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nfluenza A (H1N1) virus is the subtype ofinfluenza A virusthat was the most common

cause of humaninfluenza(flu) in 2009. Some strains of H1N1 areendemic in

humansand cause a small fraction of allinfluenza-like illnessand a small fraction of

allseasonal influenza. H1N1 strains caused a small percentage of all human flu

infections in 20042005.[1]

Other strains of H1N1 are endemic in pigs (swine influenza)

and in birds (avian influenza).

In June 2009, theWorld Health Organizationdeclaredthe new strain of swine-originH1N1as apandemic. This strain is often called swine flu by the public media. This

novel virus spread worldwide and had caused about 17,000 deaths by the start of 2010.

On August 10, 2010, theWorld Health Organizationdeclared the H1N1 influenza

pandemic over, saying worldwide flu activity had returned to typical seasonal patterns.[2]

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As of 26 April 2011, an H1N1 pandemic preparedness alert has been issued by the

World Health Organisation (WHO) for the Americas.[3]

The affected areas have included

the Chihuahua region of Mexico where its severity and work load have been high. It is

reported by the aforementioned Recombinomics source that the current vaccine

(California/7/2009) for H1N1 influenza lost its effectiveness in 2011. This point is all the

more significant since it is the current virus target for the northern hemisphere's flu

vaccine, and is the intended choice for the southern hemisphere.

Swine influenza

Swine influenza (also called swine flu, or pig flu) is an infection by any one of several

types of swine influenza virus. Swine influenza virus (SIV) is any strain of the influenza

family of viruses that is endemic in pigs. As of 2009, the known SIV strains include

influenza C and the subtypes of influenza A known as H1N1,H1N2,H3N1,H3N2,andH2N3.

Swine influenza virus is common throughout pig populations worldwide. Transmission of

the virus from pigs to humans is not common and does not always lead to human

influenza, often resulting only in the production of antibodies in the blood. If

transmission does cause human influenza, it is calledzoonotic swine flu. People with

regular exposure to pigs are at increased risk of swine flu infection. The meat of an

infected animal poses no risk of infection when properly cooked.

Pigs experimentally infected with the strain of swine flu that is causing the currenthuman pandemic showed clinical signs of flu within four days, and the virus spread to

other uninfected pigs housed with the infected ones.[4]

During the mid-20th century, identification of influenza subtypes became possible,

allowing accurate diagnosis of transmission to humans. Since then, only 50 such

transmissions have been confirmed. These strains of swine flu rarely pass from human

to human. Symptoms of zoonotic swine flu in humans are similar to those of influenza

and of influenza-like illness in general, namely chills,fever,sore throat, muscle pains,

severeheadache, coughing, weakness, and general discomfort. The recommendedtime of isolation is about five days

Measles

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Measles (also known as Rubeola, morbilli, or English measles), is an infection of the respiratory

system caused by avirus, specifically aparamyxovirusof the genusMorbillivirus. Morbilliviruses,

like other paramyxoviruses, are enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA viruses.

Symptoms includefever,cough,runny nose,red eyesand a

generalized,maculopapular,erythematousrash.

Measles is spread through respiration (contact withfluidsfrom aninfectedperson's nose and

mouth, either directly or throughaerosoltransmission), and is highly contagious90% of people

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withoutimmunitysharing living space with an infected person will catch it. An asymptomatic

incubation period occurs nine to twelve days from initial exposure[1]andinfectivitylasts from two

to four days prior, until two to five days following the onset of the rash (i.e. four to nine days

infectivity in total

Signs and symptoms

This patient presented on the third pre-eruptive day with Koplik spots indicative of the beginning

onset of measles.

The classical signs and symptoms of measles include four-day fevers and the three Cs

cough,coryza(head cold),conjunctivitis(red eyes), fever,anorexia, and rashes. The

fever may reach up to 40 C(104 F).Koplik's spotsseen inside the mouth

arepathognomonic(diagnostic) for measles, but are not often seen, even in real cases

of measles, because they are transient and may disappear within a day of arising.

The characteristic measles rash is classically described as a

generalized,maculopapular,erythematousrash that begins several days after the fever

starts. It starts on the back of ears and, after a few hours, spreads to the head and neck

before spreading to cover most of the body, often causingitching. The rash is said to

"stain", changing color from red to dark brown, before disappearing. [citation needed] The

measles rash appears two to four days after the initial symptoms and lasts for up to

eight days.

Cause

Measles is caused by the measles virus, a single-stranded, negative-sense enveloped

RNA virus of the genusMorbilliviruswithin the familyParamyxoviridae. Humans are the

natural hosts of the virus; no animal reservoirs are known to exist. This highly

contagious virus is spread by coughing and sneezing via close personal contact or

direct contact with secretions.

Risk factors for measles virus infection include the following:

Children with immunodeficiency due to HIV or AIDS, leukemia, alkylating agents, or

corticosteroid therapy, regardless of immunization status

Travel to areas where measles is endemic or contact with travelers to endemic

areas

Infants who lose passive antibody before the age of routine immunization.

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