Air Pollution Countermeasures in Tehran

8/7/2019 Air Pollution Countermeasures in Tehran

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Air pollution countermeasures in Tehran page 1

Statement by :

Ms. Paimaneh Hastaie

Advisor to the mayor of Tehran onenvironmental affairs

Tehran IRAN


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In the name of God

Introduction

Iran with a current population of over 60 millions is located on the upland vast plateau

bounded by southest mountains borders Turkmenistan, the Caspian Sea, Azerbaijan andArmenia in the north, Turkey and Iraq in the west, the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman in

the south and Pakistan and Afghanistan in the east.Iranian plateau bounded by two large mountains, Alborz and Zagros, has an area of some

1,648,195 square kilometer, two thirds of which consist of mountains plateau and or

deserts.The climate of Iran varies from region to region because of its topographical complexity.

The climate of most parts of the country belongs to the desert climate or steppe climateexcept that of the northern district of the Alborz mountains facing the Caspian Seacharacterized by its mediterranean climate.

Tehran is located at latitude 35o 31?QRWKDQG o ? RQJLWXGHHDVWZ KLOHLWVWRSRJUDSK\ is characterized by gentle upward slopes from the south to the north and from the west to

the east formed by 3500 4000 m high Alborz mountains in the north and east. Thedifference of height between the southern area of Tehran central station and the MehrabadInternational Airport (1200m above the sea) and northern part of Tajrish district (1500 m

above the sea) is 300 m.Tehran is located in the southern part of the Alborz mountains and its climate is the

steppe climate.

Table 1 shows logical element at the meteorological bureau of Mehrabad International

Airport in Tehran.

Table -1: Logical element at the meteorological bureau ofMehrabad International Airport in Tehran

Annual mean temperature 17.5 oC

Annual mean humidity 40%

Annual precipitation 229.9 mm

Annual most frequent wind direction West

Number of clear and partly cloudy days 317 days/year

Number of days with precipitation more than one mm/day 41.1 days/year

Annual number of days with snow or sleet 13.2 days/year

Number of days of thunderstorms 17.5 days/year

Inversion occurrenceMore than 250 days

annually


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Tehran with a day time population of some 10 millions and with a metropolitan area of

over 2000 square kilometers is the center of the national government and of commercial,financial, cultural and educational activities in Iran. Rapid urban expansion over the pasttwo decades in Tehran resulted from a high population growth rate and increased rural-

urban migration combined with a strong tradition of centralization in the capital.Tehran is geographically similar to Los Angeles and Mexico City, situated at an altitude

of some 1,500 m and is surrounded to the east, north and west by a snow-capped mountainrange. There is little wind so pollution tends to congregate above the city, trapped by themountains and the warm air rising from the south.

Tehrans air pollution problem is severe by world standards, and the government ofthe Islamic Republic of Iran as a high priority environmental and health issue has identified

it. An important cause of air pollution is the exhaust from about 1.4 million motor vehicles,including about 0.5 million motorcycles, operating in an extremely congested road space(average vehicle speeds below 18 Km/h) and 70,000 industrial units.

It is known that between 65 to 70 percent of total emissions are related to urban transportoperations. Reported average concentrations of pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO),particulate matter less than 10 micron diameter (PM-10) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), in the

city center in 1998, were two to three times above average levels recommended byWHO/USEPA. The growth in number of vehicles over the last two years has made the

situation even more severe (Table 2).

Table -2: Annual average concentration of air pollutant in city of Tehran

CO (ppm)NO2(ppb)

SO2(ppb)

PM-10(g/m3)

Average in 1999 9 39 48 112

Estimated in 2010 26 300 200 200WHO/EPA Standard 2-4 50 30 50

The problem is compounded by topographical (mountains to the north and the east) and

climatological factors (sunshine, frequent temperature inversions), which favourphotochemical transformation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides

(NOx) to produce smog and tropospheric ozone. There are enough reasons to believe thatthe city suffers from high ozone concentration levels.

Urban transport is of considerable concern from a global warming standpoint. Urban

transport operations consume an estimated 2.0 million tons of gasoline/diesel fuel per year,releasing about 5 million tons of CO2. Transport system alone generates about twice as

much carbon per capita as the overall average carbon per capita for developing countries.Partly, this high level of CO2

emissions is due to a weak public transport system, causing anexcessive reliance on the private vehicle which accounts for about 60 percent of all

passenger trips in the city. By way of comparison, in Mexico City, which also suffers fromsevere air pollution, the automobile accounts for less than 30 percent of passenger trips.

There are various factors that complicate the overall environmental situation. These


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factors include:

1- The climatological and geographical conditions of the city which is surrounded fromthree sides by mountains, contributing to low winds and low rainfall,2- Lack of adequate public transportation system,

3- Obsolete transport vehicle technology and high average life of vehicle fleet,

4- The large number of cars, minibuses, buses, vans, trucks, and motorcycles,

5- Low fuel prices subsidized by the government causing little incentive for fuelconservation,

6- Low quality of fuels (leaded gasoline and high sulfur content of diesel fuel),

7- Low proportion of trees and green areas,

8- The public excessive use of private cars and heavy traffic due to not observing the trafficrules by the public which has contributed to congested road space,

9- Lack of efficient urban planning in the city, and finally,

10- The economic and social problems caused in part by the population growth due to theimmigration to the capital, and unsatisfactory levels of public awareness on environmentalissues.

In response to the enhanced problems of urban transport and the associated air pollution,

the Municipality of Tehran has undertaken a number of initiatives, including improvementof physical infrastructures and management of the urban transport operations. TheMunicipalitys strategy to reduce carbon dioxide involves several elements listed below

with their relative contribution to the reduction target.

I) Restricted Traffic Zone

In order to manage the ever- increasing traffic in Tehran, the city center has beendesignated as a restricted traffic area since 1983. This area, covering about 23 km2, is the

focus of current and planned traffic management schemes. Presently about 10 percent of thevehicles (government owned vehicles, physicians cars, taxis, and other public vehicles)

have been issued stickers allowing them to access this area during restricted hours (6:30to 17:00 hrs). In addition there is a larger area, covering about half the city, where truckrestrictions apply.

II) Adoption of Alternative Fuels

Transportation energy use in the world is rapidly becoming a critical issue. Recentprojection by the U.S. Department of Energy indicates that the overwhelming majority (80percent) of growth in world oil consumption by the year 2010 could come from the

developing countries. For the 15 largest developing countries about 50 percent of thegrowth in oil consumption in the 1970 to 1984 period has been in transportation. There are

no solid indications that this growth has reversed or even slowed down.In accordance with the national policy to utilize natural gas as an alternative fuel for oil


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products and in view of the lower pollution levels emitted by gaseous fueled vehicles,Tehran Municipality is planning to convert 4000 diesel fueled buses from the public

transportation fleet to Compressed Natural Gas (CNG). Also more than 30000 taxis havebeen converted to LPG.

III) Inspection and Maintenance of In-Use Vehicles:

In addition to annual inspection, Municipality of Tehran enforces a mandatory emission

inspection and control program for motor vehicles permitted to pass through the citysRestricted Traffic Zone. This program will soon be implemented for all in use vehicles inthe city. The inspection program includes safety checks and evaluation of major auto parts

as well as measurement of CO and HC emissions whose levels are minimized at the A/Fstochiometric value (?=1)

Since the average life of automobiles in Iran is high, inspection and maintenance woulddrastically improve their emission levels. A study on about 50 gasoline fueled vehicles ofdifferent ages and different models, both domestic and imported passengers cars, indicated

that the engine tune-up will reduce the air pollutants by as much as 50 percent and anaverage reduction of about 15 percent in fuel consumption can be achieved.

At the present time the motorcycles are also inspected, although this does not includeemission level measurement.

Studies show that proper maintenance and tune-up are highly effective in reducing

emissions from motorcycles. These study shows that motorcycle engine tune-up can lowerthe average CO and HC emission by 45 percent and 37 percent, respectively, and improve

fuel efficiency by 30 percent.Measurement of in-use vehicle exhaust emissions is currently carried out in over 90

stations in Tehran. These stations measure concentrations of CO and HC gases emitted

from gasoline fueled engines. Also, emission tests of new vehicles by the CVS methodbased on ECE 1503 standard is performed at one location for type approval. Another

station performing this test will soon come into operation.

IV) Ambient Air Monitoring

There are 13 ambient air-monitoring facilities in Tehran. CO, NOx, SO2, HC, TSP, O3and Pb are monitored at various locations in the city.

There are a limited number of monitoring stations in other cities as well.

V) Conversion of Heating Systems to Natural Gas

A study was made, based on the data collected by the Ministry of Health, to determinethe trend of certain air pollutants in Tehran for the past decade. It was found that

particulates and lead have increased, whereas the smoke and sulfur dioxide have decreased.The conversion of the Heating Systems of residential and commercial buildings to naturalgas is expected to be complete by the end of 2005.

VI) Bus Operations

Tehran has about 60km of dedicated bus lanes physically separated from other trafficlanes. These lanes have greatly increased bus speeds. Urban bus services in Tehran haveincreased during the last 8 years, indicating an increase of 100% since last 8 years.

A Park and Ride facility (with the capacity of 2000 cars), served by express bus servicehas proved successful.Four other such facilities have so far been established.


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VII) Green Space Development

The severe air pollution of Tehran has put the development of green space and

establishment of parks on the top of the programs of Tehran Municipality.In 1993, there were 480 parks with the area of 12,509,759 m2 in Tehran. In addition,

there are 15 forest parks in the suburbs of Tehran with the area of 7000 hectares, which

have recently been further developed by 2,500 hectares.The green space per person ratio has increased from 2.5 m2 in 1989 to 10 m2 in 1993.

VIII) Relocation of Industries and Urban Jobs

This is another project with the purpose of reducing environmental pollution. The

relocation of all factories, workshops and businesses is thoroughly studied and variousrecommendations are made to restrict business activities and practices, which are found to

be harmful to the urban environment.Another example of the municipalitys dedication to the environment is the

transformation of a major slaughterhouse in the south of Tehran into one of the - largest

cultural houses in the city. The old slaughterhouse had posed major pollution problems inthe region and this transformation has drastically improved the environmental conditions of

that area.

IX) Solid Waste Management

Solid waste produced in Tehran is estimated to be 3,280,122 metric tons per year.Collection, recycling and disposal of this huge volume of solid waste in a large city such

as Tehran calls for very precise planning and huge expenditures.The solid waste of the whole city can now be collected and carried over to the recycling

and dumping centers in less than seven hours.

X) Other Significant Measures

Besides the practices outlined above, some other significant measures have been takenby the Municipality of Tehran, which has improved the living environment. Such measuresinclude intelligent traffic management and control, use of trolley bus system, expansion of

ring roads and motor-ways and few more.

XI) International Cooperation

The Government of Islamic Republic of Iran and the Municipality of Tehran is activelyparticipating in international effort for the reduction of local and global air pollution.

The Municipality Of Tehran has conducted two international projects reviewing thecurrent situation and expected future trends in both mobile and stationary sources. It also

analyzed the technical and economic viability of various control technologies and policiesin short (0-5 years), medium (5-10 years), and long-term (10-20 years) perspective, andaddresses both local air quality and greenhouse gas emissions issue.

?Tehran Transport Emissions Reduction ProjectTehran Municipality initiated Tehran Transport Emissions Reduction Project. The

purpose of the project has been to identify a comprehensive strategy for reducing motor

vehicle air pollution and to identify means of reducing GHG (Green House Gases) emissionfrom the transport sector. The Global Environmental Facility (GEF) and Tehran

Municipality have provided funds for the technical assistance.The study has been carried out in close cooperation among Swedish Joint venture (JV).


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The study commenced in November 1995 and finished in September 1997.

Objectives of the study

(a) Evaluating present and future contributions of motor vehicles in Tehran to air

pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, by analyzing the existing motor vehicle emissionsdata and preparing an emission inventory;

(b) Establishing an air pollution monitoring system for collection of data on presentlevels of air pollutants, and development of appropriate dispersion models for predicting air

quality levels under various scenarios;

(c) Reviewing existing and proposed standards and policies to control vehicleemissions and fuels, recommending appropriate standards, tests and certificationprocedures, and R&D strategies for each class of motor vehicle and fuel type, and assessing

cost impacts, lead-times, and air quality benefits. Recommendations were to considercurrent air pollution levels, future increases, and the timing of emission reductions needed

for a phased program of air quality improvement;

(d) Evaluating the feasibility, costs, and effectiveness of other measures such as fuel

pricing, traffic planning, transport pricing, land use, transportation demand management,and use of alternative fuels; and

(e) Recommending a set of cost effective intervention to reduce transport emissions inthe short (0-5 years), medium, (5-10 years), and long term (10-20 year) ,and providing

assistance in drafting appropriate regulations, and establishing certification andenforcement mechanisms for emissions regulation, including transferring this know- how to

Iranian professionals and technicians.

Project Tasks

The project is defined in the terms of reference, and the main parts of the work have beenidentified as follows:

Task l - Problem definition: This task involves a review of available data in order to form abaseline for the vehicle fleet in Tehran, a comprehensive emission inventory, an assessment

of the quality of emission laboratories, and a summary of health effects;

Task 2 - Assessment of current emissions control strategies: This involves review of

compliance requirements and institutional arrangements, review of vehicles standards andpricing, assessment of conventional fuels and pricing policies, assessment of inspection and

maintenance programs, and review and assessment of issues related to transpotationmanagement;

Task 3 - projection of future problems under currently planned controls: On the basis ofprojections of economic change, Population, and vehicle population, projection of future

emissions and air quality will be made assuming Business- as- usual;


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Task 4-Identification of alternative strategies for emissions control on the basis of theprevious tasks: A set of feasible strategies for emissions control will be identified, including

new vehicle standards, inspection/maintenance improvements, improvements inconventional and alternative fuels, and transportation management (traffic and land use);

Task 5 - Development of an evaluation framework :An evaluation of various actions will becarried out in order to form a ranking of actions based on the amount of pollutants reduced,

impact on local pollutants versus greenhouse gas reduction, short term versus long termimpacts, and associated costs (both direct and indirect);

Task 6- Development of institutional arrangements: Based on the result of Task2, technicalassistance and advice will be provided on setting up certification and enforcement

mechanisms to verify manufactures compliance with emissions standards, and mechanismsfor periodic review of emissions standards. Proposals will be prepared for the developmentof efficient institutional arrangements and resources needed to implement the strategies

adopted for emissions control.

Task 7- Draft final report

Task 8- Finalization of action plan.

A list of the measures is proposed to reduce air pollution caused by the transportation

system, which is shown in the table-3.

Table-3: Timetable of action plan

PeriodAction/Measure

19972000 20012005 20062015

Light-duty vehicles (LDV, and LDT)

ECE R-83 B App. For importedLDV and LDT

?????

?????

Retrofit of Paykans less than 10years and improved standard onnew Paykans

?????

Exclusion of petrol in LPG taxis andintroduction catalyst

?????

ECE R-83 B app. for all new LDVand LDT

?????

??????????

Emission regulation according toproposed EU standard for year 2000

?????

??????????

LPG High Quality conversion andservice for LDV and LDT

?????

??????????

Motorcycles and mopeds

EU-97 limits for motorcycles andmopeds

?????

Catalysts for motorcycles non EU-97standards

?????

?????


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Minibuses

ECE R49 Euro2 standard for alllocally minibuses

?????

?????

Particulate traps for all minibuses?????

ECE R49 Euro2 standard for alllocally produced minibusesincluding particulate traps

???

??

??????

????ECE R49 Euro3 standard for allminibuses

?????

??????????

Full-size buses

Installation of particulate traps in allfull-size buses

?????

ECE R49 Euro2 for importedbuses

????????

Catalysts for CNG converted buses?????

Table-3: Timetable of action plan (ditto)

Catalysts for high quality converted CNGbuses

?????????????

ECE R49 Euro2 for locally produced buses??????????

ECE R49 Euro3 for all buses plus catalyst

???

??

???????

???ECE R49 Euro3 for bi-articulated buses fortrunk bus network

?????

?????

??????????

Trucks

ECE R49 Euro2 standard for all importedtrucks

?????

?????

ECE R49 Euro2 standard and particulatetraps in all locally produced trucks

?????

??????????

Conversion to DME plus catalyst ????????

??????????

Inspection and maintenance

Improved I&M for LDV ?????

Introduction of an l&M program for lightduty trucks

?????

I&M, smoke measurements, and sealing ofinjection pump in heave duty vehicles

?????

?????

Training of vehicle inspectors?????

Improvement of fuels


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Unleaded petrol?????

Reformulated Petrol +15% MTBE?????

?????

Import of low sulfur diesel (S= 0.05%) to beused minibuses and full-size buses

?????

Production of low sulfur diesel (S=0.05%) inIran

?????

?????

Introduction of DME as a fuel for dieselengines

?????

?????

Oil mixing equipment at petrol stations?????

Vehicle traffic and parking

Parking policies?????

Traffic signals?????

Construction of Park and Ride parking areas ?????

Introduction of parking restrictions andincreased parking fees

?????

Table-3: Timetable of action plan (ditto)

Land use development policies

National spatial and physical planning?????

Regional planning policies TehranMetropolitan Area

?????

Tehran Municipality development policies?????

?????

??????????

Tehran Municipality implementation policies?????

Establishment of a Co-ordinating unit fortransport

?????

planning and urban planningPublic transport

Introduction of a trunk bus network?????

?????

??????????

? Planning period/decision on implementation ?????? Implementation period ?????


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? The study on an Integrated Master Plan for Air Pollution Control in (GTA)

The Municipality of Tehran also initiated the study on an Integrated Master Plan for AirPollution Control. The objective of the study is to formulate an integrated master plan for

air pollution control based on the research, survey and analysis on socioeconomic activitiesand the situation of air pollution in Greater Tehran Area (GTA) which is the area within the

administrative boundary of Tehran. The study was funded by JICA (Japan InternationalCooperation Agency) and carried out in cooperation between Japanese Joint Venture and itsIranian counterpart. The study started in April 1995 and finished in November 1997.

The studies comprise the following main parts:

Current situation and planned development,

Establishment of a baseline for the mobile and stationary sources in Tehran,A mobile and stationary source emissions inventory,

Assessment of emissions laboratories,A summary of health effects,Monitoring and inspection,

Compliance requirements and institutional arrangements,Environmental laws and regulations,

Vehicle standards find pricing,Conventional fuels and pricing policies,Inspection and Maintenance,

Transportation management,Public transport,

Land use and air quality simulation

Project Description

The projects were the efforts to study options for future improvement of the air in anenvironmentally sustainable manner.

Measures for air pollution reduction in the GTA will be classified into three categories,

e.g.:1. Establishment of environmental management systems in Tehran city,

2. Management of vehicular sources and3. Management of stationary sources.

(1) Establishment of environmental management systems in Tehran City in the centralgovernment and municipal level. Three key environmental activity are needed such as an

emission inventory, monitoring and inspection, and environmental laws/regulationsincluding environmental audit systems for reduction of air pollution in GTA. It is thereforerecommended to implement following activities :

1) Organization of environmental management.

2) Plan of environmental laws and regulations.3) Analysis of present air pollution caused by vehicles and stationary sources


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facilitating policy making.4) Study of environmental management systems in foreign countries.

5) Establishment of environmental management systems.6) Regional & wide area monitoring system including meteorological observation.7) Establishment of systems for monitoring and inspection for emission sources.

8) Establishment of inventory systems.9) Improvement and research of ana1ytical technologies for analyzing air polluting

substances.10) Preparation of emission reduction guideline.11) Research in health impacts and economic loss due to air pollution.

12) Support of the private sector in reduction of air pollution.13) Research and development in energy conservation.

14) Manpower development for environmental protection.15) Promotion of technical cooperation with foreign countries.

(2) Management of vehicular sources

As the management system for vehicle emission reduction needs a wide range activitiesto be conducted by the central government and Municipality, therefore roles of the parties

of these activities is required to be defined. It is recommended for future development ofvehicular sources to implement following activities:

1) Monitoring of transportation and traffic volume in the GTA,2) Improvement of traffic regulations and monitoring of traffic conditions,

3) Execution of vehicle inspection,4) Determination of traveling modes and operation of chassie dynamo tests.

5) Expansion of vehicle maintenance capacity,6) Improvement of vehicle manufacturing technology,7) Research and development in vehicle emission reduction technology targeting in-use

vehicles,8) Research and development in urban planning,

9) National programs for vehicle fuel renovation,10) Research and development in the energy economy,11) Promotion and coordination of introduction of foreign technology for emission

reduction,

(3) Management of stationary sources

At this moment in GTA, relocation of factories is being promoted on the basis of theClean City 80 Program. Though only a few polluting emission sources have been found in

GTA, in view of future economic development, light industries such as agrobased foodprocessing, plastic and packaging as well as mechatronic industries are predicted to expand.It is therefore recommended for future development of stationary emission sources to

implement following activities:

1) Improvement of emission inventory systems,2) Improvement of monitoring and inspection systems,


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3) Preparation of air pollution reduction guidelines through a manufacturing sector studyas well as promotion of development of industrial technology,

4) Promotion of activities for dissemination of technology and information amongmanufacturing sub-sectors on saving of energy including cleaner production technologieswhich are being used worldwide,

5) Improvement of combustion technology and promotion of import of technology andrelated equipment,

6) Development of manpower relating to the key technologies described above andmanagement of pollution control,7) Dissemination and demonstration of model facilities for air pollution technology,

8) Rehabilitation of regional inspection laboratories in GTA,9) Enforcement of emission standard regulations for flue gas,

10) Promotion of technical cooperation with overseas organization.

Table- 4: Summary of countermeasure for air pollution controlfor GTA

Expected amount of pollutants to bereduced (ton)

No. CountermeasureImplementation

Period 1/

Projectcost

(US $

1000) CO SOx NOxCost

(US $/ton)2/

1 Air pollution control management

1-1. Establishment of inventory system 1998 283 12699.3 4774.9 5927

1-2. Ambient air monitoring system 1999 522

1-3. Municipal environment research andpromotion center (establishment)

2003 24630 5079.72 2864.94

1-4. Expansion of monitoring stations 1999,2003,2007 2750 2539.86 1909.96

2 Vehicular sources2-1. Enhancement of public transport

system2003 231150 124021 1251 5942 1863.8

2-2. Strengthening of I/M program 1998 25300 165000 153.33

2-3. Enforcement of emission standard 1998 354 41340 500 8.56

2-4. Establishment of I/M training course 2000 1050 82680 12.7

2-5. Establishment of vehicle engineering

center2001 8520 110000 500 10000 77.45

2-6. Improvement of main parts of carmanufacture

2000 5560 220000 25.27

2-7. Introduction of catalytic converter 2005 148780 110000 30000 1352.55

2-8. Desulfurization of diesel oil 1999 44780 6000 7463.33

2-9. Construction of MTBE plant 2007 139980 145000 965.38

2-10. Implementation of scrappageprogram

1999,2004,2008 53560 152000 352.37

2-11. Promotion of public awareness 1998 400 24804.12

3 Stationary sources

3-1. Improvement of regional inspectionlab.

1999,2003 990 10159.4 3819.92 97.45

3-2. Investigation and preparation of

master plan on manufacturing sub-sector in GTA

1998 1310 25398.6 11459.8 51.58


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1) sub-sectoral study2) Measure for saving of energy

3) Introduction of cleanerproduction technology

4) Nox reduction measure

1141820

190

340

3-3. Construction of de-sulfur plant 2005 976490 153000 6382.29

3-4. Fuel conversion to natural gas 2005 3140 200000 40000 16

Remarks: ? 1/ Operation start-up? 2/ Per ton of targeted pollutants

Current Countermeasures Taken Against air Pollution in Tehran

Presently the results obtained from the implemented projects are combined and given

in order to be executed. In this junction, the section of results gained from projects which isrelated to the mobile sources are extracted, for their share in polluting the air isapproximately 70% and in planning priority is given to them.

The outcome to this junction is comprehensive plan to reduce air pollution. It contains 7major areas, which are:

1- New vehicles,2- Old vehicles,

3- Public transportation,4- Fuel,5- Inspection and Maintenance,

6- Traffic management and7- Training

1) New vehiclesImplementing project is time-consuming, since there is a need for the proper fuel and the

observation of standards by motor vehicle manufacturers. For every one million dollarsbeing invested in this way, there will be a reduction of 1235 tons in air pollution. The highlevel of pollutant reduction is achieved by this means. The implementation of this task is

the responsibility of the Ministry of industries, and vehicle manufacturing factories.

2) Old vehiclesThe second project of the Comprehensive plan is the changing of old vehicles for newerones. In this way, for every one million dollars being spent, there will he a reduction of 391

tons in air pollution. The Ministry of industries and the Municipality of Tehran areresponsible for the implementation of this project.


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3) Public TransportationFor every one million dollars being spent on public transportation, there will be as much as

186 tons reduction in pollutants. The Municipality of Tehran and the Ministry of Interiorare responsible for the implementation of this project.

4) FuelFuel optimization is the fourth project of the comprehensive plan. In this project, for every

one million dollars spent, there will be a reduction of 233 tons in air pollution. Fueloptimization is essential as a basic measure in the observation of environmental standards.Moreover, using catalysts in private cars to reduce pollutants, particularly NOx, requires

permanent consumption of unleaded gasoline. Otherwise the catalyst used will have noeffect once ordinary gasoline is used. The Ministry of Oil is responsible for the

implementation of this project.

5) Inspection and Maintenance

Implementation of this task is the most effective method, since for every one million dollarsbeing spent, there will be a redaction of 257575 tons in air pollution. If this project is fully

implemented, in addition to saving a 15% (438 million liters of gasoline per year) in fuelconsumption in the city of Tehran, there will be a 50% reduction in pollutant emissionsfrom motor vehicles. The Municipality of Tehran and the Traffic Department of the Greater

Tehran Area are responsible for the implementation of this project.

6) Traffic ManagementBy implementing the programs of this project, for every one million dollars being spent,there will be 18621 tons reduction in air pollution. Only two programs have been seen in

the Comprehensive plan: Parking policies (parkingmeters) and intelligent traffic lights. TheMunicipality of Tehran is responsible for the execution of this project.

7) TrainingPromotion of the public awareness has important effects on the reduction of air pollutants.

Experiences in other countries testify to this. We can probably say that the effect ofeducational programs on the reduction of air pollution is at least as much as 20%. The

Municipality of Tehran, Traffic Department of (GTA), Department of Environment,Ministry of Education, Ministry of Sciences, Research and Technology, and the massmedia are responsible for the implementation of this project.

The required period of time to implement these programs is considered to be 10 years,which is according to implementation abilities of each action.

In each area the sum of activities which must take place are designated, and for each actionthat will take place a necessary time is assigned the effectiveness in reducing air pollutionand required investment due to its responsible executing body are all determined.

Following motor vehicles (mobile sources), industries are the most important sources of

air pollution in Tehran, they cause 25% of pollution. In implementing a set of measures tosecure a safe environment, the Municipality of Tehran has put the management of pollutantindustries and workshops on its agenda Since 1990, about 7900 workplaces of different

sizes have been moved out of Tehran by the Municipality. Among the most importantfactors for achieving this goal is the participation of people designing and projecting proper

spaces for complexes, and designing suitable working places for productive units. Also,construction of 5 industrial complexes with and area of 711 hectares is underway.


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It should be mentioned that it is necessary to use control strategies in general, and proper

hardware technologies and to implement environmental management systems such ad ISO14000 as a basic solution in the case of stationary sources of air pollution.

Figure 1a shows the current condition, regarding CO ambient air concentration. Utilizingcomputer modeling it is predicted that ifnothing is done (see figure 1b) the simulated CO

concentration will cover a large area, and if the measures proposed in action plan areimplemented, the simulated CO concentration will be greatly reduced (see figure 1c).Figure 2a, 2b, and 2c depicts same conditions for PM-10 ambient air concentrations.

CO ambient air concentration, 1998

The red color indicates in WHO guideline are exceeded


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Simulated CO concentration in year 2015 (Do nothing)

Simulated CO concentration in year 2015(If measured proposed in action plan are implemented)


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PM-10 ambient air concentration, 1998

The red color indicates in WHO guideline are exceeded

Simulated PM-10 concentration in year 2015 (Do nothing)


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Simulated PM -10 concentration in year 2015(If measured proposed in action plan are implemented)

Documents

Air Pollution Countermeasures in Tehran