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AIR POLLUTION IN ASIA
Dr. Ashok Kumar, P.Eng.Professor & Chairman
Department of Civil EngineeringThe University of Toledo
Early 1990’s, SPM-Comparison Across Cities(Source: UNESCAP 2000)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Bangkok
Beijing
Calcutta
Delhi
Jakarta
Kuala Lumpur
Manila
Mumbai
Seoul
Shanghai
Tehran
Tokyo
Annual Avg. (ug/m3)
Air Quality Levels 2000-2001
Source: Information collected from national and local government agencies through CAI-Asia network, 2003, detailed sources available from CAI-Asia Secretariat
SO2
NO2
SPM
PM10
SPM Limit = 90 µg/m3 (WHO, 1979)
PM10 Limit = 50 µg/m3 (USEPA,
1997)
SO2 Limit = 50 µg/m3 (WHO, 1999)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Bangk
ok
Busan
Chong
qing
Colom
bo
Hong
Kong
Jaka
rta
Kolkat
a
Man
ila
Mum
bai
New D
elhi
Osaka
Pune
Singap
ore
Seoul
Shang
hai
Tokyo
con
cen
trat
ion
in
µg
/m
NO2 Limit = 40 µg/m3 (WHO, 1999)
Changes in RSPM levels
Delhi
(ug/m3)
Kolkata
(ug/m3)
Mumbai
(ug/m3)
Hyderabad
(ug/m3)
Chennai
(ug/m3)
1993-95
Average
255 196 142 69 73
2000-02
Average
180 130 83 66 63
Reduction 75
(29%)
66
(34%)
59
(42%)
3
(4%)
10
(14%)
CONTROL MEASURES• Technology-Based Regulations
– Hybrid Vehicles– Fuel Cell Vehicles– Hydrogen-Powered Internal-Combustion Engines – Ultra-Low Sulfur Fuels– Alternative Fuels
• Economic Instruments– Emission Trading– Congestion Pricing
• Policy Implementation
RSPM (All Areas)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
ug/m
3
1328 industries closed or relocated in 1996-97
Lower S in diesel and other industrial fuel
National Standard (Residential)
Change in monitoring equipment !
Effects - India
Environmental Effects of Globalization
A failure to account for environmental and social degradation
A potential reduction in environmental and social standards
Specialization which increases monocultures and decreases diversity
Environmental damage caused by long-distance transport
Export-oriented growth which exacerbates all of the above. Incompatibility with some environmental protection measures
Increasing inequality between rich and poor countries, rich and poor people, and women and men, all of which also exacerbate poverty and environmental degradation