Aim: How has geography affected human development?

Vocabulary: The bolded words in this slide show.

Where are we?Room 411

How good are your geography skills?

Label: The 7 continents The 4 OceansIdentify the following regions: South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Southwest Asia (The Middle East), Central Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, Latin America, Oceania

• Geographic Determinism-Geography was the primary force behind a society’s development.

Just to clear things up…

• Geography IS really important and it DOES impact people and their development…

• But did the Inca starve to death because they didn’t have flat land to farm on? No!

• So you see, geographic conditions don’t always prevail…

http://coe.fgcu.edu/students/webb/meso/inca.htm

The Human Impact on the Environment

• Resource consumption and

• Resource extraction

• Producing pollution

• Forest clearing

• Irrigation

• Agriculture

• Mining

How do theseactivities demonstrateThat humansshaped their environment?

Oceans, Seas, and Rivers

• Before the world was industrialized, water transport was an easier, cheaper, and better method of travel than overland.

• Rivers provided food (fish) and water to drink.• Rivers were crucial in the development of

agriculture and the establishment of cities.• Rivers allowed for the movement of people and

goods (resulting in cultural diffusion), and connected communities to each other.

Arctic Ocean

• Extremely difficult to navigate because it is packed in ice most of the year.

• Early European explorers sought the Northwest Passage but it is barely usable.

Indian Ocean

• The Harappans sailed through one of its seas, the Arabian Sea, to trade with Sumer.

• Malay sailors, Chinese, Muslim, and European traders used the ocean’s monsoon winds to guide them.

• Africans also traded via this ocean.• Commercial rivalries between the Dutch,

Portuguese, and Muslim sailors in the 17th century.

Atlantic Ocean

• Columbus’ voyages caused a lot of exchange between the Eastern and Western hemispheres.

• Encounters between Europeans, Americans, and Africans.

• The Mediterranean, joined to the Atlantic, was important to Middle Eastern and Greco-Roman civilizations.

Pacific Ocean

• World’s largest ocean.

• Ancient Polynesians came to Oceania.

• Societies of East and Southeast Asia used the Sea of Japan and the South China and East China Seas.

• World Wars used the Pacific islands for strategic purposes.

Painting Tahitian Women on the Beach by Paul Gauguin-Musee d’Orsay

Image-wikipedia

Major Geographic Features of the Middle East

http://www.rethinkingschools.org/just_fun/games/mapgame.html

• The Middle East is at the “crossroads of three continents: Europe, Africa, and Asia. This region is about twice the size of the United States.

• There are two strategic waterways in the Middle East: The Suez Canal (connecting Europe to South Asia) and the Dardanelles and Bosporus Straits connecting the Black Sea with the Mediterranean Sea.

http://www.infoplease.com/atlas/middleeast.html

List the characteristics of a DESERT

Effects of Deserts

• Deserts- Source of religious revelations

• Because cultural diffusion has been compromised by the Sahara, the cultures of those in the Middle East are quite different from those who live in sub-Saharan Africa.

• Deserts-• Because much of the

Middle East is desert, many areas are sparsely populated.

POSITIVE EFFECTS NEGATIVE EFFECTS

Rivers- The mild climate and fertile soil found in river valleys made them early centers of civilization. Three major rivers include the world’s longest river, the Nile, and the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The area between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers is known as the Fertile Crescent.

Effects of Rivers

POSITIVE EFFECTS NEGATIVE EFFECTS

The Jordan River, importantTo both Jews and ChristiansBecause of Biblical ties hasBeen a source of dispute Between Jordan and Israel(which conquered land in 1967)

• The lack of natural barriers in the Fertile Crescent enabled migrations and invasions.

• The diversity of the people in the Fertile Crescent made it difficult to unite them into a single nation.

• The Fertile Crescent has also become known as the “cradle of civilization.”

• Mesopotamia was in the eastern end of the Fertile Crescent (modern day Iraq).

The Fertile Crescent

Historyforkids.org

Cia.gov

Effects of Seas

• Mediterranean Sea was traveled by Roman legions and Phoenician traders en route to Africa

• The Dead Sea is a source of chemicals for Israel such as phosphates

Would you want to live in a region that is arid?

Geographic Features and their Effects

POSITIVE EFFECTS

Climate-• Because the Middle East

is located near the equator, the region has warm winters and hot summers.

• Nomadic groups such as Arabs, Bedouins, and the early Israelites had to share and developed close family ties.

NEGATIVE EFFECTS

Climate-• The lack of rainfall in

the Middle East results in water shortages. It is also difficult to grow crops.

• The arid climate forced frugality and conformity among these groups.

Is oil worth fighting over?

Geographic Features and their Effects

POSITIVE EFFECTS

Resources-• The Middle East holds

nearly three quarters of the world’s oil. About half of the world’s oil is produced there. Much of the oil is located in the Persian Gulf.

NEGATIVE EFFECTS

Resources-• The Middle East has a

scarcity of water due to very limited rainfalls.

• The Persian Gulf has been at the center of wars such as the Iran-Iraq Wars in the 1980s and the Persian Gulf War in 1991.

Major Geographic Features

Of Africa

Google Images

Africa http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/African_Geography.htmGeography Quizzes - Fun Map

http://www.topix.net/who/regis-philbin

• The Sahara Desert is the world’s largest desert.

• The Sahara separated the people who lived north and south of it.

• People south of the Sahara became fairly isolated from Europe and Asia while people north of it have been part of the Mediterranean world.

Sahara Desert

Erfoud, Morocco (Late afternoon-sand dunes)http://www.maion.com/photography/morocco/dunes_pictures.html

The Sahara Desertcan get as hot as

130 degreesFahrenheit!

Rand McNally Intermediate Geography and Map Activities

• High temperatures and heavy rains

• Barrier to communication and transportation

• Deserts and Rain Forests have made Africa not as densely populated as other continents

• Hindered Africa’s economic development

Tropical Rain Forests

http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/rainforest/Where.shtml

Rivers

• The Nile River is the longest River spanning about 4,000 miles. Until 2004 no one had navigated its entire length!

• Many African rivers are too dangerous to travel because of rapids and falls.

http://www.enchantedlearning.com/geography/outlinemaps/Rand McNally Geography

http://touregypt.net/magazine/mag05012001/magf4a.htm

The Nile River

Danger Ahead!

Some of Africa’s rivers are very dangerous to travel because of the rapids and falls (Victoria Falls located on the Zambezi River, the Mutarazi Falls in Zimbabwe, and the Tugela Falls and Mpumalanga Falls- both in South Africa)

                                                                                                                               

http://worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/africa/zw.htm

Victoria Falls (Zimbabwe)

Hymn to the Nile

• "Hail to you Hapy, Sprung from earth, Come to nourish Egypt…Food provider, bounty maker, Who creates all that is good!…Conqueror of the Two Lands, He fills the stores, Makes bulge the barns, Gives bounty to the poor." (from the Middle Kingdom [2040-1640 BCE] hymn as translated by Lichtheim)

http://touregypt.net/magazine/mag05012001/magf4a.htm

Importance of the Nile

• People in Egypt settled along the Nile River

• Provided water for drinking and irrigation

• Annual floods left rich deposits of silt that kept agricultural land fertile

• Highway for travel

• People prayed in pre dynastic times to Osiris (later known as Hapi) for sustenance

Hapi

http://touregypt.net/magazine/mag05012001/magf4a.htm

Coastline

• Africa has a long coastline that spans thousands of miles.

• The continent, however, lacks natural harbors where ships can enter and leave a port.

• This has made trade with others difficult.

Cia.gov

Savanna

• A large part of sub-Saharan Africa is savanna.

• Most African communities and most wildlife are situated there.The distribution of fertile and infertile

savannas in Africa. Dark-shaded areas are broad-leaf, nutrient-poor, savannas; striped

areas are fine-leaf, nutrient-rich savannas. http://www.nrel.colostate.edu/projects/bas/Models/Africamap.html

                                                                                                                               

http://worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/africa/bw.htm

Climate

• Much of sub-Saharan Africa is near the equator and has hot summers and warm winters.

• Deserts receive too little rain for agriculture while rain forests get too much.

A striking African woman uses cream made from ground bark to provide moisturizing protection from Mozambique Island's equatorial sun.

http://plasma.nationalgeographic.com/places/photos/photo_mozambique_mozambique.html

Resources

What kinds of natural resources can be found in Africa?

http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/teachers/curriculum/m6/natural_resources.html

Think about it…

Why do you think natural resources have been both good and bad for Africa’s development?

The Major Geographic Features

Of Latin America

Where is Latin America?

• Geographically speaking, Latin America is South America and the Caribbean (West Indies).

• Culturally speaking, Latin America includes Mexico well.

• Geographically, however, Mexico is part of North America.

Google Images

Describe the geographic effects of mountains.

Andes Mountains

• The Andes have isolated South America for much of its history.

• The Inca used terrace farming to grow food along the Andes Mountains.

• The Andes acted as a geographic barrier, and hindered attempts to unify people in Latin America.

http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/americas/southamerica_ref802636_1999.jpg

Climate

• Much of Latin America is near the equator but high altitudes and winds keep it from being too hot.

• More people live in higher altitudes where the temperatures are comfortable.

• The tropical West Indian climate enables the production of sugar.

• For this reason African slaves were brought to Latin America.

Box 1: Physical Geography of Latin America

Mountain Areas Countries included

1. Andes Mountains Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina.

2. Brazilian Highlands Mountain areas in the Northeast, Southwest and South.

3. Central American Highlands Countries of Central America.

4. Sierra Madres and Mexican Highlands Mountain areas of the Sierra Madres (3), ranges and highland areas of the Pacific coast.

5. Caribbean Sierras and highlands Countries of the Caribbean and island territories.

http://www.fao.org/docrep/meeting/x4442e.htm

Because of their altitude, mountains regulate local climates and determine climatic conditions creating special biospheres and ecosystems that impact directly on medium- and low-lying areas. The geomorphologic and terrestrial structure of these areas renders them unstable. They also include areas of water catchments, which determine water quality and supply and thus influence the maintenance of local production capacity and the quality of life of local inhabitants. The mountain areas have a wide array of ecosystems, in addition to mineral and forest resources that can be exploited in many ways. Their natural beauty also makes them attractive to tourism and for recreational activities.

Grassland Plains

• Latin America’s poor soils and mountains make farming difficult.

• That is why the grassland plains of the pampas of Argentina and the Llanos of Venezuela are highly valued. They are the most agriculturally productive lands in South America.

http://www.venezuelatuya.com/llanos/index.htm

THE AMAZON RAIN FOREST

• Rain Forests have served as a barrier to transportation and communication.

• For this reason they cause cultures to develop separately.

• The Amazon rainforest is the largest in the world.• It is extremely hot, humid, and of course, rainy.• There are more species of plants and animals in

the Amazon rain forest than any other place in the world!

http://www.junglephotos.com/amazon/amscenery/forest/foresttrail.shtml

Rand McNally Intermediate GeographyAnd Map Activities

Rainforest WildlifeRAINFOREST WILDLIFE

JAGUAR SQUIRREL MONKEY

ANACONDAhttp://www.junglephotos.com/amazon/amscenery/forest/foresttrail.shtml

Amazon River

• World’s second longest river (2,300 miles long)

• The Amazon carries a larger volume of water than the Nile because of the water from the rainforests.

• The Amazon flows from the Andes Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean.

• Most cities in Latin America developed on the Atlantic coast where they could trade with Europe.

Map showing the course of the Amazon,selected tributaries, and the approximate extent of its drainage area

Wikipedia

The Amazon River

http://www.extremescience.com/AmazonRiver.htm

Learn more about the Amazon River!

http://www.eduweb.com/amazon.html

Resources

• Latin America lacks resources needed for industrialization including coal and iron ore.

• However, there are large oil reserves in Venezuela and Colombia.

https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ve.html

Does oil-rich meanthat thepopulationis rich?

Major Geographic Features

Of South Asia

South Asia

• South Asia is a subcontinent.

• India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, and Sri Lanka make up this region.

• South Asia is about half the size of the United States.

http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/seasia.pdf

Rivers and River Valleys

• The earliest civilizations in South Asia developed along river valleys.

• The most fertile land is found on the plains along the Ganges and Indus rivers.

• Hindus consider the The Ganges River to be holy.

Cia.gov

http://www.karlgrobl.com/Ganges/ganges03.htm

Early River Valley Civilizations

http://www.harappa.com/indus2/oldworld.html

Mountains• The Himalayas, the highest

mountains in the world, separate the Indian subcontinent from the rest of Asia.

• This has allowed people on both sides of the Himalayas to develop cultures separately.

http://www.himalayas.dk/photos/ph_index.html

Hindu Kush Mountains• Contains passes that has

allowed for both invasions and trade.

• Has little vegetation.

• In 327 BCE Alexander the Great crossed the Hindu Kush mountains into Afghanistan.

• Alexander’s stay at Afghanistan was brief, but he left a Hellenic influence that lasted for centuries.

Cia.gov

http://www.gl.iit.edu/govdocs/afghanistan/PreIslamic.html

• The Khyber Pass allowed invaders to penetrate South Asia including:

• The Aryans (1500 BCE)

• Alexander the Great (326 BCE)

• The Persians under Darius (6th century BCE)

• 19th century British forces

http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/pakistan.pdf

CNN LIVE THIS MORNING

America Strikes Back: A Look at Geography of Afghanistan

Aired October 18, 2001 - 11:53   ET

THIS IS A RUSH TRANSCRIPT. THIS COPY MAY NOT BE IN ITS FINAL FORM AND MAY BE UPDATED.

THIS IS A RUSH TRANSCRIPT. THIS COPY MAY NOT BE IN ITS FINAL FORM AND MAY BE UPDATED.MILES O'BRIEN, CNN ANCHOR: To learn about how to find Osama bin Laden, we are spending a little bit of time learning a little bit about the geography of this region. So I guess, if you can imagine for just a moment, that Professor Jack Shroder of the University of Nebraska in Omaha and I are in the space shuttle, and we are flying over the general region.

And, Jack, this is an interesting bit of geography here, and when you look at it in this form, you really get a sense of how this is a crossroads, Afghanistan that is, with the Himalayas coming in here and planes here meeting. It has really been a crossroads of conflict, hasn't it?

JACK SCHRODER, UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA IN OMAHA: Exactly. Alexander the Great came across Iran, Persia and went off to conquer India. Ghengis Khan came down from Mongolia, came through Afghanistan. The English came up from the British Rhys (ph) three times to conquer Afghanistan. The Russians, the Soviet Union, came into Afghanistan. It has been a long history of war, thousands of years of war, and the Afghans are real used to it.

O'BRIEN: They are used to it, they are also very effective in their own way as warriors, are they not? They are not exactly the best equipped of armies in the war.

SCHRODER: They are very poorly equipped, but they always open their border and say come on in. Getting out is harder to do.

O'BRIEN: Particularly here in this area, where the Khyber Pass and Kabul would be, that is -- there have been historically a number of routes there that have occurred at the hands of the Afghans.

SCHRODER: Right, the Khyber Pass is right here, and that's the famous pass. That's got a paved highway through it. The other major pass -- and I will try to get around here so I can look at it as we normally look at it. The other major area is here, and then border here, down through Pashtun tribal territory is a completely porous border. There are passes all the way through it. It's easy to get in and out across that border, because it's usually undefended.

Cnn.com

The Khyber Passin modern times

                                                        

                                  

South Asia has warm winters and hot summers.Monsoons are heavy winds that bring heavy rains in the summer.

Q: Why do you think that monsoons have been called “The god and devil of India?”

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4737187.stm

This monsoon in Mumbai(Bombay) in India (August 2005)caused about $690 millionin damage.

• The Deccan Plateau is in the center of India.

• Many cities developed here and along the adjoining coastal plains.

• The term "Deccan" comes from the Sanskrit word dakshina, meaning "the south". The Deccan Plateau encompasses the four states of Andhra Pradesn, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu. Most of the southern peninsula is a fertile rice growing region.

The Deccan Plateau

http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/

Resources in South Asia

• Iron ore

• Gold

• Silver

• Diamonds

• Coal

• Timber

• Bauxite (Aluminum ore)

• Titanium ore

http://www.cs.iupui.edu/~umurthy/India/resourse.html

Bauxite

Major Geographic Features

Of Southeast Asia

Locate the followingRivers:MekongSalweenIrrawaddy

These rivers servedas water routes andconnected peoplein South, Southeast,and East Asia.

http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/art-556

Strategic Location

• Southeast Asia provides the shortest trade routes between the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

• Southeast Asia’s culture has been historically influenced by Indian and Chinese merchants.

Killoran, Zimmer, Jarrett

Can you think ofsome examples?

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/5022558.stm#graphic

The Ring of Fire is located at the border of several tectonic plates.90% of the world’s earthquakes occur in the Pacific Ring of Fire.There is a lot of volcanic activity here as well.

BURMAhttps://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/bm.html

http://snrs.unl.edu/amet351/ogren/monsoons.html

Resources

The Dutch and the Spanish controlled much of Southeast Asia during the early 1800s. The Dutch East Indies was renowned for its rich soil which allowed the harvesting of crops such as: coffee, pepper, cinnamon, sugar, indigo, and tea. Mines were formed to exploit the rich deposits of tin and copper. Forests yielded valuable timber including teak, ebony, and other hardwoods. The Dutch became notorious for the use of forced slave labor, known as the culture system, to gather these raw materials, while purposely discouraging westernization, or the spreading of European culture. The Spanish used similar methods to reap the rewards from their tobacco and sugar plantations located in the Philippine Islands. However in 1898, the Philippines were given to the United States as part of the settlement for their loss of the Spanish-American War.

Regentsprep.org

Major Geographic Features of

East Asia

ETHNOCENTRISM

Q: How does this map explain why the Chinese have historically been ethnocentric?

http://homepages.stmartin.edu/Fac_Staff/rlangill/HIS%20217%20maps/China%20physical%20map1.jpg

Look what was found in the Gobi Desert!• Oviraptor was a small, omnivorous,

bird-like dinosaur that lived during the late Cretaceous period, about 88-70 million years ago.

• Oviraptor was first found in the Gobi desert (in Mongolia) in 1924 and was described and named by Henry F. Osborn. Oviraptor (meaning "egg stealer") was thought to eat mostly eggs. In 1924, an Oviraptor fossil was found on top of some eggs (which contained no fossilized embryos), and people assumed that it had been eating the eggs. Recently, however, in Mongolia, paleontologists found some eggs containing fossilized embryos that were identified as embryonic Oviraptors. These eggs were very similar to those eggs found in 1924 that originally implicated the Oviraptor as a thief. If would seem that the Oviraptor fossil in 1924 was probably a parent of the eggs in the nest, and not an egg stealer but a nurturer.

Enchantedlearning.com

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/saurischia/oviraptoridae.html

Most Chinese people live in the eastern part of the country where there is rich farmland for growing rice and tea. The Yangtze River is one of the longest rivers in the world and flows west to east throughout the country.

http://www.chinapage.com/chineseriver.html

COASTLINE

• China’s coastline measures over 4,000 miles.

• This has allowed many Chinese to rely on fishing for their livelihoods.

FISHING LIFE: Fishermen of South China’s Guangdong Province ship the marine products that they have just fished out in a dock along Beibu Gulf

http://www.bjreview.com.cn/200432/World-200432(A).htm

The Key to Understanding Global Studies, Jarrett

China is racing ahead in industry and development.

Q: What kinds of energy sources should industrializedcountries (and countries that wish to industrialize)take advantage of?

RESOURCES• China historically has been

desired by foreigners for both its resources and many people to market products to.

• China’s resources include coal, iron ore, petroleum, natural gas, mercury, tin, aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, and hydropower potential (world's largest).

• China is also utilizing solar power especially for residents of rural areas where farmers have experienced difficulties with power.

Cia.gov

The 1,836MW Xiaolangdi dam is now generating 5.1 billion kWh of electricity a year.

                                                                                           

                                                                                         

http://www.power-technology.com/projects/xiaolangdi/xiaolangdi1.html

http://english.people.com.cn/200309/26/eng20030926_125008.shtml

Climate

• China has a variety of climates.• It is tropical in the southwest.• In the northeast there are cold winters and

warm summers.• The southeast gets a lot of rainfall from

monsoons.• Monsoons have allowed for the cultivation

of rice, a staple crop in China.

Despite China’s One Child Policy their cities are very crowded. Most people travel by foot or bicycle rather than by car.

http://www.cgstock.com/5150

Major Geographic Features of

Western Europe

Image wikipedia

Includes:

• Great Britain

• Ireland

• France

• Belgium

• The Netherlands

• Luxembourg

The Western Section

http://europe-hotel-reservation.info/maps/map-europe-western.gif

These nations have a mild and rainy climate due to warm ocean currents (the North Atlantic Drift or the Gulf Stream).

• The English Channel separates the islands of Britain and Ireland from the mainland of Western Europe. This channel has provided Britain with a natural form of protection against invasion.

• Britain had a lot of coal which helped them to become a world power in the 19th century, but they used up much of these resources.

• Britain has oil reserves in the North Sea.

Image wikipedia

BRITAIN

• Some of the most important ranges include the:

• Alps• Pyrenees• Apennines

Q: How do you thinkmountain ranges affectedthe development of Western Europe?

http://worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/eulnd.htm

• Includes Belgium, The Netherlands, and Luxembourg.

• Much of the land is below sea level.• They are located in the Northeastern European

Plain.• The Low Countries have very good harbors and

rivers. • The low elevations prompted people in the

Netherlands to build dikes, canals, and windmills to make sure that the land would not flood.

Mild climate

Cold winters

THE CENTRAL SECTION

Includes:• Germany• Austria• Switzerland• Liechtenstein

In Germany the Ruhr and Saar areahave rich deposits of coal and iron ore.The Rhine river has been an Important form of transportationAnd communication in the past.The river also provided protectionFrom western invaders.

Austria is very mountainous.The Danube River cuts throughThe mountains and has been a Major trade route. Agriculture has thrived there.

The Alps protected Switzerland and hasEnabled them to stay neutral in wars.The Alps are a source of hydroelectric power. The Swiss are famous for their dairy industry And other businesses.

PLAINS• Europe has broad plains

that produce a lot of potatoes, rye, barley, wheat, vegetables, fruit, and corn.

• The Great European Plain is the largest plain, spanning 1,200 miles eastward from Belgium to Russia.

http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/WxForecasting/Images/fruits&veggies.jpg

The Key to Understanding Global Studies-Jarrett

• Includes the Scandinavian countries (Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, and Iceland).

• Cold winters and tundra in the far north.

• Fishing and shipping are important industries as well as mining and lumber.

www.worldatlas.com

Includes:• Spain• Portugal• Italy • Greece

Q: Why do you think many earlypeople in Southern Europe becametraders?

Hot, dry summersMild, sunny winters

www.worldatlas.com

• Spain has a lot of mining operations

• Agriculture is significant• Portugal has large fishing fleets• Northern Italy has fertile soils

and is highly industrialized (Po River Valley is the most productive agriculturally)

• Southern Italy has poorer soils and fewer industries

• Greece’s mountains make agriculture limited, but it has many fine harbors and many Greeks fish for a living

http://www.gilgordon.com/images/pics/map_europe.gif

Eastern Europe

Mountains• The Carpathians are the longest

mountain range.• The Ural Mountains are

considered to be the dividing line between Europe and Asia.

Plains• There are large plains in

Eastern Europe that have served as major invasion routes. Northern European Plain crosses Poland and northern Germany.

http://nd.water.usgs.gov/ukraine/english/images/CarpathianMountains.jpg

Rivers• The Danube is used for

trade and commerce, irrigation, fish, and hydroelectric power.

Natural Resources• Poland-coal, iron ore• Czech Republic-coal, iron

ore• Croatia, Slovenia,

Romania-iron, lead, copper, zinc, oil

http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/europe/easterneurope.jpg

Siberia

• Siberia is in the northern part of Asia.

• The far north is tundra• Further south are forest,

steppe, and farmland areas.• Siberia was a place for

dissidents and those sent into exile.

• The Trans-Siberian Railroad was finished in the early 20th century.

http://www.geographia.com/russia/trasib01.htm

http://www.geographia.com/russia/trasib01.htm

Mining in the Siberian Tundra

What kinds of resourcesDo you think are here?

THE SIBERIAN TUNDRA

Image Encarta

OCEANIA

Image wikipedia

Oceania

• Oceania includes Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea.

• In addition, there are three main groups of islands:

• Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia

The Outback• Australia is mostly

desert-like. This dry land is known as the Outback.

• Even though it is difficult to live in the Outback some people do. Sheep and cattle farms can be found there.

The Uluru (or Ayers Rock) is oneOf Australia’s most famous landmarks. It is considered the world’s largest stone and in the distance appears to glow bright red.

http://www.kidcyber.com.au/topics/austoutback.htm

THE GREAT BARRIER REEF

http://www.nationalgeographic.com/earthpulse/reef/reef1_flash.html

The Great Dividing Range

Image wikipedia

This system of mountain ranges and plateaus in Australiaextends for more than 2,175 miles. It has varyingtopography and different sections. The Australian Alpsdrawers skiers in the winter.

http://www.doaustralia.com/states/great_dividing_range.htm

Major Geographic Features of

North America

http://www.blairstripsteel.com/map%20north%20america.jpg

NORTH AMERICA

• Caribbean islands• Canada• Mexico• The United States• Central America (Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador,

Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama)• Greenland (which belongs to Denmark and is also

the largest island in the world).

CANADA• Much of Canada is unpopulated

because of its cold temperatures rugged land.

• Most Canadians live near the United States border.

• Canada has ten provinces and three territories (Northwest Territories, Yukon Territory, Nunavut).

• Canada’s Constitution states which provinces are a part of Canada. Territories were created by federal law. Territories have a little less power than provinces. They can’t, for example, vote on changes to the constitution.

http://www.kidzone.ws/geography/constitution.htm

THE UNITED STATES

http://www.mapsofworld.com/usa/usa-maps/world-map-usa-political.gif

Rivers• Major rivers include the

Mississippi River, Missouri River the St. Lawrence River, and the Rio Grande River.

• The Mississippi River is the longest river in North America. It is about 2, 350 miles long.

• European explorers used the St. Lawrence River to explore the interior of North America.

• After the Lewis and Clark expedition fur trappers used the Missouri River to transport their goods to St. Louis by steamboat.

http://www.nps.gov/archive/miss/features/factoids/Imagse Wikipedia

http://64.233.187.104/search?q=cache:hGxb2rxsTwMJ:missouririver.visitmt.com/history.html+history+missouri+river&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=8

MOUNTAINS

• The Rocky Mountains are about 2,000 miles long.

• The mountains form the Continental Divide, separating rivers draining to the Atlantic and Arctic oceans from those draining to the Pacific.

• In Colorado, along the highest point of the Continental Divide, there are rock walls built for driving back game that date back to about 5,800 years ago.

• Explorers of the Rocky Mountains have included Vasquez de Coronado (1540) and Meriwether Lewis and William Clark (1804-1806).

http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Imgs/Gif/VolcanicPast/RegionMaps/map_usa_regions_rocky_mountains.gifEncarta

http://72.14.209.104/search?q=cache:jYDfyAlIrjoJ:biology.usgs.gov/s%2Bt/SNT/noframe/wm146.htm+history+rocky+mountains&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=3

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