Aimon Fuel

7/31/2019 Aimon Fuel

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ABDUS SALAM FUEL & FURNACES

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Experiment 1: Flash Point

Objective:

To determine the flash point of given sample of Petroleum fraction using OENSKY MARTEN closed cup

apparatus.

Flash Point:

The lowest temperature of the sample, corrected to a barometric pressure of 101.3 kPa 760

mm Hg , at which application of a test flame causes the vapour of the sample to ignite under specified

conditions of test.

Apparatus:

Pensky Martens Closed Tester Thermometer. Beakers.

Preparation of sample:

Samples of asphalts or very viscous materials may be warmed until they

are reasonable fluid before they are tested. However, no sample should be heated more than is

absolutely necessary. It shall never be heated above a temperature of 17C ( 30F ) below its expected

flash point.

Summary of Method:

The sample is heated at a slow, constant rate with continual stirring. A small flame

is directed into the cup at regular intervals with simultaneous interruption of stirring. The flash point is

the lowest temperature at which application of the test flame causes the vapour above the sample to

ignite.

Significance:

Flash point measures the response of the sample to heat and flame under controlled laboratoryconditions.

It is only one of a number of properties which must be considered in assessing the overallflammability hazard of a material.

Flash point is used in shipping and safety regulations to define flammable and combustiblematerials.


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Apparatus Specification:

A typical assembly of the apparatus, gas heated, is shown in Fig. The apparatus shall consist of a test

cup, cover, and stove conforming to the following requirements.

Cup - The cup shall be of brass, or other non-rusting metal of equivalent heat conductivity, and shall

conform to the dimensional requirements

Cover Proper - The cover shall be brass, and shall have a rim projecting downward almost to the flange

of the cup. The rim shall fit the outside of the cup with a clearance not exceeding 0.36 mm 0.014 in on

the diameter.


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Shutter - The cover shall be equipped with a brass shutter approximately 2.4 mm ( 3/32 in ) thick

operating on the plane of the upper surface of the cover. cover openings shall be exactly open and the

tip of the exposure tube shall be fully depressed.

Flame Exposure Device - The flame-exposure device shall have a tip with an opening 0.69 to 0.79 mm

(0.027 to 0.031 in) in diameter. This tip shall be made preferably of stainless steel, although it may be

fabricated of other suitable metals

Pilot Flame - A pilot flame shall be provided for automatic relighting of the exposure flame.

Stirring Device - The cover shall be equipped with a stirring device mounted in the centre of the cover

and carrying two 2-bladed metal propellers.

Stove

Heat shall be supplied to the cup by means of a properly designed stove which is equivalent to an air

bath. The stove shall consist of an air-bath and a top plate on which the flange of the cup rests.

Air Bath

The air bath shall have a cylindrical interior and shall conform to the dimensional requirements in Fig.

Top Plate

The top plate shall be of metal, and shall be mounted with an air gap between it and the air bath.

Procedure:

The oil cup was cleaned using solvent. The cup was filled with fresh sample up to the mark. The cup was placed in the apparatus bath. The lid is placed on the cup and the thermometer was also inserted. The electrical heater was turned to 50% of input volts and oil is heated. After that spring handle was rotated at every degree rise from this point. The temperature was noted at which the flash occurs. The fire point was noted at which the fuel burnt continuously for 5 seconds. The experiment was repeated for different samples.

Observation & Calculation:

Sr. No Samples of Different

Petroleum Fractions

Flash Point in0F Flash Point in

0C

1 Kerosene 125.6 52

2 Diesel 141.8 61


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Experiment 2: Saybolt Viscometer

Objective:

a) To determine the kinematic viscosity of given sample of lubricant oil at room temperature. 100o

F, 140o

F and 180o

F. Also report the dynamic viscosity at room temperature.b) Plot graphs relating

1. Temperature vs. Kinematic Viscosity2. Temperature vs. Log of Kinematic Viscosity

Apparatus:

Thermomter, beater, specific gravity bottle and saybolt viscometer.

Theory:

Viscometers are used to define the viscous properties of a fluid at ambient or defined

temperatures. They are commonly available in the form of a calibrated capillary tube through which aliquid is allowed to pass at a controlled temperature in a specified time period. Other methods include

rotational viscometry and falling ball tests. Viscometers can have a few different technologies by which

they operate.

For rotational viscometry, torque is required to rotate a spindle at constant speed

while immersed into the sample fluid. The torque is proportional to the viscous drag on the immersed

spindle, and thus to the viscosity of the fluid. For falling ball technology, the viscosity is proportional to

the time required for a ball to fall through the test liquid contained in a precise an temperature

controlled glass tube. Capillary viscometers measure the flow rate of a fixed volume of fluid through a

small orifice at a controlled temperature.

The time it takes for a specific volume of fluid to pass through the orifice is

proportional to the fluid viscosity. However, it also depends on the density of the fluid since the denser

the fluid, the faster it will flow through the orifice. The property being measured is then the kinematic

viscosity and not the dynamic viscosity.

Procedure:

Fill the oil cup up to filling mark (after cleaning the cup thoroughly) and keep the outlet of thecup close with the help of cork.

Note the time of outflow (after removing the cork at the bottom the cup) in seconds forcollecting 60 ml. of oil sample in beaker. First at room temperature and then at 100

oF , 140

oF

and 180 oF respectively.

Calculate the density of the given oil sample using specific gravity bottle method to determinethe dynamic viscosity of given sample of oil.


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Observation And Calculations:

Sr. NO Temp.0C Time of Flow Kinematic

Viscosity

cm2/s

Dynamic

Viscosity

g/cm.s

1 33 11min 25sec 1.6 1.5842 38 10min 2sec 1.4 1.386

3 60 6min 49sec 0.93 0.920

4 82 2min 2sec 0.3 0.297

For Kinematic Viscosity:

V = 0.00226 * t 1.95/t cm2/s when 32< t< 100

V= 0.0022 * t 1.35/t cm2/s when t > 100

For dynamic viscosity:

For dynamic viscosity. Obtain (qoil) by specific gravity bottle method.

Hence

Dynamic Viscosity = Kinematic Viscosity * density

U = poil * V g/cm.s

Density of that oil is 0.99.

Graphs:

Kinematic Viscosity Log of Kinematic Viscosity

d

Temperature Temperature


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Significance:

It is used to find the viscosity of the fluid. Pump design can be done with the help of viscosity. Pump operation of one engine depends on the proper viscosity of fuels. Conveying of fluids can be done with the help of viscosity data. It is very important to know about the fluid flow through various objects.


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Experiment 3: Redwood I

Objective:

a) To study the effect of temperature on viscosity by determining the KinematicViscosity of the given sample of lubricating oil at room temperature, 100

oF, 140

oF,

180oF and calculate viscosity index (v. I).

b) To determine Dynamic Viscosity at room temperaturec) Plot graphs between

i. Temperature vs. Kinematic Viscosityii. Temperature vs. log of Kinematic Viscosity

d) Convert Redwood seconds to Sayboll and Engler Viscometer seconds.Apparatus:

Thermometer, Beaker, Redwood 1 Viscometer.

Theory:

o Red wood viscometer-1 is based on the principle of laminar flow through the capillarytube of standard dimension under falling head. The viscometer consists of vertical

cylinder with an orifice at the center of the base of inner cylinder.

o The cylinder is surrounded by a water bath, which can maintain temperature of theliquid to be tested at required temperature. The water bath is heated by electric heater.

o Cylinder which is filled up to a fixed height with liquid whose viscosity is to bedetermined is heated by water bath to the desired temperature.

o Then orifice is opened and the time required to pass the 50cc of oil is noted. With thisarrangement variation of viscosity with temperature can be studied.

Procedure:

The oil cup of viscometer is cleaned and thoroughly dried with the help of soft tissuepaper to remove any lube oil present in it.

Pour the given sample of lubricating oil into oil cup up to the filling mark (keeping theorifice closed by inserting the ball valve in vertical position).

Place a clean beaker beneath the orifice of viscometer and note time in seconds for thecollection of 50 ml. (by uplifting ball valve) at room temperature.


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Heat the sample with the help of oil bath and repeat the above step when requiredtemperature is reached i.e. 100 oF, 140 oF, 180 oF and 210 oF.

Thermometers:

There are two thermometer used in this apparatus. One is placed in the oil bath for the

measurement of the temperature of the oil used. The oil in the cylinder is stirred by moving the

thermometer backwards and forwards in the oil, but in a manner to avoid the formation of air bubbles,

and fracture of the thermometer. The second thermometer is placed in the outer copper bath which

shows the temperature of the water, so that any variation of temperature is than can be adjusted.

Ball Valve:

The metal cup is provided with an axially placed hole in the base. The oil cylinder is

furnished with a valve consisting of a small brass sphere attached to a wire, which rests in a

hemispherical cavity in the agate jet and prevents the flow of the oil through the agate jet. When theball is removed, a thin stream of oil runs into a small graduated glass flask and the time to fill the flask in

recorded which represents the viscosity of oil.

Arrangement of Apparatus:

The Redwood viscometer-1 is consisting of a silvered copper oil cylinder furnished with an agate

jet. The oil cylinder is screwed into a copper bath which serves as a temperature regulator. Heat being

applied to a tube projecting from the side. A revolving agitator is placed in the bath. The oil cylinder is

furnished with a valve which rests in the agate jet inside the cylinder, at a short distance from the top, is

a fixed a small bracket with an upturned point to indicate the oil level. The instrument is supported on a

tripod provided with leveling screws.

Standard Dimensions of Redwood No. 1 Viscometer:

Normal (mm) Tolerance (mm)

Internal Diameter of Oil Cylinder. 46.5 0.5

Internal Height of cylindrical portion. 90.0 0.25

Height of falling point above upper end of

jet.

82.5 2.00

Internal height of jet. 10.0 0.02

Internal Diameter of jet. 1.6 0.01

Capacity of Oil Cylinder 135 ml 5 ml


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Agate Jet:

The Oil container is made of silvered copper metal with to the center of the base of hole, or

agate jet, through which the liquid will have to flow down. The jet allows the oil to flow through it and

time of flow of oil is used for the measurement of viscosity.

Stirrer Handle and Thermometer Clip:

The function of stirrer handle and thermometer is to hold these two devices in their correct

position.


At Room Temperature

Sr. No Temperature0F

Time of Flow

Sec

Kinematic Viscosity

Cm2/sec

1 81 56 0.02

2 84 55 0.018

3 86 52 0.017

Now

At Different Temperature

Sr. no Temperature0

F

Time of Flow

Sec

Kinematic Viscosity

Cm2

/sec1 100 40 0.05

2 140 37 0.03

3 180 32 0.02


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Experiment 4:Redwood II

Objective:

a) To study the effect of temperature on viscosity by determining the the kinematic viscosity of thegiven sample of lubricating oil at room temperature, 100

o

F, 140o

F, 180o

F and 210o

F and calculateviscosity index (V.I).

b) To determine dynamic viscosity at room temperature.c) Plot graphs between

ii. Temperature vs. Kinematic Viscosity

iii. Temperature vs. log of Kinematic Viscosity

d) Convert Redwood seconds to Saybolt and Engler Viscometer seconds:Apparatus:

Thermometer, Beaker, Redwood II Viscometer.

Theory:

o Red wood viscometer-2 is based on the principle of laminar flow through the capillarytube of standard dimension under falling head. The viscometer consists of vertical

cylinder with an orifice at the center of the base of inner cylinder.

o The cylinder is surrounded by a water bath, which can maintain temperature of theliquid to be tested at required temperature. The water bath is heated by electric heater.

o Cylinder which is filled up to a fixed height with liquid whose viscosity is to bedetermined is heated by water bath to the desired temperature.o Then orifice is opened and the time required to pass the 50cc of oil is noted. With this

arrangement variation of viscosity with temperature can be studied.

Procedure:

The oil cup of viscometer is cleaned and thoroughly dried with the help of soft tissuepaper to remove any lube oil present in it.

Pour the given sample of lubricating oil into oil cup up to the filling mark (keeping theorifice closed by inserting the ball valve in vertical position).

Place a clean beaker beneath the orifice of viscometer and note time in seconds for thecollection of 50 ml . (by uplifting ball valve) at room temperature.

Heat the sample with the help of oil bath and repeat the above step when requiredtemperature is reached i.e. 100 oF, 140 oF, 180 oF and 210 oF.


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Difference Between Redwood I & Redwood II:

Redwood-I is used for low viscosity oils whereas Redwood-II is used for

high Viscosity oil (its flow port area is layer). Also Redwood-II have greater diameter orifice.

These viscometers are designed for viscosity tests of petroleum products. They

confirm to requirements of IP 70 (Former). Two adoption of Redwood viscometers are available

No.1 for liquids having Redwood flow 20 seconds to 2000 seconds and No. 2 for liquids whose flow time

is above 2000 seconds. The complete outfit comprises of stainless steel bath with electrical heating

arrangement suitable to operate at 220 volts mains with tap, silver plated oil cup with precision

stainless steel jet, cup cover, ball valve, thermometer clip, stirrer and MS stand with leveling screw.


At Room Temperature.

Sr. No Temperature0F

Time of Flow

Sec

Kinematic Viscosity

Cm2/sec

1 81 52 0.09

2 84 49 0.08

3 86 47 0.06

Now

At Different Temperature.

Sr. no Temperature0F

Time of Flow

Sec

Kinematic Viscosity

Cm2/sec

1 100 17 0.03

2 140 11 0.103

3 180 9 0.17


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Experiment 5: Aniline point

Objective:

To determine the diesel index of given sample of diesel oil via Aniline point test. Also calculatethe cetane number (approximate) of the sample.

Apparatus:Thermometer, beaker, diesel oil, Aniline, stirrer or automatic Aniline Point tester.

Aniline point:

Aniline is a poor solvent for aliphatic hydrocarbons and excellent one for aromatics. This

property is used in the aniline point test. Aniline point of oil is the lowest temperature at which the oil is

completely miscible with an equal volume of aniline.

Equal volumes of the sample and aniline (5 ml each) are heated or cooled with stirring in a jacketed testtube and temperature at which complete miscibility occurs is noted.

High aniline point indicates that the fuel is highly paraffinic and hence has a high diesel index

and very good ignition quality. In case of aromatics the aniline point is low and the ignition quality is

poor.

Diesel index:

Diesel index is an indication of the ignition quality of a diesel fuel. This is determined by

calculation from the specific gravity and the aniline point of the sample. Although it is of the same order

as the cetane number, it may differ widely from the cetane number. Higher the diesel index better is theignition quality of the diesel fuel. It is normally used as a guide to ignition quality of the diesel fuel in the

absence of test engine for the direct measurement of cetane number.

Procedure:

Take equal volume of 10ml aniline and 10mi diesel in around bottom tube and sample in abeaker containing water after inserting thermometer and stirrer into it.

Heat the beaker (water bath)till two separate layers of liquids become miscible with continuousstirring.

As soon as the miscibility occurs, the source of heat is removed and apparatus is allowed to cool(stirring being continued) till cloudiness appears (during the separation of two layers).

Note the thermometer reading which indicates the approximate aniline point.

Observation And Calculation:


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Aniline point of given sample =T= 185oF

Diesel Index =[Aniline point(oF) * API gravity] /100 =55.7 API

As we know for approximate Cetane Number

Diesel Index = 55.7

Thus,

Cetane no = Diesel Index -3 =52.7

Result:

Point of given Sample = T = 185oF Diesel Index of given Sample = 55.7 Cetane number = 52.7


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Experiment 6:Engler viscometer.

Objective:

a) Determine the Kinematic viscosity of given sample of lubricating oil at room temperature.100oF,140oF and 180oF. Also report the dynamic viscosity (at room temp) and degree angler (oE).

b) Plot the graphs relatingi. Temperature vs. Kinematic Viscosityii. Temperature vs. log of Kinematic Viscosity.

Apparatus:

Thermometer, Beaker, Specific gravity bottle and Engler Viscometer.


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Procedure:

Clean the oil cup with soft tissue to remove any oil already present in cup. Pour the sample in the cup up to filling marks (keeping pointed rod in the vertical

position which act as ball valve to close the orifice)

Collect 200 ml of sample in beaker (after placing beaker beneath the orifice) and notethe time to out flow (in seconds) at room temperature by uplifting the vertical rod.

Heat the sample to achieve the required temperature and note the time of outflow ofsample (seconds at 100oF, 140oF and 180oF) respectively.


Sr. No Temperature0C

Time of Flow Engler Degree Kinematic

Viscosity0E

Cm2

/sec

Kinematic

Viscosity0T

Cm2

/sec1 38 4min 4sec 2.9 0.202 0.344

2 60 3min 17sec 2.3 0.144 0.271

3 82 1min 1sec 1.36 0.039 0.15

Efflux Time of Water for 200 = ml = 1min 27secSec

Kinematic Viscosity:

V =0.08oE (0.0864 /

oE)

And

V= 0.076oE (0.04 /

oE)

Similarly

V= 0.00147 x t (3.74 / t)

For Dynamic Viscosity:

For dynamic viscosity (at room temp) determine sp. Gravity of oil sample and density of oil

sample with specific gravity bottle method

Sp. Gravity of oil = 0.8 g/ml

Density of oil = 1.08 kg/m3

Dynamic viscosity of oil = 0.28 g/cm.s


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Graph:

Kinematic Viscosity Log of Kinematic Viscosity

d

Significance: In the determination of specific viscosity of tars and the fluid properties. In the determination of lubricating properties of fuel oils.

Temperature Temperature

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