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Air Pollution & Climate Change – isclimate smart agriculture a useful
approach?
Professor Lisa Emberson
Adapting to Climate Change20 Feb 2019, European Parliament
Adapting to Climate Change20 Feb 2019, European Parliament
EU air quality legislation…continually in development
1979 UNECE LRTAPConvention Seventh Environment Action
Programme (EAP) (2012 to 2020)
2013 Clean Air Policy Packagefor Europe (EC, 2013)
Adapting to Climate Change20 Feb 2019, European Parliament
Mills et al. 2018
Production loss in Tg for wheat due to ozone
Globally: Wheat yield losses of 9.4% and economic losses of US$ 24 billion per year
EU air quality legislation…. but damage still occurring inEurope and Globally
EU 28 Region: Wheat yield losses of 14% and economic loss of US$ 3.4 billion per year
Adapting to Climate Change20 Feb 2019, European Parliament
Ozone (O3)- crop biomass and yield- forage quality- soil carbon
Aerosol- plant biomass and yield through changes in radiation (Photosynthetically
Active Radiation - PAR)- plant biomass and yield through toxicity and blocking of stomates for gas
exchange
Regional climate change- crop biomass and yield- CO2 fertilization effect
A variety of air pollutants and GHGs will impactagriculture…in a variety of ways
Adapting to Climate Change20 Feb 2019, European Parliament
….and agriculture results in the emissions of air pollutionand GHGs
Agriculture responsible for ~24% ofGHG emissions….
Tubiello et al. (2012)
Erisman et al. (2008)
…and is a substantial contributor toparticular types of air pollution issues
Adapting to Climate Change20 Feb 2019, European Parliament
Black Carbon Interventions
Regional climatechange
…mitigation of these pollutants involves a number ofatmospheric pollutants, often co-emitted from various
sources
Ozone
BC OCOther
aerosol SO2 NOx CO CO2NMVOCs
Aerosol
N2O
CH4
Adapting to Climate Change20 Feb 2019, European Parliament
How can we best address these issues with someform of policy coherence?
…having the right tools for the job
Emissions
Climate &Atmospheric Chemistry
Deposition& impacts
Policy response
CO2, CH4, O3, N2O, SO2, aerosols (BC,OC)
Climate changeAir pollution &
Crop yield loss
O3 ,aero
sols
&clim
ate
Key emissionsectors:-
TransportIndustry
Residential+
Agriculture Socio-economicimpacts
Mitigation/Adaptation
Adapting to Climate Change20 Feb 2019, European Parliament
Energy demand
Energy
transformation
Energy import
/ export
Non-energy
Agriculture;
Processes;
Vegetation fires
POPULATION GDP
Emission
calculation
BC, OC
NOX, SO2
NH3,CO
NMVOC
other PM2.5
CH4, CO2
N20
(emission
factors x
activity)
Calculation of
impacts and
benefits
Human health(premature mortality)
Crop yield
Climate
calculations
(global warming)
Concentration –
Response
relationships
Gri
dd
ing
Calculation of
pollutant
concentrations
PM2.5
O3
Radiative
forcing
GEOS-Chem
Adjoint model
IIASA GAINS
ECLIPSE
emissions
IntegratedBenefitsCalculator
Adapting to Climate Change20 Feb 2019, European Parliament
Adapting to Climate Change20 Feb 2019, European Parliament
Mitigation options for air pollution through interventions inthe agricultural sector
Methane (CH4) Black Carbon (BC)
Improve manure management and animal feedquality
Ban open field burning of agricultural waste
Apply intermittent aeration of continuouslyflooded rice paddies
Improve animal health and husbandry bycombining herd and health managementnutrition and feeding management strategies
Introduce selective breeding to reduce emissionintensity and increase production
Promote farm scale anaerobic digestion tocontrol methane emissions from livestock
Adopt guidelines on healthy dietary choices
Agriculture responsible for ~40% of global BC and CH4 emissions
Mills et al. (2018)
Adaptation options to air pollution and their synergies and trade offswith other stresses
Adapting to Climate Change20 Feb 2019, European Parliament
Adapting to Climate Change20 Feb 2019, European Parliament
Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is an approach that helps to guide actionsneeded to transform and reorient agricultural systems to effectively supportdevelopment and ensure food security in a changing climate.
CSA aims to tackle three main objectives:
1. sustainably increasing agricultural productivity and incomes
2. adapting and building resilience to climate change
3. and reducing and/or removing GHGs, where possible.
Adapting to Climate Change20 Feb 2019, European Parliament
Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is an approach that helps to guide actionsneeded to transform and reorient agricultural systems to effectively supportdevelopment and ensure food security in a changing climate.
CSA aims to tackle three main objectives:
1. sustainably increasing agricultural productivity and incomes
2. adapting and building resilience to climate change and air pollution
3. and reducing and/or removing GHGs and air pollution emissions, wherepossible.
Adapting to Climate Change20 Feb 2019, European Parliament
Livelihoods
Biophysical impact on agriculture
Climate risk Contemporary rural livelihood context
Adaptation options
Improved production
Transformatione.g. No. of people involved in farming declining,
households experiencing rising education,abandonment of rural land, increasing wages,
burgeoning mechanisation, high levels of migrationinto global labour market
Impacts orientated approach Comprehensive understanding of change
‘what are the most significant changes takingplace in people’s lives?
‘what are the impacts of climate change and airpollution?’
‘what are the impacts of climate change?’
Ensor et al. 2019
Conclusions
EU air quality legislation has made good progress in tackling air pollution inEurope
….but still air pollution is causing damage to agriculture across Europe (andthe globe)
Air pollutants also act as radiative forcers (i.e. will influence climate change)
…and agriculture is a source of both air pollution and GHG emissions and willinfluence C sequestration
Could CSA provide a more coherent approach to air pollution and climatechange both in terms of emissions, impacts and livelihoods associated withagriculture?
Such an approach could optimise co-benefits and limits trade-offs for goalssuch as the SDGs
Adapting to Climate Change20 Feb 2019, European Parliament
Thanks to our fundersSida, the EU, the Norwegian Research Council and SEI.
Adapting to Climate Change20 Feb 2019, European Parliament