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Agroforestry for sustainable agricultural development
in Central Asia
Dzhakypbekova, K.; Djanibekov U.; Chamberlain J.; Weyerhauser H.; Zomer, R.; Villamor, G. B.; Xu, J.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
50%
47% 46%
27%
37%
7% 5%
22%
28% 31%
Vegetables Oil seeds and cotton Pulses Cereals Wheat
Economic developments
• GDP growth: -0.9 to 11% in last decades;
• Employment in agriculture: 26 - 66% ;
• Extent of poverty: 2-64% of population
(living for a less than >1.25 USD / day);
• Agricultural production: 5-27% of GDP;
2
Periods Economic situation in Central Asia:
Tsarist Russia (mid 1800-1917)
- Supplier of agricultural products - Expansion of agriculture and
improvement of trade
Soviet Union (1917 - 1991)
- Centralized policies - Integrated economy - Expansion of croplands, and irrigation canals - Provider of raw products
Independence (since 1991)
- Transition to market economies
Agroforestry in CAC
Source: World Bank (2014), Eurostat (2010), Lerman (2009)
Crop area shares in Central Asia, % (FAOSTAT, 2013 )
• Arable land: 4.1 - 10.2% of total land area;
• Segmented structure of arable lands;
• High migration of adult males from rural areas
leading to the limited labor availability;
• Cotton and wheat constituted monocultures.
0 20 40 60 80 100
37.3
40.5
53.9
52.5
Wheat
Other
Milk
Meat
Sugar
Veg. Oils
Veg-s
Rice
Fruits
Maize
Pulses
Food security
Food consumption in Central Asia, % of daily kcal intake (FAO, 2007 )
– Bread and other wheat products constitute a half of the daily diet
– Fruit and vegetable consumption limited
– Prone to price and weather variability
FAO Food Balance Sheet, 2007
3
Agroforestry in CAC
• Land erosion and land degradation processes as a result of intensive land use (water/slope/wind erosion, overgrazing)
• Land degradation: ~30% of croplands; 20-30% crop yield decline
• Deforestation: ~1% decrease of forest area
• Biodiversity loss: 90% of fruit and nut species; habitat loss
• Aral Sea desiccation; frequency of droughts
2000 2014
Source: NASA (2014)
Aral Sea
Environmental degradation
4 Source: Hansen et al (2014)
Agroforestry in CAC
Tree cover in Central Asia
% 2000, km2 2010, km2 Net loss, km2
Kazakhstan 2,2 58843 58257 -586 Kyrgyzstan 5,0 10029 9999 -30
Tajikistan 1,2 1726 1720 -6 Turkmenistan 0,1 315 311 -4
Uzbekistan 0,6 2550 2540 -10 Central Asia 1,8 73463 72827 -636
Climate change
5
Agroforestry in CAC
• Expected temperature increase of 2-3.6 °C;
• More frequent droughts; changed distribution areas of plants (e.g. high latitude fur trees);
• Each 1°C increase is projected for 10% more irrigation water demand (Fischer et al, 2007);
• Affect crop yields → food security and rural incomes.
0
5
10
15
20
Kazakhsta
n
Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenist
an
Uzbekistan Cental Asia
2000 5,6 1,0 2,5 15,2 12,4 7,1
2050 8,8 3,8 5,4 17,8 15,1 10,1
Mean Annual Temperature (Co) Central Asia
Photos: USDA; Sorg, 2007; Figure: Nair, 1995
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Agroforestry in CAC
Agroforestry for Sustainability
Additional income to the rural livelihoods (economic buffer)
Sustainable land management (degradation, nutrient cycle)
Climate change adaptation and mitigation
Biodiversity and ecosystem services
Society
Environment Economy
Climate change Soil degradation
Deforestation Pasture degradation
Food security, Poverty alleviation, Employment
Business Food processing
7 Agroforestry in CAC
Research in agroforestry systems The term of Agroforestry was not widely introduced in Central Asian countries, although many
similar practices described in literature named as:
– Agro‐silvo-melioration: land use system to handle flooded/degraded lands;
– Forest gardens: improved wild nut/tree species in forests to increase yields;
– Forest side products: non-timber forest products;
– Row-spacing crops: intercropping practices.
Dragavtsev A.P., 1947 Ratkovsky S.P., 1957 8
Agroforestry in CAC
Photos: Sorg, 2007; Messerley, 2000 - Arstanbap, Djalal-Abad
Application of agroforestry Forestry level
• Silvopasture (pasturing and hay making)
• Apiculture (beekeeping)
• Fruit, nut, mushroom, medical herbs collection
• Forest farming and woodland gardening
Opportunity for business Environmental sustainability
Diverse income
Carbon stock Protection from erosion
Less labor
9 Agroforestry in CAC
Higher yields Food security
Additional income source
Soil conservation Clean water and air
Agrobiodiversity
Farm level
• Multi-cropping (i.e. apples and currant bush)
• Alley cropping (annual crops, vegetables or
berries, grains)
• Wind-breaks and timber source
Examples
– Afforestation on salinized marginal cropland in Uzbekistan
– Walnut and clover/wheat rotation on irrigated land in Kyrgyzstan
Multiple benefits:
• Improving land quality
• Provision of environmental services
• Substitute for fuelwood, forage
• Income and product diversification
• Less labor requirement than crops
High initial costs, and high benefits in longer term
10
Khamzina et al 2012
Kyrgyzstan
Uzbekistan
• Lack of knowledge among land users:
- Unfamiliar with wide range benefits
- Absence of specialized skills
- Lack of access to advisory services
- Limited provision of equipment
• Long-term income generation: interest in obtaining quick money
• Biophysical constraints: scarce arable land, high aridity, uncertain status of land quality
Constraints of agroforestry
11
Question to farmers Response of farmers
Preference towards agroforestry?
Percentage of total Willing to grow = 35% Not interested = 52% Unfamiliar with land use = 13%
If planted, then what is the purpose? For receiving profit
Despite of various benefits the agroforestry is not widely practiced
Source: Djanibekov (2015)
• Infrastructure: unsuitable infrastructure designed to support
crop production
• Markets: poorly developed tree product markets
• Policy and institutional restrictions:
– Preferential subsidizing of strategic crops
– Irrigation and fertilizer quotas
– Insecurity of land tenure and bureaucracy of land allocation
regulations
– Transition policies
– Absence of legislation on agroforestry
Constraints of agroforestry
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
50
100
150
200
250
1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009
Ave
rage
far
m s
ize
, ha
Nu
mb
er
of
farm
s, t
ho
usa
nd Average farm size, ha
Number of farms, 1000
Source: Statistical office (2011)
Recommendations • Site/farm specific solutions
• Awareness raising and knowledge dissemination
• Building interdisciplinary research capacity for agroforestry
• Establishing markets and regulations to maximize the socio-economic value of agroforestry
• Selecting suitable tree species for the natural conditions (best optimal tree/crop combinations)
• National and local support by legislation, policy, financial incentives, institutional establishments
• Flexibility in the issues of land tenure
13 Agroforestry in CAC
Dzhakypbekova, 2014 FAO, 2012 FAO, 2012 Khamzina et al 2012
Conclusions • Agroforestry has a number of advantages for socio-economic and environmental development of
the rural livelihoods in CAC
• Limited knowledge and current policies on land tenure and agricultural productions are the main
constraints
• More research and experiments on agroforestry are required for elaboration of relevant
agroforestry types for each site conditions
• Need for better regulatory environment and incentives for agroforestry
Society
Environment Economy
14
Agroforestry in CAC
Thank you for your attention!
15
Email: [email protected]
Publication
Agroforestry for sustainable agricultural development in Central Asia
Dzhakypbekova, K.; Djanibekov U.; Chamberlain J.; Weyerhauser H.; Zomer, R.; Villamor, G. B.; Xu, J.