Upload
trevor-hamman
View
221
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
1/46
Air Pollution
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
2/46
What are air pollutants?
gases and aerosols we add toatmosphere
best known is smog industrial - smoke and fog
photochemical - emissions + sunlight
US has worked to control most airpollutants for many years
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
3/46
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
4/46
Why do we care?
visual quality of the environment
vegetation, animals, soil
water quality natural and artificial structures
human health
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
5/46
Major Air Pollutants
sulfur oxides (SOx)
nitrogen oxides (NOx)
carbon monoxide (CO) ozone and other photochemical oxidants
volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
suspended particulate matter lead (Pb)
air toxics
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
6/46
Many adverse effects from
these pollutants
chronic
acute
carcinogenic
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
7/46
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
8/46
Atmospheric inversions
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
9/46
Great London Smog of 1952
1000s died, much of country
affected
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
10/46
Primary and Secondary Pollutants
primary pollutants those emitted directly into the air
hydrocarbons, particulates, SOx, NOx
secondary pollutants produced through reactions between
primary pollutants and normal atmosphericcompounds
ozone
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
11/46
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
12/46
What are sources?
combustion of fossil fuels (coal, gasoline,diesel)
always incomplete combustion stationary versus mobile sources
what comes out stack are primary pollutants
direct products of combustion
USEPA measures ambient concentrations 1970 Clean Air Act - taller stacks to meet ground
level standards
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
13/46
Sudbury, Ontario
1250 feet tall
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
14/46
US Emissions for 2011
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
15/46
Trends in Growth vs. Emissions
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
16/46
USemissions
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
17/46
Ozone (O3)
good versus bad ozone ground versus stratosphere
ground level major pollutant billions of dollars in crop losses eachyear
respiratory hazard for human healtheffect
not easy to reduce
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
18/46
Ozone (O3)
secondary pollutant photochemical oxidant
source is VOCs, NO2, and sunlight most cities dont meet ozone
standards
difficult (expensive) to reduce caremissions further
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
19/46
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
20/46
Ozone Monitoring
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
21/46
Ozone in the Midwest
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
22/46
Ozone Impact on Crop Yields
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
23/46
Acid rain (acidic deposition)
SOxH2SO4(sulfuric acid)
NOxHNO3(nitric acid)
long-range transport
pH < 5.6
both precipitation and dry deposition
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
24/46
Major Sources of SO2Emitters
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
25/46
pH scale
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
26/46
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
27/46
Acid rain effects
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
28/46
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
29/46
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
30/46
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
31/46
Bondville, IL
Acadia National Park, Maine
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
32/46
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
33/46
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
34/46
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
35/46
Acid rain effects on aquatic
organisms
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
36/46
Acid rain today
still affecting forests
and surface waters more of a nitrogen
than sulfur problem
certainly 1990 CleanAir Act helped
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
37/46
Air Pollution: Legislation andStandards
Clean Air Act of 1970 amendments in 1977 and 1990
Amendments of 1990 comprehensive regulations enacted by U.S
congress that address acid rain, toxicemissions, ozone depletion and automobileexhaust
in 1990 more flexibility, market system allowspolluters to choose most cost effectivemethods
still cant meet ozone standards
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
38/46
SO2scrubber
F h f
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
39/46
SoyFace at the University ofIllinois
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
40/46
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
41/46
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
42/46
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
43/46
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
44/46
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
45/46
8/10/2019 Air Pollution (NRES 102)
46/46
Air pollution today
we have made major improvements lead, SOx, other gases
ozone still biggest problem billions in crop losses
cars large sources, although each car
is now much cleaner