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Whats smog ? Coined in 1950s
Mixture of smoke and fog
Smoke occurs when emission
from different places likeaccumulate under certainclimatic conditions
Two types:
Summer or photochemical (1stin America)
Winter(2ndin London)4/13/2013 11
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Formation of Photochemical Smog
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Sources of Outside Air Pollution Combustion of gasoline and other
hydrocarbon fuels in cars, trucks,
and airplanes
Burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal, and
dinosaur bones)
Insecticides
Herbicides
Everyday radioactive fallouts
Dust from fertilizers
Mining operations
Livestock feedlots4/13/2013 13
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Sources of Indoor pollution Efficient insulation
Bacteria
Molds and mildews
Viruses
animal dander and cat saliva
plants
house dust
Mites
Cockroaches
pollen
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Effects on the environment Acid rain
Ozone depletion
Global warming
In human population-
respiratory problems, allergies,
strengthens lugs, and a risk forcancer
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Acid rain
contains high levels of sulfuric ornitric acids
contaminate drinking water and
vegetation
damage aquatic life erode buildings
Alters the chemical equilibrium of
some soils
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Strategies Air Quality Management Plan
Development of new
technology- electric cars,
cleaner fuels, low nitrogenoxide boilers and water healers,
zero polluting paints
Use of natural gas
Carpooling
Follow the laws enacted
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Role of Engines and Fuel Different engines and fuel combinations give out different
emissions in different quantities.
Some engines have catalysts which effectively remove part ofthe harmful gases.
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Catalytic Converters andParticle Traps Catalytic converters can be fitted to cars to reduce NOx emissions.
CO + HC + NOx H2O + N2 + CO2Platinum Honeycomb
Particle traps can be used to reduce PM10 and NOx, but theeffectiveness is severely reduced if the fuel the vehicle burns has a highsulphur content.
The major target in the battle for cleaner cities is diesel.
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FLOW INFORMATION
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Chemical Reactions That FormMajor Outdoor Air Pollutants
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Some Pollutants in the AtmosphereCombine to Form Other Pollutants Primary pollutants Secondary pollutants Air quality improving in developed countries
Much more needs to be done in developing countries
Indoor pollution: big threat to the poor
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What Are the Major Outdoor AirPollutants? Carbon oxides
Carbon monoxide (CO) Carbon dioxide (CO2) Sources
Human health and environmental impact
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What Are the Major Outdoor AirPollutants? Nitrogen oxides (NO) andnitric acid (HNO3)
Sources
Acid deposition
Photochemical smog Human health and environmental impact
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4) Sources
Human health and environmental impact
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What Are the Major Outdoor AirPollutants? Particulates
Suspended particulate matter (SPM) Fine Ultrafine
Sources
Human health and environmental impact
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What Are the Major Outdoor AirPollutants? Ozone (O3)
Sources
Human and environmental impact
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) Hydrocarbons andterpenes Sources
Human and environmental impact
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Sunlight Plus Cars EqualsPhotochemical Smog Photochemical Smog
Chemical composition Sources
VOCs + NO2 + Heat + Sunlight yields
Ground level O3 and other photochemical oxidants
Aldehydes
Other secondary pollutants
Human health and environmental impact
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Case Study: U.S. Air Pollution CanBe Improved Rely on cleanup more than prevention of pollution
Raise fuel-efficiency for cars, SUVs, and light trucks
Better regulation of emissions of motorcycles and two-cyclegasoline engines
Regulate air pollution for oceangoing ships in American ports
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Case Study: U.S. Air Pollution CanBe Improved Why are airports exempt from many regulations?
Regulate greenhouse gas emissions
Ultrafine particles are not regulated
Urban O3 levels too high
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Case Study: U.S. Air Pollution CanBe Improved What about indoor air pollution?
Better enforcement of the Clean Air Acts
Is intense pressure needed from citizens to make
improvements?
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Natural Capital: Lichen Species,Vulnerability to Air Pollutants
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PANS and other pollutants
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Fig. 18-9, p. 477
pVolatile organiccompounds (VOCs)
Ozone (O3)
Oxygen (O2)
Nitric oxide (NO)+
Oxygen atom (O)
Watervapor(H2O)
Hydrocarbons UV radiation
Peroxyacyl
nitrates(PANs)
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
Oxygen (O2)
Nitric oxide (NO)
Oxygen (O2)
Nitrogen (N) in fossil fuel
Burning fossil fuels
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Fig. 18-7, p. 476
SOLUTIONSLead Poisoning
Prevention ControlPhase out leaded
gasoline worldwide
Replace lead pipes and
plumbing fixtures
containing lead solder
Phase out waste
incinerationRemove leaded paint and
lead dust from older
houses and apartmentsBan use of lead solder
Sharply reduce lead
emissions from
incinerators
Ban use of lead in
computer and TV
monitorsRemove lead from TV sets
and computer monitors
before incineration or land
disposal
Ban lead glazing for
ceramicware used to
serve food
Test for lead in existing
ceramicware used to
serve foodBan candles with lead
cores
Test existing candles for
leadTest blood for lead by
age 1
Wash fresh fruits and
vegetables4/13/2013 35
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Global Outlook: Photochemical Smogin Santiago, Chile
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Denvers Brown Cloud:
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Fig. 18-11, p. 478
Warmer air Descending warm air mass
Inversion layer Inversion layer
Sea breeze
Increasing
altitude
Decreasing temperature
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Fig. 18-12, p. 479
Wind
Transformation to
sulphuric acid (H2SO4)
and nitric acid (HNO3) Windborne ammonia gas
and some soil particles
partially neutralize acids
and form dry sulfate and
nitrate salts
Wet acid depostion
(droplets of H2SO4
and HNO3 dissolved
in rain and snow)Nitric oxide (NO)
Sulphur dioxide
(SO2) and NODry acid deposition
(sulphur dioxide gas and
particles of sulfate and
nitrate salts)Acid
fogLakes in shallow
soil low in
limestonebecome acidic
Lakes in deep
soil high in
limestone are
buffered
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Fig. 18-13, p. 480
Potential problem areas because of sensitive soils
Potential problem areas because of air pollution:
emissions leading to acid deposition
Current problem areas (including lakes and rivers)
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Fig. 18-14a, p. 481
Emissions
SO2
H2O2
PANs
NOxAcid
depositionO3
Others
Direct damage to
leaves and bark
Reduced
photosynthesis
and growth
Increased
susceptibility to
drought, extreme
cold, insects,
mosses, and
disease organisms
Soil acidification Tree death
Leaching
of soil
nutrients
Release
of toxic
metal ions
Root
damage
Reduced nutrient
and water uptakeAcids
Lake
Groundwater4/13/2013 41
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Fig. 18-15, p. 483
SOLUTIONS Acid DepositionPrevention Cleanup
Add lime to
neutralize acidified
lakes
Reduce coal use
Burn low-sulfur coal
Add phosphate
fertilizer to
neutralize acidified
lakes
Increase natural gas use
Increase use ofrenewable energy
resources
Remove SO2
particulates and NOx
from smokestack gases
Remove NOx from motor
vehicular exhaust
Tax emissions of SO2Reduce air pollution by
improving energy
efficiency4/13/2013 42
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Some Important Indoor AirPollutants
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Science: Magnified View of aHousehold Dust Mite in a Dust Ball
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Major Components of the HumanRespiratory System
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Fig. 18-22, p. 491
SOLUTIONSStationary Source Air Pollution
Prevention
Burn low-sulfur coalDisperse emissions
above thermal
inversion layer with tallsmokestacksRemove sulfur from
coal
Remove pollutants
after combustionConvert coal to a
liquid or gaseousfuel
Shift to less polluting
energy sources
Tax each unit of
pollution produced
Dispersion or
Cleanup
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Fig. 18-23, p. 491
SOLUTIONSMotor Vehicle Air Pollution
Prevention Cleanup
Use mass transit Require
emission
control devicesWalk or bike
Use less pollutingfuels
Improve fuel
efficiency
Inspect car
exhaust
systems twice
a yearGet older, polluting
cars off the road
Give large tax write-
offs or rebates for
buying low-polluting,
energy efficient
vehicles
Set strict
emission
standards4/13/2013 47
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Fig. 18-24, p. 492
SOLUTIONSIndoor Air Pollution
Prevention Cleanup or DilutionClean ceiling tiles and line
AC ducts to prevent
release of mineral fibers
Use adjustable fresh airvents for work spaces
Ban smoking or limit it to
well-ventilated areas Increase intake of outside
air
Change air morefrequently
Set stricter formaldehydeemissions standards for
carpet, furniture, and
building materials Circulate a buildings airthrough rooftop
greenhousesPrevent radon
infiltration
Use efficient ventingsystems for wood-
burning stoves
Use office machines inwell-ventilated areas
Use less polluting
substitutes for harmful
cleaning agents, paints,
and other products
Use exhaust hoods for
stoves and appliances
burning natural gas4/13/2013 48
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Fig. 18-26, p. 493
SOLUTIONSAir Pollution
Outdoor IndoorImprove energy efficiency
to reduce fossil fuel use
Reduce poverty
Distribute cheap and
efficient cookstoves or
solar cookers to poor
families in developingcountries
Rely more on lower-
polluting natural gas
Rely more onrenewable energy
(especially solar cells,
wind, and solar-
produced hydrogen) Reduce or ban
indoor smoking
Transfer energyefficiency, renewable
energy, and pollution
prevention technologies
to developing countries
Develop simple and
cheap tests for indoor
pollutants such as
particulates, radon, and
formaldehyde
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Fig. 18-4, p. 472
Primary Pollutants
CO CO2Secondary Pollutants
SO2 NO NO2Most hydrocarbons SO3Most suspended particles HNO3H2SO4
H2O2 O3 PANs
Sources Natural Stationary
Mobile
Most NO3 and SO4
2 salts
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