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Air pollution: Health impacts
across UK and Sussex
Group Leader, Air Pollution and Climate Change
Centre for Radiation, Chemical & Environmental Hazards
Dr Sotiris Vardoulakis
Environmental
Sustainability
Air
Pollution
Climate
Change
Public
Health
Outdoor Pollution Sources
• Road traffic and other means of
transport (e.g. airports, shipping)
• Industrial activities
• Energy generation
• Domestic activities
• Waste disposal
• Farming and agriculture
• Accidental releases
• Forest fires
• Pollen and other bioallergens
• Desert dust episodes
` Indoor Air Pollution Sources
• Space heating
• Cooking
• Smoking
• Building materials and
furnishings (asbestos,
flame retardants, etc.)
• Household products
(cleaning, DIY, etc.)
• Radon (from soil)
• Dampness and mould
• Pathogens (bacteria and
viruses)
Global Burden of Disease Study 2010
(Lim et al. 2012) DALYs (%)
Lower Respiratory Infections
Chronic Respiratory Disease
Cardio-vascular Disease
Cancer
European cities
exceeding pollution
limits
90% of EU city dwellers are
exposed to harmful air
pollutants, including
particulate matter and
ground-level ozone
Health aspects of air pollution
and review of EU policies
WHO-Europe international projects:
• REVIHAAP (hazard)
• HRAPIE (risk)
– To provide the European Commission and its stakeholders with evidence-based advice on the health aspects of air pollution (including those regulated in the AQ Directives).
– Results will support the revision of EU air quality policies which began in 2013. Policies will undergo cost-benefit analysis.
http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/iarcnews/pdf/pr221_E.pdf
Regulated Pollutants
Particles (PM10 and PM2.5)
Nitrogen dioxide
Ozone
Sulphur dioxide
PAH (B[a]P)
Benzene
1,3-Butadiene
Carbon monoxide
Lead
National Air Quality Strategy
Fine particles (PM2.5)
Particulate Mater:
What determines toxicity?
• Particle size? (PM10, PM2.5)
• Components?
• Elemental or organic carbon
• Metals (especially transition)
• PAHs
• Oxidative potential
• Sources?
• Primary/secondary
• Age?
Ultrafine hypothesis • Suggested that ultrafine particles may be particularly
important:
• Dominate particle number
• High surface area
• Cause local lung inflammation
• Leading to release of mediators, which alter blood
coagulability and increase risk of heart attacks
(Seaton et al. 1995)
Six US Cities: Portage (P), Topeka (T), Watertown (W), St Louis (L),
Harriman (H), Steubenville (S)
(Dockery et al. 1993)
Six Cities Study
Long-term exposure to particulate pollution
American Cancer Society study
Long-term exposure to particulate pollution
Pope et al, AJRCCM; 1995
•• 151 US metropolitan areas
• particulate air pollution was
associated with cardio-
pulmonary and lung cancer
mortality
• Increasing ambient fine
particle mass was associated
with increased mortality
COMEAP (2010) estimated the
mortality burden of human-made
particulate pollution in UK in 2008
as:
• an effect equivalent to 29,000
deaths
• a loss of 340,000 years of life
• average loss of 6 months of life
expectancy from birth
Health Burden of Particulate Pollution in UK
http://comeap.org.uk/
3.01: Fraction of mortality attributable to particulate air pollution
5.1
5.7
5.3 5.6
5.3
4.9
5.4
5.0
5.1
4.8 5.2
5.2
4.9
4.9
4.9 5.2
England 5.5 South East 7.2 London
Fraction of mortality (%) attributable to particulate
air pollution in Sussex in 2011
• Attributable fraction, attributable deaths, years of life lost
• All local authority areas
• Guidance on estimating mortality attributable to long-term exposure to anthropogenic PM2.5 at Local Authority level
Use of the PHE report • Scope the scale of the public health problem associated with air
pollution.
• Raise awareness of the need to consider air pollution when
establishing priorities for action to improve public health locally.
• The estimates can be used within a local authority area for
comparison with health burdens from other risk factors.
• The report is not intended for the quantitative evaluation of the
health impacts of local measures to reduce air pollution.
• Comparisons of mortality burdens between local authorities are
not an appropriate basis to impute good or poor practice.
Climate Change and Health (AQEG, 2012)
PM2.5 source apportionment
(PCM model, Birmingham)
• Low Emission Zones
• Parking & stopping restrictions
• Pedestrianisation schemes
• Public transport interventions
• Park & ride schemes
• Walking and cycling
• Relocation of road space
(bus lanes, etc.)
Traffic Management
Urban Green Spaces • Create a better
environmental context
for development
• Improve air quality
• Improve flood risk
management
• Enhance biodiversity
and ecological values
• Secondary health
benefits (e.g. mental
health, physical
activity) http://www.pureframework.org/
East London Green Grid
Summary
• Multiple sources of outdoor and indoor air pollution, but
road traffic is currently the main source in the UK.
• Acute and chronic health effects of air pollutants.
• Evidence continues to grow for adverse health effects of
particles, ozone, and nitrogen dioxide at ambient levels.
• PM2.5 is the main metric for quantification of the effects of
long-term exposure to air pollution.
• Traffic management, active travel, urban greening, etc.
can bring local air quality benefits (and other public health
and climate change mitigation co-benefits)
COMEAP
Information for the public
http://www.comeap.org.uk/
Annual Air Pollution Research Review meeting
Solihull, 3-4 June 2014
Acknowledgements
• APCC group members, particularly Alison Gowers
• COMEAP members, particularly Frank Kelly, Fintan Hurley,
Brian Miller, John Stedman, Bob Maynard and Heather Walton