Air Pollution Management in Pune City

7/30/2019 Air Pollution Management in Pune City

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Air Quality & its Management in Pune City

1) INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL

SCIENCE

ENVIRONMENT

According to Etymology, Environment means the

conditions related to any particular place on the earth.

Environment can be considered as all the surrounding

conditions of the earth. It includes all living, non-living, natural

or artificial things. Environmental science is the scientific study

of the relation between different ecosystems. It is the study of

the Environment and effect of the Environment on human

beings.

Environmental Education:

It is an educational program whose objective is to develop

awareness about the Environment among the students. It

explains various components of Environment and the relation

between them. It is the process of giving knowledge about the

Environment to the students and to develop positive attitude for

the conservation of Environment. It includes ecosystem,

T.K.I.E.T., Warananagar 1


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physical and mental health, pollution and the factors affecting

the living and non-living things.

Reasons For Necessity Of Environmental Education:

1. Due to the population explosion, desertification, productivity of soil is decreasing.

2. Illiterate and even literate peoples are not aware about the Environment.

3. Limited nature of rules and acts about the environment.

4. Persons responsible for the pollution are not given any legal action.

5. Large numbers of factories are mainly responsible of water and air pollution.

6. There is no control on sound pollution.

7. Conservation of Environment is the social and international need.

Objectives of Environmental Education:

1. To give information about the concepts related to Environment.

2. To explain the various factors which are responsible for pollution of Environment.

3. To study effects of pollution on human life

4. To give information about the acts related to Environmental pollution.

5. To explain relationship between the Environment and population

6. To develop the positive attitude about the conservation of Environment

7. To explain role of individual in conservation of Environment



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A human being is part of a whole, called by us the Universe, a part limited in timeand space. He experiences himself, his thoughts and feelings, as somethingseparated from the rest a kind of optical delusion of his consciousness. Thisdelusion is a kind of prison for us, restricting us to our personal desires and toaffection for a few persons nearest us. Our task must be to free ourselves from this

prison by widening our circles of compassion to embrace all living creatures and thewhole of nature in its beauty.

Albert Einstein

Whether or not life exists elsewhere in the universe, all we know now is thathere on Earth, life is both utterly amazing and utterly endangered. That iswhy I believe that nobody is really more pro-life than an environmentalist.

T. A. Barron



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2) AIR POLLUTION CAUSES AND EFFECTS

History

Humans probably first experienced harm from air pollution when they builtfires in poorly ventilated caves. Since then we have gone on to pollute moreof the earths surface. Until recently, environmental pollution problems have

been local and minor because of the Earths own ability to absorb and purifyminor quantities of pollutants. The industrialization of society, theintroduction of motorized vehicles, and the explosion of the population, are

factors contributing toward the growing air pollution problem. At this time itis urgent that we find methods to clean up the air.

The primary air pollutants found in most urban areas are carbon monoxide,nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, hydrocarbons, and particulate matter (bothsolid and liquid). These pollutants are dispersed throughout the worldsatmosphere in concentrations high enough to gradually cause serious health

problems. Serious health problems can occur quickly when air pollutants areconcentrated, such as when massive injections of sulfur dioxide andsuspended particulate matter are emitted by a large volcanic eruption.

Air Pollution in the Home



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You cannot escape air pollution, not even in your own home. In 1985 theEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA) reported that toxic chemicals foundin the air of almost every American home are three times more likely tocause some type of cancer than outdoor air pollutants. (Miller 488) Thehealth problems in these buildings are called sick building syndrome. An

estimated one-fifth to one-third of all U.S. buildings are now consideredsick. (Miller 489) The EPA has found that the air in some office buildingsis 100 times more polluted than the air outside. Poor ventilation causes abouthalf of the indoor air pollution problems. The rest come from specific sourcessuch as copying machines, electrical and telephone cables, mold andmicrobe-harboring air conditioning systems and ducts, cleaning fluids,cigarette smoke, carpet, latex caulk and paint, vinyl molding, linoleum tile,and building materials and furniture that emit air pollutants such asformaldehyde. A major indoor air pollutant is radon-222, a colorless,odorless, tasteless, naturally occurring radioactive gas produced by theradioactive decay of uranium-238. According to studies by the EPA and the

National Research Council, exposure to radon is second only to smoking as acause of lung cancer. (Miller 489) Radon enters through pores and cracks inconcrete when indoor air pressure is less than the pressure of gasses in thesoil. Indoor air will be healthier than outdoor air if you use an energyrecovery ventilator to provide a consistent supply of fresh filtered air andthen seal air leaks in the shell of your home

Sources of Pollutant

The two main sources of pollutants in urban areas are transportation

(predominantly automobiles) and fuel combustion in stationary sources,including residential, commercial, and industrial heating and cooling andcoal-burning power plants. Motor vehicles produce high levels of carbonmonoxides (CO) and a major source of hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogenoxides (NOx). Whereas, fuel combustion in stationary sources is thedominant source of sulfur dioxide (S02).

Carbon Dioxide

Carbon dioxide (C02) is one of the major pollutants in the atmosphere. Major

sources of C02 are fossil fuels burning and deforestation. Theconcentrations of C02 in the air around 1 860 before the effects ofindustrialization were felt, is assumed to have been about 290 parts permillion (ppm). In the hundred years and more since then, the concentrationhas increased by about 30 to 35 ppm that is by 10 percent. (Breuer 67)Industrial countries account for 65% of C02 emissions with the United Statesand Soviet Union responsible for 50%. Less developed countries (LDCs),with 80% of the worlds people, are responsible for 35% of C02 emissions

but may contribute 50% by 2020. Carbon dioxide emissions are increasingby 4% a year. (Miller 450)

In 1975, 18 thousand million tons of carbon dioxide (equivalent to 5thousand million tons of carbon) were released into the atmosphere, but the



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atmosphere showed an increase of only 8 billion tons (equivalent to 2.2billion tons of carbon. (Breuer 70) The ocean waters contain about sixtytimes more C02 than the atmosphere. If the equilibrium is disturbed byexternally increasing the concentration of C02 in the air, then the oceanswould absorb more and more C02. If the oceans can no longer keep pace,

then more C02 will remain into the atmosphere. As water warms, its abilityto absorb C02 is reduced.

C02 is a good transmitter of sunlight, but partially restricts infrared radiationgoing back from the earth into space. This produces the so-called greenhouseeffect that prevents a drastic cooling of the Earth during the night. Increasingthe amount of C02 in the atmosphere reinforces this effect and is expected toresult in a warming of the Earths surface. Currently carbon dioxide isresponsible for 57% of the global warming trend. Nitrogen oxides contributemost of the atmospheric contaminants.



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NOX - nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (N02 )

Natural component of the Earths atmosphere. lmportant in the formation of both acid precipitation and photochemical

smog (ozone), and causes nitrogen loading.

Comes from the burning of biomass and fossil fuels. 30 to 50 million tons per year from human activities, and natural 10 to 20

million tons per year. Average residence time in the atmosphere is days. Has a role in reducing stratospheric ozone.

N20 - nitrous oxide

Nature at component of the Earths atmosphere. ~lmportant in thegreenhouse effect and causes nitrogen loading.

Human inputs 6 million tons per year, and 19 million tons per year by

nature. Residence time in the atmosphere about 170 years. 70O (285 parts per billion), 1990 (310 parts per billion), 2030 (340 parts

per billion). Comes from nitrogen based fertilizers, deforestation, and biomass

burning.

Sulfur and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

Sulfur dioxide is produced by combustion of sulfur-containing fuels, such ascoal and fuel oils. Also, in the process of producing sulfuric acid and inmetallurgical process involving ores that contain sulfur. Sulfur oxides caninjure man, plants and materials. At sufficiently high concentrations, sulfurdioxide irritates the upper respiratory tract of human beings because potentialeffect of sulfur dioxide is to make breathing more difficult by causing thefiner air tubes of the lung to constrict. Power plants and factories emit 90%to 95% of the sulfur dioxide and 57% of the nitrogen oxides in the UnitedStates. Almost 60% of the S02 emissions are released by tall smoke stakes,enabling the emissions to travel long distances. (Miller 494) As emissions ofsulfur dioxide and nitric oxide from stationary sources are transported longdistances by winds, they form secondary pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide,nitric acid vapor, and droplets containing solutions of sulfuric acid, sulfate,

and nitrate salts. These chemicals descend to the earths surface in wet formas rain or snow and in dry form as a gases fog, dew, or solid particles. This isknown as acid deposition or acid rain.

Chiorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

CFCs are lowering the average concentration of ozone in the stratosphere.Since 1978 the use of CFCs in aerosol cans has been banned in the UnitedStates, Canada, and most Scandinavian countries. Aerosols are still thelargest use, accounting for 25% of global CFC use. (Miller 448) Spray cans,discarded or leaking refrigeration and air conditioning equipment, and the

burning plastic foam products release the CFCs into the atmosphere.Depending on the type, CFCs stay in the atmosphere from 22 to 111 years.



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Chlorofluorocarbons move up to the stratosphere gradually over severaldecades. Under high energy ultra violet (UV) radiation, they break down andrelease chlorine atoms, which speed up the breakdown of ozone (03) intooxygen gas (02).



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Chlorofluorocarbons, also known as Freons, are greenhouse gases thatcontribute to global warming. Photochemical air pollution is commonlyreferred to as smog. Smog, a contraction of the words smoke and fog, has

been caused throughout recorded history by water condensing on smokeparticles, usually from burning coal. With the introduction of petroleum to

replace coal economies in countries, photochemical smog has becomepredominant in many cities, which are located in sunny, warm, and dryclimates with many motor vehicles. The worst episodes of photochemicalsmog tend to occur in summer.

Smog

Photochemical smog is also appearing in regions of the tropics andsubtropics where savanna grasses are periodically burned. Smogs unpleasant

properties result from the irradiation by sunlight of hydrocarbons causedprimarily by unburned gasoline emitted by automobiles and othercombustion sources. The products of photochemical reactions includesorganic particles, ozone, aldehydes, ketones, peroxyacetyl nitrate, organicacids, and other oxidants. Ozone is a gas created by nitrogen dioxide or nitricoxide when exposed to sunlight. Ozone causes eye irritation, impaired lungfunction, and damage to trees and crops. Another form of smog is calledindustrial smog.

This smog is created by burning coal and heavy oil that contain sulfurimpurities in power plants, industrial plants, etc... The smog consists mostlyof a mixture of sulfur dioxide and fog. Suspended droplets of sulfuric acid

are formed from some of the sulfur dioxide, and a variety of suspended solidparticles. This smog is common during the winter in cities such as London,Chicago, Pittsburgh. When these cities burned large amounts of coal andheavy oil without control of the output, large-scale problems were witnessed.In 1952 London, England, 4,000 people died as a result of this form of fog.Today coal and heavy oil are burned only in large boilers and withreasonably good control or tall smokestacks so that industrial smog is less ofa problem. However, some countries such as China, Poland, Czechoslovakia,and some other eastern European countries, still burn large quantities of coalwithout using adequate controls.

Pollution Damage to Plants

With the destruction and burning of the rain forests more and more C02 isbeing released into the atmosphere. Trees play an important role in producingoxygen from carbon dioxide. A 115 year old Beech tree exposes about200,000 leaves with a total surface to 1200 square meters. During the courseof one sunny day such a tree inhales 9,400 liters of carbon dioxide to produce12 kilograms of carbohydrate, thus liberating 9,400 liters of oxygen. Throughthis mechanism about 45,000 liters of air are regenerated which is sufficient

for the respiration of 2 to 3 people. (Breuer 1) This process is calledphotosynthesis which all plants go though but some yield more and some less



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oxygen. As long as no more wood is burnt than is reproduced by the forests,no change in atmospheric C02 concentration will result.

Pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, ozone and peroxyaclnitrates (PANs), cause direct damage to leaves of crop plants and trees when

they enter leaf pores (stomates). Chronic exposure of leaves and needles toair pollutants can also break down the waxy coating that helps preventexcessive water loss and damage from diseases, pests, drought and frost. Inthe midwestern United States crop losses of wheat, corn, soybeans, and

peanuts from damage by ozone and acid deposition amount to about $5billion a year. (Miller 498)Reducing PollutionWe can help to reduce globalair pollution and climate change by driving a car that gets at least 35 miles agallon, walking, bicycling, and using mass transit when possible. Replaceincandescent light bulbs with compact fluorescent bulbs, make your homemore energy efficient, and buy only energy efficient appliances. Recyclenewspapers, aluminum, and other materials. Plant trees and avoid purchasing

products such as Styrofoam that contain CFCs. Support much stricter cleanair laws and enforcement of international treaties to reduce ozone depletionand slow global warming. Earth is everybodys home and nobody likes livingin a dirty home. Together, we can make the earth a cleaner, healthier andmore pleasant place to live.



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Pune district is located between 17.5 to 19.2 degrees North & 73.2 to75.1East. The district is bounded on North & East by Ahmednagar district,

by Satara district on South & by Raigad district on the West.

The total geographical area of Pune district is 15642 Sq. Kms. This is about

5% of the total area of Maharashtra State. Out of the total geographicalarea,11% is forest area, 7% is covered by grazing land. 74% is cultivated areawhich is about 1157506 ha. About 10.70% is non- cultivated area.

In Pune district there are two municipal corporations, namely PuneMunicipal Corporation & Pimpri-Chinchawad Municipal Corporation. Thereare about l4Talukas & 13 Panchayat Samitis in Pune district. It covers about25 urban areas out of which there are 2 Municipal corporations, 3Cantonment boards & 11 Municipal councils. There are about 1866 villagesin the district.Total road length of Pune district is 13,642 kms. The average rainfall of

district is 600 to 700 mms.

Total population of Pune district is 72.24 lakhs, out of which 37.68 Iakhs aremen & 34.56 Iakhs are women as per 2001 census.

The major crops in district are Jowar, Bajara, Wheat & Rice.The major river of the district is Bhima and minor rivers are Karha, Kukadi,Pavana, Meena, Shivganga etc.

Pune City:

Geographical Status:

Pune city is located at 559 mtrs. from the mean sea level. It is locatedbetween 18.32 North and 73.51 East. Pune city is located in the DeccanPlateau and is about 100 kms east from Konkan coast and at a distance ofabout 160 kms from Mumbai. It is located at the confluence of Mula-Muthariver. There is hilly area on western side of Pune and on south side Sinhagad- Katraj hilly area is observed. About 12% area of the city is hilly area.The total geographical area of Pune is 450.69 Sq. kms. Out of the total area,38.6% is residential area, 1 .8% is commercial area, 9.5% is defense area,

11% isIndustrial area, 9.7% is recreational area etc.Pimpri Chinchwad is located at the West of Pune city & touching to Pune-Mumbai National highway. The corporation covers the area of Akurdi,Pimpri, Chinchwad, Bhosary etc. The said area is developed by MIDC as anindustrial zone.

Climatic Conditions:The temperature of city ranges between Minimum 12C & Maximum 37C.The average rainfall recorded is 600 to 700 mm. The maximum rainfall isobserved inJune to September months.



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Socio-Economic Status:

In Pune there are two cantonment areas. Pune city is well connected toNashik, Mumbal, Ahamadnagar, Solapur & Bangalore cities. Due to hillyareas in city the climate of Pune city is good & cool. Due to these nature gifts

city has got the name Deccan Queen.

Population of Pune city is around 31, 57,000 as per 2001 census. Area ofPune Municipal Corporation has been increased from 145.92 Sq. kms to450.69 Sq. kms due to the increase in number of villages joining Pune city.

I. Air Quality of Pune City

Ambient Air Quality monitoring results in Pune:

Theambient air quality in Pune city was monitored from October 2001 toMay 2002 under the National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Program ofGovt. of India. The parameters that were measured for the above periodinclude sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, suspended particulate matter andrespirable suspended particulate matter, at two locations viz. Majur Adda andYeshawantrao Chavan Natyagriha, Pune. The analysis report is as follows.

The period of monitoring is from October 2001 to May 2002.

Near Majur Adda near Yashwantrao Chavan Natyagriha

PM10 SPM NOx SO2 PM16 SPM NOx SO2Maximum 169.42 222.36 96.34 58.72 110.34 - 74.29 49.51

Minimum 103.47 137.79 50.27 20.19 55.16 - 29.33 19.67

Average 132.32 173.05 78.98 40.48 83.57 - 49.68 30.21

From these results, it is seen that the RSPM, NOx values near Majur Addaare exceeding the prescribed limits which is mainly due to the densevehicular traffic in that area. PMIO values at Yashwantrao Chavan

Natyagriha were slightly higher and the NOx values are just touching theboundary limits. These values are attributable to the vehicular movement inthe area.

Air quality Monitoring Stations:

A part from the data gathered through the NAAQAM program in Pune city,Maharashtra Pollution Control Board also carried out Ambient Air Qualitymonitoring at the following monitoring stations (3) to re-assess the RSPMvalues in Pune.Ambient air quality was monitored at two stations under NAAQAM and anadditional station was also added in the MPCB program on Air Qualitymonitoring.1) MajurAdda2) Yashwantrao Chavan Natyagriha

3) Jog Centre Building, Mumbai-Pune Road



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Month-wise ambient air quality results are given below:



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Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations in Pune:

Month-wise Air Quality results at Majur Adda

Month PM10 SPM NOx SO2November 01 128 100 106 57

December 01 153 102 103 56January 02 136 86 92 42

February 02 156 93 114 67

March 02 119 78 107 53

April 02 111 71 91 44

May 02 115 75 76 34

Average 131 87 98 50

Month-wise Air Quality results at Yashwantrao Chavan Natyagriha

Air pollution testing at Jog Centre Building,Mumbai-Pune Road, Wakdewadi, Pune-3.

Sr.No. Month S02 NOx SPM

1 Jan-02 23.26 35.10 280.70

2 Fe1-02 21.50 30.86 573.01

3 Mar-02 14.97 33 12 60.40

4 April-02 30.15 4470 149.70

5 May-02 39.55 2879 180.48

6 June-02 ---- ---- ----

7 July-82 ---- ---- ----

B Aug-82 ---- ---- ----9 Sept-02 48.49 6274 68.96

10 Oct-02 61.66 3427 90.20

11 Nov-02 25.99 2412 14124

12 Dec-02 13.50 1858 135.41

13 Jan-03 9.60 3295 82.50

14 Feb-03 8.23 28.84 99.54

15 Mar-03 17.96 38.36 228.14

16 April-03 23.73 46.03 194.20

17 May-03 16.76 31,98 194.17

18 June-03 10.31 23.43 202.6519 July-03 14.29 30.73

20 Auq-03 16.25 29.63 88.93

21 Sept-03 17.81 28.35 184.56

22 Oct-03 17.08 18.57 ----

23 Nov-03 21.58 41.80 ----

24 Dec-83 18.60 31.48 ----

25 Jan-04 15.79 2677 271.42

26 Feb-04 ---- ---- ----

27 Mar-04 23.50 35.50 ----

28 April-04 30.95 35.08 ----



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From the above results, it is seen that the S02 and NOx levels are within theprescribed limits, but SPM levels have exceeded and have reached up to660.40 in March 2002 at Jog Center, Mumbai Pune Road. The increased

SPM values were probably due to heavy vehicular movement on NationalHighway No.4 as well as resuspension of the dust and construction activity inthe area. The maximum values of RSPM at Majur Adda were observed inFebruary and minimum in April. Similarly near Yashwantrao chavan

Natyagriha, the maximum values of RSPM were observed in February andminimum in January. The SPM levels at Majur Adda were maximum inDecember 2001 and minimum in April 2001.

The Ambient air quality is also monitored at Bhosary, Nal Stop & Swargatestations under NAAQM program of CPCB for year 2003-2004. The averageresults obtained are as below ( Source: Pune University)

Monitoring Station Annual Average (g/M3)SQ2 NOx SPM RSPM

Bhosar 31.75 36.92 16015 88.58

Nat Stop 36.33 71.92 453.92 170.08

Swargate 34.17 65.00 384.58 195.58

From the above results, it is seen that the S02 and NOx levels are within the

prescribed limits, but SPM and RSPM levels have exceeded at Nal Stop andSwargate. This may be due to heavy vehicular traffic.

Month-wise Air Quality results at Karve Road from Sept-2004

Sr. No. Month 502 NOx SPM

1 Sept-04 13.62 21.31 104.00

2 Oct-04 19.13 25.69 105.34

3 Nov-04 18.00 21,80 107,60

From the above results, it is seen that the S02 and NOx levels are within theprescribed limits. The SPM levels were also found to be within prescribedlimits.

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring in Pimprj-Chjnchwad

Maharashtra Pollution Control Board has also carried out ambient air qualitymonitoring in Pimpri-Chinchwad area in the Industrial, Commercial,Residential and Silence zones. The ambient air quality parameters that weremonitored in those zones include Suspended particulate matter, Oxides of

Nitrogen and sulfur dioxide. The results obtained are as below:



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A. INDUSTRIAL ZONE:

S.N. Place/Site SPM SO2 NOx Remarks

1 TELCO125 62 52

SPM levels arebeyond permissible

limits.2 Bhos&i 685 56 58

3 Ruston Hornsby 72 80 62

4 Garw&e 594 58 66

5 Hindustan Antitiotics 545 62 59

Permissible limits 500 120 1120

B. COMMERCIAL ZONE:


1 Raka Gas 535 55 52 At Raka Gas site &Garware Nylon siteSPM levels areexceeding the

permissible limits,

2 PCMC 460 59 12

3 Garware Nylon 552 64 69

4 Kalewacli 338 38 15

5 Dapodi 412 52 13Permissible limits 500 120 120

C. RESIDENTIAL ZONE:


1 TELCO Colony 226 65 48 At lncliranagar andTelco Colony, 5PMlevels are slightlyexceeding the

permissible limits.2 Century Enka Colony 160 62 49

3 H.A. Colony 112 57 60

4 Pradhikaran 185 55 59

5 Incliranagar 218 60 70




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D. SILENCE ZONE:


1 TELCO Colony 94 39 42 SO2 & NOx levelsare beyond the

permissible limits2 Lokmanya Hospital 110 47 52

3 Talera Hospital 90 52 55

4 Jijamata Hospital 87 58 49

5 Mata Temples 93 48 43


Further monitoring of the Ambient Air Quality to measure performanceefficiency can be undertaken once the action plan is approved. The agencies

viz. Pune Municipal Corporation, MPCB, University of Pune and PCMC,will be chosen in consultation with CPCB to intensify the ambient air qualitymonitoring activities. The parameters that will be monitored shall includePM1O, SPM, NOX, CO and S02. Efforts shall also be made to disseminatethe gathered information on Ambient Air Quality to all concerned authoritiesso that effective steps can be taken by these authorities to reduce the air

pollution in Pune and Pimpri-Chinchwad municipal areas.

II. Sources of air pollution in the City

The major contributory sources of air pollution in Pune city are1) Vehicular Pollution2) Industrial Pollution

1) Vehicular Pollution:

The observed ambient air quality trend in Pune is certainly very disturbing.This is because approximately 6,800 new vehicles are introduced on Puneroads per month. (Source Environment Status Report PMC). Thealready existing large number of vehicles and a monthly addition of the highnumber of vehicles in Pune and adjoining areas result in slow traffic

movement with speed of the vehicles between 15 km/hr to 35 km/hr. This isfurther compounded by acceleration and de-acceleration of the vehicles onthe congested roads, which aggravates the situation. The direct mal effect ofthis situation is the increased air pollution in the city.The key traffic and transportation problems in Pune Municipal area andPCMC area can be broadly identified as under:I. A disprodtionate rise in the number of vehicle during last few years,

more particularly in the two wheelers.II. Heterogeous traffic conditions with limited road carriage capacities

making segregation of traffic very difficult.III. Absence of a ring road despite radial expansion of the city.

IV. Infficient road capacities in the congested area,V. Crowded intersections leading to air and noise pollution,



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VI. Various encumbrances on roads such as encroachments, unautorizedconstructions particularly of religious nature etc.

VII. Absence of parking facilities at important locations leading to streetparking and road congestion.

VIII. The inadequacy of footpaths and their diversion to their uses and joy

walking leads to obstruction of vehicular traffic.

Inventory of emissions load from vehicles is done in Pune & PCMC byCentral Institute of Road Transport (CIRT), Pune, in 2002, is as follows

2. Industrial Pollution Scenario In Pune

In Pune there are 12 Nos. of Large and Medium scale industries and 876 Nos.of Small scale Industries. There industries are not having high Air potential.There are total 56 no. of air polluting industries in Pune corporation area.The total fuel consumption from these units is as below : (Source-MPCB,SRO, Pune-I)



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Sub-Regional office, Pune has monitored the major air polluting industries.The ambient air quality in these industrial areas generally meets the standardsas prescribed by MPCB except on one or two occasions. The industries haveinstalled the air pollution control devices like dust collectors, scrubbers etc.The Board has taken the action on defaulting industries from time to time.In Pimpri-Chinchawad area there are total 705 industries. Out of total 41 arelarge scale, 35 are medium scale & 629 are small-scale industries. There aretotal 67 air polluting industries in Pimpri-Chinchwad corporation area. Theindustries have installed the air pollution control devices like dust collectors,cyclones, etc. Total fuel consumption (FO/LDO/HSD) from these units is3,51,361 lit/day. Sub-Regional office, Pimpri-Chinchwad has monitoredambient & stack air quality of the industries. The average concentration of

S02 observed is 35.04 pg/Nm3, NOx concentration is 43.68 g/Nm3, SPMconcentration is 102.68 pg/Nm3, and RSPM concentration is 113.64 pg/Nm3.

Ill Status of Public Health

There has been no systemic survey conducted on the impacts of air and noisepollution on the health of population residing within Pune city limits by theMedical college or any other institutions in the city or NGOs and therefore nodata is available to understand the ill effects of the SPM and RSPM levels thathave been recorded in the city during the course of the Ambient Air Qualitymonitoring studies.

IV Details with Regard to Different Sources of Pollution

A. Vehicles:

The vehicular population in Pune city is rising tremendously, which iscreating serious problem in Pune. The pollution due to vehicles is creating badimpact on the public health. The vehicular pollution is giving rise torespiratory diseases like Asthma, Bronchitis etc. The Two wheeler vehiclesare increasing rapidly in Pune. Number of two wheelers increased from 1313

in 1960 to 7, 88,191 in 2003.Two wheelers are covering about 80% of the road while public vehicles are



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covering only 0.8% of the road. PMT buses are for public transportation.



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Following chart indicates information about municipal transport

Particular 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-2001 May 2001

Total buses 799 779 750 824 822

Janata bushes - - - - -

Diesel

Consumption/day for

bushes only

50,548 49,881 48,603 98,524 45,466

No. of passengersperday

5,14,833 4,71,098 4,29,355 4,19,141 4,04,070

1. Number & Percentage of Share of Vehicles :

Pune city has a Regional transport Office which keeps record of the vehiclesregistration in the city. The information provided by the RTO Pune is givenin the table below showing the numbers of the different category of vehiclesand their share in the total number of vehicles in Pune & Pimpri-Chinchwadarea in the years 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2003 respectively.

PCMC

Types of Vehicles 2000 2001 2002 2003

Total Two wheelers 164598 186514 211837 236301

Three Wheelers 4413 4816 5288 5415

Light Motor Vehicles 21011 24106 27883 30242

Heavy Vehicles 20543 22239 23577 25041Total 210565 237760 268585 297499

from the above table it may be noticed that two wheelers are the main contributing categoryof vehicles for most of the air pollution in Pune and PCMC area. the percentage contributionof pollution by different category of vehicles is shown below:

PMC PCMC

Two wheelers 74.54% 79.43%

Three Wheelers 5.21% 1.82%

Light Motor Vehicles 12.20% 10.16%

Heavy Vehicles 8% 8.42%

The two wheelers and the three wheelers have shown a steep rise in the lastthree years.

2. Present status of vehicle emissions control programme underway : The

National ambient air quality standards notified in June 1997 are reproducedbelow. It is planned that the air quality targets will be maintained tomeet the National Ambient Air Quality Standards.



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National Ambient Air Quality Standards.

a) Efforts shall be made to meet the air quality standards stipulated byCPCB in its National Ambient Air Quality Standards published inJune, 1997.

b) The background levels of pollution in Pune are already known, sincePMC and MPCB had undertaken sufficient measures/efforts in the past toassess those values through monitoring in the sensitive areas. About 60%of roads in Pune Municipal Corporation area & Pimpri-ChinchwadMunicipal Corporation are congested whereas remaining 40% roads in

the fringe area have relatively lower traffic volumes. Various initiativestaken by the Pune Municipal Corporation to ease traffic congestion in thecity area are primarily based on the following initiatives:

1.Decongest the city roads;2.Segregate directional traffic and vehicular and pedestrian movement;3.Provide parking facility to traffic;4. Encourage public transport while discouraging the personalized modes;

There is a lot of scope for improvement in the public transport system inPune city. Due to largely unreliable frequency of PCMC and PMT buses,it is estimated that approximately 2.0 to 2.5 Lakh commuters haveswitched over to personalized modes transportation i.e. two wheelers.The year wise dwindling commuter support to Public transportation in



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PMC and PCMC is highlighted in the table below. The figures thenumber of commuters using the public transport for the years 2003 2004 are not readily available. However, the discussions with themunicipal authorities reveal that the number of the commuters is steadilydwindling.

Table showing Number of Commuters who travelled by PMT by PMT

and PCMC Buses

No. Year PMC PCMC

Commuters

1 1997-1998 470844 80352

2 1998-1999 427955 80272

3 1999-2000 385475 60893

4 2000-2001 355557 60989

5 2001-2002 343173 49590

However, in spite of overwhelming public support to use the public transportand best efforts on part of PMT, it may still not be possible for the PuneMunicipal Transport to substantially fulfill the entire public transportationrequirements/demands of the city population in the near future. Presently,most of the transportation needs are fulfilled primarily by the peoplethemselves through the privately owned vehicles. The remaining commutingneeds are supplemented by the PCMC & Pune Municipal Transport servicesand the other public transportation modes. For the reduction in vehicular

pollution, steps like improvement in PUC system and compulsory I & Mpractices for on-road vehicles have been taken by the concerned authorities

as mentioned below:

RTO has banned six seater rickshaws within PMC area. Only petrol driven rickshaws are permitted within PMC area. No diesel rickshaw is permitted as a replace vehicle to the existing one. No new rickshaw permits are being granted from 26-11-1997. All intent letters for the rickshaw permits have been cancelled from 29-

04-1999. Vehicles are checked regularly for PUC certificates and if found

exceeding the emission limits, the registration of such vehicle is

suspended till satisfactory repairs are carried out. Penal compoundingfees are also recovered from such defaulting vehicles. Grant of PUCRenewal certificate is considered only after observing satisfactory

performance of the vehicle. Around 50% vehicle comes for inspection &approximately 05% is failure rate. Periodical & surprised check of PUCcenter by Dept. In Pune, there are 99 nos. of PUC centers for Petrol, 15nos. for diesel & 53 nos. for petrol & diesel. In Pimpri-Chinchawad, thereare total 53 nos. of PUC centers. (As reported by Transport Dept.)

Switch over of two wheelers from 2 strokes to 4 strokes is being done inphases. It is considered not to permit new two wheeler .Wt 2S engines.



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Institutional plans for implementation of gaseous fuel

programme:

There are 5 LPG outlets in Pune of which two are operated by BPCL, Two byHPCL and One by IOCL. IOCL Pune is setting up one more auto LPG

dispensing station and the work on it is in progress. Besides, IOCL has plansto set up three additional stations in Pune subject to availability of suitablesites with statutory approvals. HPCLalso has similar plans to set up two more stations subject to above conditions.However, the actual implementation of the above planed LPG outlets woulddepend on the availability of the gas,suitable retail outlet sites and the demandfor the auto LPG. At present there is no CNG outlet in Pune. Expected CNGwill be available up to 2005. JointVenture is being formed with BPCL for supply of CNG in Pune.

Vehicle Taxation in Pune:

The vehicles in Maharashtra are taxed based on the provisions in the BombayMotor Vehicle Tax Act 1958, which extends to whole of Maharashtraincluding Pune. Principally the tax structure is based on the laden weight orunladen weight of the vehicle. In case of lightweight motor vehicles one timetax has been made compulsory which is seven times more than the annual rateof the tax. On the motorcycles the tax is based on the cost of the vehicle,which is 7% & is levied at the time of initial registration similarly for car it is4% of the vehicle cost & levied at time of initial registration. For the buses thetax is based on the sitting capacity & is levied annually. For the small vehicles

like auto rickshaws etc., which are used for carrying passengers, the tax isbased on the carriage capacity & is levied annually.

B) Industry:The Pune city is surrounded by 7 Nos. of Talukas including Pimpri-ChinchwadMunicipal Corporation area. The industrial scenario and the pollution load isgiven

below: (Source MPCB)

Name of Area No. of

LSI/MSI

SO2

(Kg/Day)

SPM

(/Nm3)Pune City 12 9410 700 (Max. Avg.) 152 (Min.Avg)

PCMC 76 19393 351 (Max. Avg.) 57 (Min.Avg)

KhedTaluka 13 1618 - -

Maval Tal:uka 10 14606 - -

Junner & ArnbegaonTaluka

3 6535.

- -

ShimeTajuka 17 4.497 - -

Muishi & Haveli 11 6411 - -

Total 147 53.060 - -



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The small-scale industries mainly belong to service category.The large and medium scale industries are very few. These industries are nothaving high air pollution potential (HAPPI). The industries by far have takenmeasures for emissions control. It may thus be seen that a basic inventory ofindustries in Pune city and surroundings is already completed. The watch is

kept on the pollution control activities in such industries. More frequentpower failures in recent years have given rise to higher use of alternativepower supply like D.G. sets.MPCB has commenced imposing very elaborate conditions for controlling the

pollution from the usage of D.G. sets. These conditions are specificallyprescribing the stack height commensurate with installed KVA andbarricading the noise generated by the D.G.sets The compliance iscontinuously verified through regular vigilance and the action taken againstthe defaulters. Continuous efforts are being made for installation andimprovement of Pollution Control Systems to minimize the pollution load.In Pimpri Chinchwad there are two stone crushers & there are about 23 stone

crushers in Muishi & Chowiasawadi area, which falls under PimpriChinchwad Corporation. All these stone crushers are in operation. In the saidarea it has been observed that SPM levels are exceeding the prescribed limits.The Board has started action to shift the stone crushers of Chinchwad area.

MPCB has adopted -

River Regulation Zone (RRZ) policy for sitting of industries as declared byGovernment of Maharashtra, vide Govt. Resolution No. MMV-2000/326/221TB-3 dated 15-07-2000. Accordingly the river catchments have

been categorized in 4 categories. The abstract of the restriction is as under



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Itil Sitting criteria for stone crusher: The Board has laid down the distancecriteria for the existing and new stone crushers. It was then accordinglydecided that No stone cnishers should be allowed within 500 mtrs. from

National Highway, 200 mtrs from State Highway and 100 mtrs. from otherRoads whether it is MDR, ODR or yR. The distance criteria of 500 mtrs.

from human habitation shall be maintained.

C) Power Plants:

There are no thermal power plants within Pune city limits and therefore thepollution load contribution from this source is nil. However, the industries inPune and Pimpri-Chinchwad have set up D.G. sets to meet the powerrequirements of the respective industries particularly during the loadshedding and weekly power holidays. The Gensets are regulated under the

provisions of the Air (P and CP) Act, 1981 and the conditions about theemission standards as per the EP Rules are imposed in the consents grantedto the industries for establishing the D.G.sets. MPCB regularly monitors theemissions from this power generating source.The total number of D.G.sets established by the industries in Pune andPCMC area is about 120. There is no proposal under consideration of theState Govt. and M.S.E.B. to set up power plant in Pune and PCMC area.Because of the power shortage experienced in this region, the shop keepersand households are using small generators to meet their power requirement.These are mostly Kerosene powered and hence are a non-point source of airemissions. The details on the number of small D.G.sets is not available northey are regulated by the MPCB.

D) Other Sources:

1.Domestic Pollution:

Thepopulation of Pune city is increasing day by day. Since the first censusof idependent India and then onwards up to 1991, the population of the cityhas shown a constant gradual increase ranging between 60 to 75%. While thecity population was 1, 33,227 in 1921, it grew to 4, 88,419 in 1951 (the firstcensus of independent India). The figures stood at 6, 06,777 (1961), 8,56,105 (1971), 12, 03,351 (1981) a~d 15, 66,651 in 1991. However, the

census of 2001 reveals that the city population has reached phenomenalfigure of 25, 40,069 indicating record rise by 62.13% from 1991 census. Themale to female percentage of the population is 52.28% and47.72%, respectively. Scarcity of an affordable housing stock has resulted ingrowth ~ slums and shanties on unguarded lands all around the city. Almost40% of the city population resides in slums.1817, Pune city was located on area of 5 sq.kms, however Slowly thecityarea panded and according to 1997 figures, the city is occupying almost243.96 sq.kms. The chronology of the city expansion is given below:-



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AERIAL EXPANSION - PUNE CITY AND PUNE URBAN AREAS

YEAR PUNE CITY

AREA_(Sq.Mtrs)

Reason for Expansion

1817 5.00

1860 34.11 Formation of Pune Municipality

1950 125.75 Rune Muncipa1 Corporation

1997 243.96 Merging of 38 fringe villages intoRune.

The rapid urbanization and industrialization with better job opportunities hasattracted migrants from various parts of the country to Pimpri-Chinchwadresulting in expansion of the settlements in Pimpri-Chinchwad. Since the first

census of ndependent India and then onwards up to 1991, the population ofthe Pimpri Chinchwad has shown a constant gradual increase rangingbetween 59.24 to 78%. Thefiguresstoodat83,542(1971)1,49,364(1981)631875(1991) However, the census of 2001 reveals that thecity population has reached phenomenal figure of 10.06,253 indicating arecord rise by 159.24% compared to 1991 census. Out of the recorded

population, 53.99% are male while 46.01% are female, respectively.The Pimpri- Chinchwad Municipal Corporation reportedly proposes toLaunch a massive programme for controlling the population under IntegratedPopulation and Development Project. It is indeed difficult to getaccommodation to such high number of residents in decent and healthy

houses. Scarcity of an affordable housing stock has resulted in growth ofslums and shanties on unguarded Lands all around the city. Almost 11.15%of the city population resides in slums. The area covered by the declaredslums is around 294148 Sq.Mtr. & undeclared 182324 Sq.Mtr. total 476472Sq.Mtr. It is necessary to initiate study pertaining to survey of slums in thecity, in order to offer them basic civic amenities.The slum eradication is not possible and hence the slum improvement willhave ~ be undertaken. The organized housing sectors are found to rely onnon-polluting quid fuel for cooking. However, the same cannot be saidabout the slum dwellers. Vany of them are suspected to use any fuel, which

becomes available to them such ~ wood. bagasse, sawdust, waste

paper/boards or any sundry waste. The smokeess chulha is a concept, whichhas not reached to the depth where it should have. Thus. domestic fuel inslum areas is an area, which needs further study, more ~curate quantificationand a thrust for improvement offering acceptable option.PMC & PCMC will be well advised to take precautions that no more slum ~rslum like structure gets created in the newly 38 merged villages.

Pune Regional Emissions Inventory Study (US-EPA):

Within Pune region, air quality monitoring shows that the national air qualitystandards for particulate matter (PM) are regularly exceeded. When the PMstandards are exceeded, people are exposed to levels of particulate matter thathave been shown harmful to health.



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To develop a PM emissions inventory for the Rune region, a diverse team of40 participants from several of Indias governmental and educationalinstitutions such as NERI. MPCB and a U.S. EPA representative cametogether in Rune during March 2004 Following seven days of intensive,hands on effort, the project team successfully developed the first ever

comprehensive PM emissions estimates for the majority of the emissionssources in the Pune region. In addition, the team created an extensive rationaldatabase system to store, query, and report the emissions inventory data.

The PM emissions estimates developed during the project providea foundation for evaluating the sources of particulate matter air pollutionwithin Pune, and will assist in prioritizing future PM emissions reduction andresearch efforts. In addition, the database system is sufficiently sophisticatedto serve as a prototype for statewide and national emissions inventories. Theoutstanding efforts by the dedicated participants and cooperating agencies

provide a crucial foundation for further improving air quality and publichealth within Pune.

4) AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND AIR QUALITY IN

PUNE

Pune city does not have its own air quality monitoring programme per se,although ambient air quality is being monitored under the National AmbientAir Quality Monitoring (NAAQM Pune) programme.



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The MPCB was monitoring ambient air quality in 1992-93 period, at threelocations in Pune. viz. PCMC Death Registration building, Swargate junctionST stand on the 3rd noor and a building roof on Laxmi road. The details ofthese locations are currently unavailable.

Later, the EHD, University of Pune, took over this monitoring activity during1993-94. The EHD however changed the locations of some of the monitoringstations and monitoring was started at University main gate on top of the

police chowky, Mandai and Paud phata junction. The location at Paud phatawas changed 2-3 times due to problems of power, security and nuisance tolocal residents. The EHD conducted monitoring till about three years.

At present, monitoring is conducted under the NAAQM programme at threelocations at P0MG, University gate and Nalstop junction.Personal exposure monitoring (using personal monitors) has not beenconducted due to lack of adequate resources.

Considering the locations and placement of the monitoring sites of theNAAQM and EHD monitoring programmes, it appears that most of the airquality monitoring in Pune has been oriented towards pedestrian exposuremonitoring rather than ambient air quality monitoring.

Understanding the influence of vehicular emissions seems to be the primaryfocus ofseveral monitoring programmes conducted in the past in Pune.

Monitoring locations could also be sited to capture backgroundconcentrations in conjunction with source oriented (near major junctions andcongested roads) locations. Also important are the emissions from domesticsources such as wood and fuel burning in low income residential areas orslums. At least one station should be located to capture the emission profilefrom such areas.

To avoid nuisance due to the high noise of the HVS units to the localresidents, latest low noise or noiseless HVS units could be used for



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monitoring.

Since most of the industrial activities are based beyond the periphery ofPune, in the

Pinpri-Chinchwad areas, influence of industrial emissions is not a criticalissue in Pune. however meteorological conditions around Pune should bestudied to understand the fate of the industrial pollutants.

No information was available on use of the monitoring data in assistingdecision making for the city of Pune.

A formal Air Quality Management Programme should be launched for Punecity, that will involve emission profiling or inventorization, formulation ofmonitoring objectives, proper siting of monitoring stations, data analysis celland AQI reporting and outreach for decision making on landuse, traffic

management etc.Partculate pollution

Results of particulate air pollution studies at six locations in

the Pune city:

The values of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) and Particulate Matterless than 10 micron size (PM1O) which constitute respirable particles, givenhere are averages of three readings taken at the respective locations duringOctober to December 1997. The measurements of SPM and PM1 0 were

carried out using a standard method with a Respirable Dust Monitor APM460 (CSIR NEERI Technology) run continuously for eight hours at thosesites. It can be seen from the results given in Figure 1 that all the sites exceptat the University, exceeded the Permissible Limits (PL) as given by the

National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) which for SPM are 200micrograms per cubic meter and for PM1O are 100 micrograms per cubicmeter of air.

Several epidemiological studies have shown the correlation with increasedmortality and morbidity due to cardio-respiratory disorders and the increasednumber of PM1O in the ambient air. The major contribution of PM1O in the

ambient air is from vehicular exhaust, particularly from diesel vehicles.PM1O consists mainly of ultra fine carbon particles which come out as blacksmoke and can have long term adverse effects on the exposed population.

These results are showing trends of particulate pollution at different locationsin Punecity.

Gaseous Pollution

A detailed study involving 24 hours monitoring, twice a week for last twoyears is being carried out under the supervision of Dr. Alaka Gadgil for

National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (NAAQAM) program funded by



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CPCB. This expertise has been used to study the ambient air quality dung therecent three wheeler auto rickshaw alike. In the urban environment of Pune,major pollution load in ambient air comes from automobiles on road -- andnot from the Industries. Although Carbon Monoxide (CO) is the major

pollutant of two stroke engines, it is not included in the NAAQM subject. In

such situation NOx becomes the predominant pollutant over SOx. We havestudied levels of NOx and SOx before, during and after the recent strike.Results of this study carried out at the Swargate site during peak ours (5-9pm) iuthcate substantial decrease in NOx during the strike period.

Average levels in microgram per cubic meter for NOx while rickshaws Onroad is 140 aid Off road 95, and the average levels of SOx are 88 and 86respectively. There is no much change in the levels of SOx whichsubstantiates the fact that in Punes ambient air, the major source of air

pollution is automobiles on road.



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By using aerosols as tracers, LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) or laserradar can be applied to study a variety of parameters of the atmospheric

boundary layer (ABL) that directly or indirectly effect the air quality. The

computer-controlled, bistatic, continuos wave Argon ion fidar systemoperating at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune, Indiahas been used to determine the ventilation, coefficient, which is an index ofair quality over a place. The results of the experiments performed in thenocturnal boundary layer on the days with clear-sky conditions at Puneduring June-July 1994 indicated significant day-to-day variation in theventilation coefficient. These variations are found to associate more closelywith B in average wind than those in mixing depth. Low ventilationcoefficients noticed during the observation period are considered to havenegligible effect on air pollution due to the effects of cloud scavenging andrain washout.

International Conference on Biomass-based Fuels and

Cooking Systems A Report

A lot of research and development work is going on all over the world on theuse of biomass energy in the rural domestic energy sector in the developingcountries. Leading Indian NGO in the field of rural development,Appropriate Rural Technology institute (ARTI), had organised theInternational Conference on Biomass-based Fuels and Cooking Systems(BFCS-2000), at Pune, during November 20-24, 2000. The conference

brought together international biomass energy experts, on a single platform,for the first time, in the last decade.



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5) Analysis of Air pollution in different cities:

1) A study on the ambient air lead levels in Pune city, Maharashtra.

The lead in gasoline is emitted into the environment through the exhaustgases of automobiles. Pune is one of the fast developing cities in India withan increasing number of vehicles. Paper deals with the determination ofSPM, PMIO, TSPM and lead levels at selected sites in Pune city.

2) Study of physico-chemical and optical properties of atmospheric

constituents under different environmental and meteorological

conditions in IndiaPart I : aerosols.

Paper present the experimental techniques developed and extensive studiesthat have been carried out, so far, under the research programme ofatmospheric chemistry at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology(IITM), Pune, a low - latitude urban station in India. Paper focuses on

physical, chemical and optical characteristics of atmospheric aerosols.

3) Measurement of N02 in ambient air-effect of bubbler t e and sam le

flow rateinsocjjumarseflitemethd (National Environ Engng Res Inst,

Nehru Marg1



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The sodium arsenite method gives a sampling efficiency of 82% in theconcentration range 40 to 750 mg/m3, in case the sampling train consistsonly one bubbler (nozzle type) for a sample flow rate of 0.2 1pm and 24 hrsampling duration. The study concludes that the absorption efficiency of N02is greatly influenced by the sample flow rate, and recommends that a

correction factor should be applied according to the sampling device.

4) Effect of temperature on absorption of NO2 in arsentite method (Natl-

Environ Engng Res Inst, Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440020).

The effect of temperature on absorption efficiency of N02 is studiedemploying four impinger tubes in series to collect the maximum N02generated in the gas stream The study conducted at 16, 26 and 36Ctemperatures Shows maximum absorption efficiency (average) of 87.8% at26C in 1st impinger tube. At lower and higher temperatures, it is foundconsiderably less

5) Dispersion of coke oven emissions. (New Delhi 110016)

A puff dispersion model that includes wind shear and dynamic puff rise, hasbeen developed to simulate the behaviour of coke oven emissions underunsteady and non uniform atmospheric conditions. Each emission from thecoke pushing process is treated as a single puff. A good agreement betweenthe predicted and observed puff trajectory and temperature was obtainedwhen the optimized values of these coefficients were used in thecalculations.

6 Ambient air ualit status in Kora ut. Orissa Polin Contl Bd A/118

Nilkantha Nagar, Bhubaneswar 751012).

The ambient air quality was monitored at 11 monitoring stations in andaround Koraput district at monthly intervals Air quality index and standarddeviation at different sampling points were calculated. The results show acomparative study of the air quality in different areas of Koraput. The study

identifies the potential sources for effective pollution control measures toimprove the air quality in Koraput district in future.

7 Ground level concentration of nitro en oxides NOx at some traffic

intersection points in Calcutta.

Results from a year long programme of measuring ground-levelconcentration of NOx at 19 important traffic intersection points within thecity of Calcutta have been presented Results indicate that the NOxconcentration level has a seasonal variation Maximum average concentrationof 222 pg m-3 was observed during winter and minimum average

concentration of 55 pg m-3 was observed during peak monsoon.



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8)Total non-methane volatile organic compounds (TNMVOC) in theatmosphere

of Delhi.

Volatile organic compounds (VOC), more specifically non-methane volatileorganic compounds (NMVOC) play a critical role in the atmosphericchemistry. Paper deals with the estimation of total NMVOC at 13 sites in theurban environment of Delhi. The results show that the amount of NMVOC inthe ambient environment of Delhi varied between 1 .3 and 32.5 ppmvexhibiting wide temporal and seasonal variation. NMVOC levels mostly

peaked at 0900, which coincide with peak traffic hour.

9) Status of ambient air quality in LucknoW citi

The Lucknow city has witnessed a tremendous increase in two wheeler andthree wheeler populations. They are the main source of visible pollution

because they emit a lot of black soot from the exhaust. This black sootcreates eye irritation, breathing trouble and is deposited on clothes. The studywas initiated to monitor air quality status of different sites in Lucknow city.

10) Air quality index and its variations in Paradip area. (Vani Vihar.~

BhubaneshWar 751004].

The general features of the air quality index are described and then a casestudy of Paradip area is considered to illustrate the computation of an airquality index for that locality. The annual average of the indices for Paradiparea indicates a clear increasing trend in the values which reflects thedetenoration of the air quality in the area over the years.

11) Study of air quality of industrial area surrounded by coalmines.

(Tata Refractories Ltd. Scient Ser Div, Belpahar 768218. Jharsuqudal

lb valley area is situated in the south west part of river lb in Jharsugudadistricts of Orissa. Paper assess the air pollution levels due to industrial andmining activity of lb valley area. The details of ambient air quality of threeseasons that is summer, post-rainy and winter are presented.

12)A study on phylloplane micro flora under air pollution stress.



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Paper deals with the effect of air pollution stress on phylloplane mycoflora offew tropical tree species around Nagda Industrial area, with respect to theiroccurrence and frequency. At polluted site some fungal species werecompletely eliminated from the leaf surface while few species could thrivewell in the stressed atmosphere. A significant decrease was observed in

phylloplane mycoflora population on all the tree species studied.

13) Air pollution management programme of Calcutta.

Calcutta is one of the large cities in India known to have severe air pollutionproblems with respect to suspended particulate matter, oxides of nitrogen,sulphur dioxide. carbon monoxide, and lead. The primary source of these

pollutants is vehicular emission. An air quality management programme basedon reducing stationary source and mobile source emissions will help tomitigate the air pollution and improve the quality of life.

14) Air quality prediction and model performance evaluation.

Jamshedpur city located in the eastern part of India is severely affected byincreasing air pollution levels as a result of concentrated industrial activitiesand rapid urbanization. A well designed ambient air quality network wasoperated to minitor S02 concentration continuously. These data were used inthe Industrial Source Complex Short Term (ISCST) dispersion model to

predict S02 concentration profile over space and time.

15)Size and distribution of dust particles: stone crushing industry.

A cluster of 48 stone crushers woricing at Pammal area, south west ofChennai generates dust pollution in and around the crushers. Laser diffractiontechnique was employed to analyse the size and distribution of dust particlesin the air. The fine inhalable particulate matter concentration was found highin ambient air, indicating its potential to affect human health.

16)Pesticides in the ambient air of the Kolleru lake.

Pesticides, suspended particulate matter, nitric oxide and sulphur dioxide weremeasured to assess the ambient air quality to Kolleru Lake. The maximum

average concentrations of a- BHC, g- BHC and endosulfan were 3.2. 4.6 and2.7 mg/m3 respectively. The maximum levels of suspended particulate matter,nitric oxide and sulfur dioxide were 291.4, 62.7 and 6.7 mg/m3.

17)Spatial patterns of air pollution in Delhi.

Paper attempts to look at the spatial patterns of air pollution in Delhi, forsulphur dioxide (S02), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and suspended particulatematter (SPM). The SPM levels at a few places in Delhi often exceed national

ambient air quality standards with the highest average values of SPMconcentrations in various seasons in Delhi were always above 380 pg/m3.



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Some strategies to reduce air pollution in the city of Delhi have beensuggested.

18) Diurnal variation of air microbes with respect to respirable

particulate matter (PMIO) in Chennai City .

Studies were carried out at Chennai on ambient air with respect to respirableparticulate matter (PM1O) below 10 microns in size and the microbes-bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes. An attempt has been made to correlate theoccurrence of different microbes with the PM1O concentrations. The studyindicated definite positive correlations in all the areas during all the periodsof the day.

19) Emissions of SPM, S02, N02 and particulate lead from petrol driven2 and

3-wheelers.

Exhaust emission from petrol driven vehicles were collected using portableAir quality sampler Envirotech APM 414 of all 100 CC mobikes. HeroHonda was found to have the lowest concentration of SPM, N02 and

particulate lead. The lowest concentration of SPM and S02 were found inexhaust emission of Kinetic Honda among all two wheelers. The meanemission of SPM. S02. N02 and particulate lead from petrol drivenautorickshaws were found to be 788. 16 4. 5.2 and 93.03 pgIL of exhaust gas,respectively.

6)CONCLUSION:

This project tells the information about the Air pollution of environment,Sources of Air pollution and its effect on human health. In this project, thecontrols of Air pollution are stated. i.e. this project is based on analyzing airquality of pune city and control measures for it.. In this project. Air qualitymanagement of pune city is given for making safe city.

REFERENCES:Internet sources:

1) www.gooqle.com2) www.niscair.com3) www.altavista.com4) www.khoI.com5) www.cieocities.com

Documents

Air Pollution Management in Pune City