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Aim: How did Medieval Europe Develop?
Big IdeasDuring the Middle Ages (500 – 1400): • There was disorder for a time after the
collapse of the Roman Empire• Wealthy Landowners dominated society
and provided people with protection• People relied on the Christian Church for
spiritual and Political guidance• Achievements in art and architecture
centered around Christianity
Key People and Terms
Medieval
Charlemagne
Chivalry
Manorialism
Serfs
Secular
Excommunicated
Pope Innocent III
Monasteries
Anti-Semitism
Gothic
Charlemagne and the Franks
In the 800s, Charlemagne came to power. He was a Germanic Kings (Frankish King) who built an empire across what is today France, Germany, and Italy with the help of Pope Leo III.
The Pope called for help defeating those fighting Rome and Charlemagne responded and was name “Holy Roman Emperor”
Charlemagne’s Beliefs
The Holy Roman Emperor believed in:– Spreading Christianity throughout Europe– Education of government officials– He gave land to nobles and expected them to
help in wars to spread Christianity
After his death in, his three grandsons divided his empire into three separate Kingdoms.
What is Feudalism? Feudalism is a loosely organized system of rule in which powerful local lords divided their large landholdings amongst Lesser Lords known as Vassals.– A Lord granted his Vassal a Fief or estate (a
portion of land). These estates included Peasants needed to work the land.
– The Lord promised protection and land, and the vassal pledged loyalty, 40 days of military service per year, money in the form of taxes, and advice on how to conduct business and government.
Promised Made and Promises Kept
Lord Vassal
Fief
Protection
Loyalty
Military Service
Taxes
Advice
Hierarchy of the Feudal Society
King- Most powerful Lord
Lord
Vassal
Lesser Vassal
Lesser Vassal
Knights
Peasants
Everyone has a Place in Society
Everyone had a place in Feudal Society, and everyone knew their place and would not dare go against it.–Each Lord had a Vassal, the same man
could be both a Lord and Vassal. He would be a Vassal to a more powerful Lord and a Lord to a less powerful Vassal
What role did Knights play in Feudal Society?
From the time a boy was seven years old he began to train for an occupation as a Knight or a mounted warrior. He learned to keep his armor and weapons in top condition. Training was difficult and strict, laziness was severely punished. By the age of 21, men became full Knights.
Knights had a helmet, shield, lance, sword, several horses with armor, and saddles, as well as Squires or Knights in training.
What is Chivalry?Chivalry is a code of conduct followed by Knights. The code was to be:• brave • Loyal• True to your word. • To fight fairly • Be generous to their enemy.
• Chivalry shaped our modern ideas of Romance.
Role of the NoblewomenThe Noblewomen could: – Become Lord of the Manor while her husband or father
was off fighting– Supervise vassals– Managed households – Conducted medical tasks– Take a role in politics (few did)– Could claim an inheritance (few did)
Prior to marriage, Noblewomen were expected to:– To know how to spin, weave, and supervise servants– Some learned to read and write. – Their main job was to bear children and be dutiful to their
husband.
What was Manor Life?
The Manor or Lords Estate was at the heart of the economy of the Middle Ages. – The Manors included one or more villages
and its surrounding lands.
Peasants made up the majority of Medieval society and they lived and worked on the Manor. – They were known as Serfs or those bound
to the land. They were NOT slaves, yet they were NOT free.
Serfs could not leave the land without permission. – If a Manor was sold to another Lord the
peasants went with the land.
Money had largely disappeared during Manor Life.– Payments were made in grain, fruit, honey,
eggs, and chickens.
The Lords gave their serfs acres of farm land and offered protection from the Vikings. – While serfs were not free, they could not be
kicked off the land and they were guaranteed food, housing, and land to farm.
The Manor
Manor House
Blacksmith shop
House for thePriest
Church
The Mill
Homes forthe Serfs a 1room hut for thewhole family
Serfs farmingland
Fields plantedfor the Lord
The fields would be rotated eachyear to allow the soil to rest. This isknown asleaving landfallow.
Farm Land
Hierarchy of the Catholic Church
Pope
Cardinals
Arch-Bishops
Bishops
Priests (in the Roman Catholic Churchonly men could serve as Priests and they were force to take an oath of celibacy and could not marry).
Monks
Nuns- position for women in the church. Women could not take part in services but were allowed to assist in the operation of the church. Nuns took and oath of celibacy and could not marry.
Beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church
Pope has all authority he is God’s representative on Earth – He rules the Papal States- later Vatican City in Italy.
All people are sinners and are doomed to eternal suffering.– To avoid hell you had to take part in the Sacrament
which were the sacred rituals of the Roman Catholic Church.
The Church follows it s own laws known as Canon Law. – If you refused to obey church laws you could be
Excommunicated which meant you could not receive the Sacraments which in turn meant you were to be damned to hell.
Role of the Church in the daily life
• The Serfs had no contact with the Pope or other high officials. They only had contact with their local priests.• Inside every manor was a church where Priests
held Mass, baptized children, performed marriages, and spread news and gossip. Priests also began to run schools.
• All people were required to pay a Tithe or tax which equaled 10% of your income.
How were Jews treated in the Middle Ages?
The Jews were originally expelled from Palestine by the Romans, they settled all around Europe while working to keep their faith.
Muslims tolerated the Jews during the Middle Ages as Catholics and Muslims were busy battling each other.
Medieval Catholics began to persecute Jews because they were blamed for the death of Jesus Christ. Many Christians believed it was the Jews who were responsible for the death of Jesus.
Jews were:
1. Taxed heavily
2. Barred from owning property
3. Barred from most occupations
4. Barred from living in many areas• As Anti-Semitism (hatred of the Jews)
grew; Jews were blamed for all ills of society including disease, famine, and economic hardships. Jews had to flee from Eastern Europe to escape persecution.
St. Peters Basilica in Vatican City
