Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural RevolutionIndustrial RevolutionIndustrial RevolutionGreen RevolutionGreen Revolution

Agricultural revolution

• What is agricultural revolution? • Why did agricultural revolution

appear in England?• Impact of agricultural revolution in

England?• What are the effect of agricultural

revolution?

Agricultural revolution

• Changes in 16th and 18th century farming as – Common land went to farmers and they got a

piece of land – Introducing Seed driller and Horse-drawn

cultivator (1700), Cast-iron plow (1797) and Reaper (1799)

– Start practice of crop rotation & use of manure (around 1700)

– Scientific breeding of animals (1725-1795) like selective breeding of animals

• Results of this new technique in England– 1700: 80% of population engaged in farming

1800: 40% of population farmed AND produced a lot more.

– Yields improved 300% during 1700-1850– AND Technology expanded over the world!!!

Global Im

pact: A

gricultural Revolution

• Population grew – Households income raised more than subsistence

• Food cost declined– For more production and higher supply

• Labor supply increased- More labor force but needed less in farming

• Discretionary spending increased - greater demand for consumer goods

• This has stimulated the growth in industrial sector.

Industrial revolution

• Why did industrial revolution take place in England?

• What were the factors influencing the progress of industrial revolution?

• What was the level of development among countries?

• What are outcomes of industrial revolution in creation of working environment?

• What were the negative impacts of industrial revolution?

Industrial Revolution

• IR is a phase of changing work and workers, 1733-1900

• During IR, the manufacturing process shifted from small-scale production by hand at home to large-scale production by machine setting in the factory.

• Began in England then spread to the Europe and the United States

• In 1860, Britain produced 20% of the entire world’s output of industrial goods

• IR really spread in America after the Civil War (1860s +)

• Britain possessed good natural resources, It used new energy sources such as coal, steam engine, electricity, etc.

• Development of transportation including railways, steamship, canals, automobile, etc.

• Entrepreneurial Culture of the British • Coal mining developed in Britain which was

possible by using steam powered pumps (innovated in Britain) in mining.

• Need for clothing development for trade• Invention of Flying shuttle (1733); Mule

(1762); Waterframe (1785) in Britain.• Colonial Empire - raw materials easily

accessible

IR: W

hy in B

ritain

• Britain Invention of new machines for cotton industry, such as spinning jenny, power loom, etc.

• Increasing application of science to industry from the innovations of light bulb, radio, telephone, etc.

• The factory system entailed increased division of labor and their specialization that increased productivity.

Cotton Industry developm

ent

• Looms in the Textile factory increased from 2,400 in 1813 to 224,000 in 1850 with one million workers in Britain.

• New innovations changed the nature of the industry

• Flying shuttle• Cotton jenny• Water frame• Cotton Gin

– Processed 8 million pounds raw cotton in 1770s to 250 million pounds in 1830 in Britain

– Needed cotton to import

Mach

ines u

sed for cotton

indu

stry

Factors in

fluen

cing IR

• James Watt’s Steam Engine (1790’s)• Steam engine was used as transportation

device and used to run entire factories.

Innovation of steam engine

Factors in

fluen

cing IR

Coal Mining development • Early mining operation

– Surface seams exhausted– Mine shafts

• Men loosened coal• Women/children hauled it to the shaft

• Developed mining operation– Horse driven/steam engine driven pump– Increased coal output dramatically from

3 million tons in 1700; 25 million tons in 1830 in England

New Energy (Coal)

Factors in

fluen

cing IR

• Steam engine used in transportation device.• Railroads was built during the 1830s and

1840s in England– Waterway could not ship enough

• Experimentation with steam driven carriages

– 1830: Manchester to Liverpool line– Railroad designed to move coal– Created an increased demand for iron

and steel and a skilled labor force.– But also moved people

» Quicker, more comfortable, cheaper» 1835: established 750 miles of track» 1845: 6000 miles of track sanctioned

Transportation (railroads)

Transcontinental railroad made travel across the countries faster, cheaper and more efficient.

Transportation (railroads)Factors in

fluen

cing IR

• Canals are manmade waterways dug between 2 large bodies of water.

• The Erie Canal was a short cut from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes (1817).

• The Panama Canal was a shortcut from the Atlantic to the Pacific (1880).

Transportation (canals)Factors in

fluen

cing IR

• Thomas Edison invested LIGHT BULB allowed factories to work at night.

• Alexander Graham Bell invented TELEPHONE

Scientific Innovations

Factors in

fluen

cing

IR

Factory system

Factory system entailed increased division of labor and their specialization that increased productivity

IR P

rogress in som

e coun

tries

1750 1800 1830 1860 1880 1900 1913

base

Britain 10 16 25 64 87 100 115

Belgium 9 10 14 28 43 56 88

USA 4 9 14 21 38 69 126

France 9 9 12 20 28 39 59

Germany 8 8 9 15 25 52 85

Austria 7 7 8 11 15 23 32

Italy 8 8 8 10 12 17 26

Russia 6 6 7 8 10 15 20

China 8 6 6 4 4 3 3

India 7 6 6 3 2 1 2

World Industrialization Per Capita

Industrialization of China and India was decreasing in the period before first world war, WHY?

Impacts of the IR

(positive)

• England– Per capita income rose 75% (1801-1851)– Marriage age lowered– For Social Reform movements, Progressives

government passed laws requiring workplace safety• Factory Act (1833)• Ten Hour Act (1847)• Mine Act (1842)

• USA– Per capita income increased……– Labor unions struggled in the 1800s for better

working conditions and they were successful.– Series of reform came during late 1800 to early 1900s.– The Sixteenth Amendment allows for a progressive

income tax that means rich people pay a higher percentage of tax than poor people.

• People all over the world consume a lot

Negative Im

pacts of IR

• Family structure changed: – At first, the entire family, including the children,

worked in the domestic factory system, just as they had at home.

– Later, family life became fragmented (the father worked in the factory, the mother handled domestic matters, the children went to school).

– Busy couple started not to hesitate to live separately

Development at the Cost of Workers:• Higher production came often at the expense of

workers.

• Raw wool and cotton that fed the British textile mills came from converted from farming to sheep raising, leaving farm workers without jobs

• Labor force was abundant who had to work even 10 to 12 hours a day for their subsistence

• Sheer number of human beings put pressure on inadequate resources in cities : housing, water, sewers, food supplies, and lighting

Negative Im

pacts of IR

Development at the Cost of Environment• Chemicals and poisonous gas produced by

factories are harmful to human and environment.• Waste produced by factories continues to be

dumped into our rivers, lakes, and streams• All these toxics are slowly killing off human being

and everything that is important to survival

Negative Im

pacts of IR

World T

op Industrial P

roducers

Textile1. China

2. USA

3. Italy

4. Japan

5. India

6. Mexico

7. Thailand

8. Indonesia

9. Pakistan

10. Germany

Automobile1. Japan

2. USA

3. China

4. Germany

5. S. Korea

6. France

7. Brazil

8. Spain

9. Canada

10. India

Oil1. Saudi Arabia

2. Russia

3. USA

4. Iran

5. Mexico

6. China

7. Canada

8. UAE

9. Venezuela

10. Norway

Green revolution

• Why was the green revolution necessary? • Why did green revolution spread in Asia?• What is the process of agricultural

development during green revolution?• How did green revolution contribute to the

world food production?• What are the negative impacts of green

revolution?• How has agribusiness mode been changed?

Necessity of G

R

• IR emphasized on production of industrial products in the developed country

• Many developed countries had not to think for shortage of agricultural product who had access to food form developed countries.

• the traditional agriculture was unable to meet demand, reflected form the food crisis in early 1940s during and after the second world war

• A revolutionary change was necessary in agriculture technology to overcome the food shortage.

• Moreover, there was a huge scope of business oriented agriculture production and of creating market for agricultural inputs.

Spread of G

R

• Mexico: Home of the Green Revolution

• Green Revolution usually refers to the transformation of agriculture that began in 1945

• Norman Borlaug, the biggest contributor to Green Revolution who joined Rockefeller Foundation team in Mexico.

• He conducted research on development of wheat variety for higher yield.

• 1960’s: Improved wheat varieties gave dramatic increase in yield in Mexico

• Borlaug won Nobel Peace Prize in 1970

• 1965: 250 tons to Pakistan;

200 tons to India

• 1966: 18,000 tons to India

• 1967: 42,000 tons to Pakistan;

21,000 tons to Turkey

Wheat Seed Shipment to Asia

• International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) developed a semi-dwarf rice variety in 1966 that could produce more rice with certain fertilizers and irrigation.

• 1970’s: Rice variety spread to millions of farmers in Asia and third world

• 1990’s: 40% of all farms in third world

– 75% Rice farming in Asia

– 80% Wheat farming in third world

• GR improved standard of living for millions people worldwide

Development and Spread of Rice variety

. Cereal

Wheat Rice Irrigation Fertilizer Tractors Prodn million ha million t millions million t

Green Revolution:Changes in Production and Factors of

Production in Developing Countries of Asia

(M ha / % area)

Adoption ofModern varieties

1961 0 / 0% 0 / 0% 87 2 0.2 3091970 14 / 20% 15 / 20% 106 10 0.5 4631980 39 / 49% 55 / 43% 129 29 2.0 6181990 60 / 70% 85 / 65% 158 54 3.4 8582000 70 / 84% 100 / 74% 175 70 4.8 962

Source: FAOSTAT, July 2002 and author’s estimated on modern variety adoption, based on CIMMYT and IRRI data.

Technology Saved Areas, 1950-2000

WORLD GRAIN PRODUCTION1950 650 million ton from 610 million ha2000 1900 million ton from 660 million ha (without GR tech. needed 1760 million ha)

1,800

1,400

1,000

600

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

LAND SAVED1100 million ha

LAND USED 660 million ha

Mill

ion

hect

ares

200

* Uses milled rice equivalents , Source: FAO Production Yearbooks and AGROSTAT

GrainSoybnWheat

Rice

CornOther

It is GR as it helped to keep the world green saving forest land

• GR technology is Fertilizers - Irrigation - Pesticides based production system

• Dependency on expensive inputs:– Irrigation devices– Fertilizers– Pesticides

• Increased inequality among countries as profits go to global companies as poor countries import

• Farmers becomes gradually become more dependent on – Pesticide: Need gradually more– Fertilizer: Fertilizer use increases by

huge amount– Need more inputs each year for same

production that the poor can’t pay and got less production

Negative Im

pact of GR

: D

ependency & Inequality

• Expensive irrigation devices created inequality among farmers: Wealthy invested, became water lord, got richer by selling water

• Economic power went to a few large landowners who were bigger growers and the poor was drove out from buying land by large growers

• Diversion of benefits of GR technology to– Middlemen as farmers to depend for selling– Banks as farmers to invest for new technology– Chemical companies as farmers to use

• Food flows from the poor and hungry nations to the rich and well-fed nations

• Production increased AND more food at same time increases inequity

• Green Revolution not sustainable– destroys resource base like soil and environment

on which agriculture depends

Negative Im

pact of GR

: D

ependency & Inequality

Exam

ple: India and B

D

India and Bangladesh• Near self-sufficient in

grain production due to Green Revolution

• But 1/3 of people poor who cannot afford to BUY enough food

World T

op Agricultural

Producers

Rice 1. China

2. India

3. Indonesia

4. Bangladesh

5. Vietnam

6. Thailand

7. Myanmar

8. Philippines

9. Brazil

10. Japan

Wheat 1. China

2. India

3. USA

4. Russia

5. France

6. Canada

7. Australia

8. Germany

9. Pakistan

10. Turkey

Potato 1. China

2. Russia

3. India

4. USA

5. Ukraine

6. Germany

7. Poland

8. Belgium

9. Netherlands

10. France

World T

op Agricultural

Producers

Jute 1. India

2. Bangladesh

3. China

4. Côte d'Ivoire

5. Thailand

6. Myanmar

7. Brazil

8. Uzbekistan

9. Nepal

10. Vietnam

Tea 1. China

2. India

3. Sri Lanka

4. Kenya

5. Turkey

6. Indonesia

7. Vietnam

8. Japan

9. Argentina

10. Bangladesh

Cotton 1. China

2. USA

3. India

4. Pakistan

5. Brazil

6. Uzbekistan

7. Turkey

8. Australia

9. Greece

10. Syria

Agribusiness D

evelopment

Phases: Basic need-based business Colonization Capitalistic agribusiness

• Basic Need based business– Agricultural production used to meet the

basic needs of the people and industry – spices for foods & cotton for textile

• Colonization and demand for raw materials– Agriculture was replaced by the industry

during industrial revolution – Large scale production seeks a continuous

supply of raw materials at a large level – Colonization’ was a peculiar phenomenon

where the developed countries used the underdeveloped countries even through occupancy for production of raw materials

Agribusiness D

evelopment

• Capitalistic agribusiness– Capitalistic agribusiness started to rise in the

mid- twentieth century.– Small number of industries concentrated

towards supplies of inputs and also became concentrated in food processing, distribution and retailing.

– US food processing firms like ConAgra, Cargill, Tyson-foods, Goldkist, etc. occupy major share in food distribution in the USA and also in the world.

– Four large US firms process from 57% to 76% of corn, wheat and soybeans in USA.

– Many transnational firms who started as relatively local firms but expanded operations with global integration by building new facilities, acquisitions and mergers with other firms.