Air Filtration, ASHRAE 52.2 2007-B - App J

Fine vs. course fiberHow filters are tested

Energy ImpactLCC

John GermanApril 20, 2012

©

Respirable ParticlesAre those that penetrate in to and are deposited in the non-ciliated portion of the lung. Particles larger than 10 microns aerodynamically are not respirable.

ASHRAE 62-2004

Urban Environment200,000 to over 2 million particles

Typical Offices100,000 to over 1 million

Hospital Surgery Room50,000 to 500,000

Semiconductor Cleanroom10 to 100

State of the Art Cleanroom0.1 to 1

Dr. Ken Goldstein, Lockwood Greene

Why we filter the Air – Fine Particlesan underestimated health risk

Ultra-, Nano- or Fine- Particles:• Clear connection between fine particles and health effects

(mortality and respiratory problems)• Underestimated risk (long term studies)• WHO – No harmless concentration limit• JAMA Vol 287 # 9, March 6, 2002

– Provides the strongest evidence to date that long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution common to many metropolitan areas is an important risk factor for cardiopulmonary mortality.

• Official requirements under review– Europe and U.S.A.– PM10 to PM2.5

Particles In Outdoor Air

©

> 99 % of the number < 1 m

70 % of weight comes from >1 m

Clean Air Dirty Air

(magnification 5,000x)

wet laid media at 500X magnification

M 11 ASHRAE

M14 ASHRAE

HEPA 99.97%

ULPA 99.999

Is Fiber Size an Issue?

6Glass Fibers Fine Fibers Synthetic coarse fibers

MV 13 glass media MV 13 synthetic media

particle clusters

What is a filter – used filter (SEM slide)

• Fine fibers catch all• Large fibers

– Support structure– They do little for efficiency

• Small particles – Grow into large– Coagulation in the air

In-Situ Testing per ASHRAE Guideline 26-2008• Measurements

– Air Velocity– Temperature/RH– Resistance to Airflow– Filter Efficiency

• Particle Counting– Consistent Repeatable Setup,

eliminates questions– Calibrated Met-One 237B

• 6 Channel laser counter• 0.3m-3.0m• 2,000,000c/ft3 coincidence

– Upstream Verification– 10:1 Dilution system it needed

9

©CA

MFIL

FARR

2012

-05-

14

Field Study Data – Large office building MERV 14 Filters

* 16 week /52 week• Tested AHU next to test AHU’s

• common intake•12 months in use

Office Building 16 Weeks

35 Filters(100% Outdoor

air)

Manufacturer

Type 4V Syn Box

Media fine coarse

Initial performanceP (inWG) 0.15 0.20

0.4m Eff. (%) 73 72

Final performanceP (inWG) 0.17 0.41

0.4m Eff. (%) 74 25/19*

MERV 14 Filter

1,500,000 Particles/ft3

420,000 Particles/ft3

Penetration

72% @ 0.3

Outside Air

72% @ 0.3

25% @ 0.31,125,000 Particles/ft3

Coarse Fiber Media

Fine Fiber Media

What is MERV?M…MinimumE…EfficiencyR…ReportingV…Value

This standard establishes a test procedure for evaluating the performance of air-cleaning devices as a function of particle size.

MERV is a single number value for the engineering community by which to select an air filter. It indicates how a filter performs at its lowest point of particle capture efficiency.

ASHRAE Standard ASHRAE Standard 52.252.2--20072007--BBWith Appendix JWith Appendix J

• Non Mandatory App J – SPECIFIABLE MERV-A– The filter should be tested per

ASHRAE 52.2 (including Appendix J)

– The resulting MERV-A must have the same (or higher) numerical value when compared to the MERV value.

• Also Added to 52.2– Dust Holding Capacity– Dust Weight Arrestance

ASHRAE 52.2 – 2007-B with appendix J• Two filters will be tested

– One per the current method – MERV – One per the Appendix J – MERV-A

• The MERV is still based on the E1, E2 and E3 values and Table 12.1 in the current standard

• The MERV-A is based on the E1-A, E2-A, E3-A values and uses the same table only with the discharged efficiency values

©

Range Size

Lower Limit

Range

Upper Limit Geometric Mean Particle Size (m)

1 0.30 .40 .35 2 0.40 .55 .47 3 0.55 .70 .62 4 0.70 1.00 .84 5 1.00 1.30 1.14 6 1.30 1.60 1.44 7 1.60 2.20 1.88 8 2.20 3.00 2.57 9 3.00 4.00 3.46

10 4.00 5.50 4.69 11 5.50 7.00 6.20 12 7.00 10.00 8.37

Allows the evaluation of a filter’s efficiency on respirable size particles

Allows selection of a filter based upon the most common particle size of a

contaminate.

ASHRAE 52.2 B appendix J

©

52.2 Equivalent

0102030405060708090

100

0.30

0.47

0.84

1.44

2.57

4.69

8.37

Particle Size,m

Effic

ienc

y, %

M 14

M 13

M 11

M 8

M 4

Typical Minimum Efficiency Curves

18

©

19

©

Does Lower Resistance Compromise Air Quality?

Fine Fiber Media

- Maintained Performance

- Maintained Low Resistance

Coarse Fiber Media

- Declining Performance

- Higher Resistance

Coarse Fiber vs. Fine FiberFilter Pressure Drop

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Pres

sure

Dro

pTime

Filter Pressure Drop

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Pres

uure

Dro

p

Time

22

23

24

25

©CA

MFIL

FARR

2012

-05-

14

Note: CO2 Emiss ions  based GCO2 and Tree  Canada  web s i tes

Energy Usage Calculation

Kwh Cost 0.076 Hrs. 8760 CO2/100 Kwh 90.0

Enter (CFM) 2000 Enter Fan Effic. (In decimal) 0.60

in/w.g. Cost /Yr.

Kg/CO2/Yr. in/w.g. Cost /Yr.

Kg/CO2/Yr. in/w.g. Cost /Yr.

Kg/CO2/Yr. in/w.g. Cost /Yr.

Kg/CO2/Yr. Prov./State CO2/100Kwh Kwh Cost

0.1 $26.06 309 0.49 $127.70 1,512 0.88 $229.35 2,716 1.27 $330.99 3,920 Alabama 60 0.0710.11 $28.67 339 0.5 $130.31 1,543 0.89 $231.95 2,747 1.28 $333.60 3,950 Alaska 50 0.1280.12 $31.27 370 0.51 $132.92 1,574 0.9 $234.56 2,778 1.29 $336.20 3,981 Alberta 98 0.1210.13 $33.88 401 0.52 $135.52 1,605 0.91 $237.17 2,809 1.3 $338.81 4,012 Arizona 60 0.0820.14 $36.49 432 0.53 $138.13 1,636 0.92 $239.77 2,839 1.31 $341.42 4,043 Arkansas 60 0.0690.15 $39.09 463 0.54 $140.74 1,667 0.93 $242.38 2,870 1.32 $344.02 4,074 British Columbia 3 0.0720.16 $41.70 494 0.55 $143.34 1,697 0.94 $244.99 2,901 1.33 $346.63 4,105 California 30 0.1280.17 $44.31 525 0.56 $145.95 1,728 0.95 $247.59 2,932 1.34 $349.23 4,136 Colorado 90 0.0760.18 $46.91 556 0.57 $148.55 1,759 0.96 $250.20 2,963 1.35 $351.84 4,167 Connecticut 30 0.1480.19 $49.52 586 0.58 $151.16 1,790 0.97 $252.80 2,994 1.36 $354.45 4,197 Delaware 80 0.1010.2 $52.12 617 0.59 $153.77 1,821 0.98 $255.41 3,025 1.37 $357.05 4,228 District of Colum 160 0.1110.21 $54.73 648 0.6 $156.37 1,852 0.99 $258.02 3,055 1.38 $359.66 4,259 Florida 60 0.1050.22 $57.34 679 0.61 $158.98 1,883 1 $260.62 3,086 1.39 $362.27 4,290 Georgia 60 0.0760.23 $59.94 710 0.62 $161.59 1,914 1.01 $263.23 3,117 1.4 $364.87 4,321 Hawaii 80 0.2070.24 $62.55 741 0.63 $164.19 1,944 1.02 $265.83 3,148 1.41 $367.48 4,352 Idaho 10 0.0490.25 $65.16 772 0.64 $166.80 1,975 1.03 $268.44 3,179 1.42 $370.08 4,383 Illinois 50 0.0710.26 $67.76 802 0.65 $169.40 2,006 1.04 $271.05 3,210 1.43 $372.69 4,413 Indiana 100 0.0650.27 $70.37 833 0.66 $172.01 2,037 1.05 $273.65 3,241 1.44 $375.30 4,444 Iowa 90 0.0690.28 $72.97 864 0.67 $174.62 2,068 1.06 $276.26 3,271 1.45 $377.90 4,475 Kansas 80 0.0690.29 $75.58 895 0.68 $177.22 2,099 1.07 $278.87 3,302 1.46 $380.51 4,506 Kentucky 90 0.0540.3 $78.19 926 0.69 $179.83 2,130 1.08 $281.47 3,333 1.47 $383.11 4,537 Louisiana 50 0.083

List of Selections

(CFM) x (Average Pressure Drop) x (Operating Hrs.) x PC (Cost/Kwh.)Fan Efficiency % * 8515

Energy (E) =

Energy Costs

Inventory Control

Maintenance Costs

Labor Costs

Waste Removal

Indoor Air Quality

Apparent Expense

Hidden Costs

Filter First Cost

Compliance Issues

Performance Problems

Administration Costs

1st Cost

TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP

Total Cost of Ownership of Air Filters

Labor & Waste 10%

Energy70%

Filters20%

What does this mean for your facility?

Average Facility 300,000 to 400,000 CFM

$25,000 to $30,000 in Potential Energy Savings?

Life Cycle Costing(LCC)

• Why?– The HVAC system is typically the

largest energy consumer• What?

– Optimizing filter selection at a given level of efficiency

– Maximize IAQ, minimize total cost• How?

– Analyzing the cost of a system over its entire life span

• Goal?– minimize total cost of ownership– make knowledgeable choices

(i.e., “first cost” shouldn’t be the only consideration)

What is your philosophy on Energy consumption/conservation and how can HVAC filters help to achieve savings on Energy Cost?

LCC = Investment + PCenergy + PCmaint. + PCcleaning + PCdisposal

• Investment – capital cost of filters, frames, installation

• PCenergy – present total cost of power

• PCmaintenance – present total cost of maintenance including filter replacement,etc.

• PCcleaning – present cost of duct cleaning

• PCdisposal – present total cost for removal and disposal of the used filters

components of Life-Cycle Cost

©

lab ΔP vs. real life ΔPSimple averaging (Lab) ΔP)

(PI+PF)/2 = 0.8” WG (200 Pa)

Actual (Real Life) ΔP

PF

Dx = 0.67” WG (167 Pa)PI0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

1.20

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10time

Res

ista

nce

Lab (Average)Life (Actual)

PI = 0.40” WG (100 Pa)PF = 1.20” WG (300 Pa)

PI

PF

LCC - the increased cost of energy in USA

LCC Software Analysis• Provides documentation of system design scenarios for

up to 3 stages of filtration, includes report, graphs, bar charts

• Provides ability to run multiple scenarios with same global parameters and different filter selections

• Offers an optimized solution to you and your client

32

©

Life Cycle Cost analysis• # of filter stages 2• Fan operating hours p/yr. 8760• LCC period 2 years• Total CFM 400,000• % return air 70%• Outdoor air environment Mod AQ PM 2.5 = 51 to 65• Indoor environment Typical• Fan efficiency 60%• CO2 emissions 1.323 Lb/kwh

33

©

Example LCC on 3 different options

34

©CA

MFIL

FARR

2012

-05-

14

SOLUTION ONESC PLEAT

SYN BOX M14ACTUAL MA= 11QUANTITY 200INITIAL DP  .88"FINAL DP  4.63

AVERAGE DP  1.9"# CHANGES    9 &2

MLE  37.6%ECI  11.29

SOLUTION TWOHC PLEAT

4V CARTRIDGE M14ACTUAL M‐A = 14QUANTITY 200INITIAL DP .60FINAL DP 1.42

AVERAGE DP .92"# CHANGES 4 & 1

MLE 78.7%ECI 2.60

SOLUTION THREENO PRE FILTER

POCKET FILTER M14ACTUAL M‐A = 14QUANTITY 200INITIAL DP .45"FINAL DP 1.31

AVERAGE DP .76# OF CHANGES  0 & 2

MLE 75%ECI 4.52

Results of Life Cycle Cost Analysis

• Solution 1 Solution 2 Solution 3• Energy Cost $169,803 $81,942 $67,820• Filter Cost $30,000 $31,800 $26,000• Labor Cost $8,400 $3,600 $2,400• Waste Cost $1,300 $600 $400• CO2 Impact 3,456,146 1,667,845 1,380,402• Landfill Impact 116 yd3 54 yd3 19 yd3• Total Cost TCO $209,503 $117,942 $96,620

35

©

The best LCC solution for filtration will• Meet Leed• Reduce waste and disposal• Reduce labor• Reduce energy cost• Reduce your CO2 foot print• Reduce your product cost• Have a written guarantee• Deliver the correct required efficiency• Be a Five Star energy product• Will be Green 36

In Conclusion• Not all filters deliver advertised MERV-A• Not all filters last as long DHC• Not all filters have the same pressure curves• Efficiency on sub micron particles is critical• ASHRAE has a standard that when full test reports are

viewed will help you select the best filter for your application

• TCO & LCC will offer the best value to you and your customers

37

©

Thank You