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Agriculture and Society. Chapter 4 Lesson 4.3. Theme Outline. Lesson 4.3 Farming Methods Preparing the Land Planting the Land Soil Enrichment Farms and Human Nutrition Food Safety. PA Academic Standards for Environment & Ecology. Standard 4.4.10.B - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Agriculture and Agriculture and SocietySociety
Chapter 4Chapter 4Lesson 4.3Lesson 4.3
Theme OutlineTheme Outline Lesson 4.3Lesson 4.3
• Farming MethodsFarming Methods• Preparing the LandPreparing the Land• Planting the LandPlanting the Land• Soil EnrichmentSoil Enrichment• Farms and Human NutritionFarms and Human Nutrition• Food SafetyFood Safety
PA Academic Standards for PA Academic Standards for Environment & EcologyEnvironment & Ecology
Standard 4.4.10.BStandard 4.4.10.B Assess the influence of agricultural science on Assess the influence of agricultural science on
farming practices.farming practices.• Compare the practices of no-till farming to Compare the practices of no-till farming to
traditional soil preparation (e.g., plow, disc).traditional soil preparation (e.g., plow, disc).
• Analyze and explain the various practices of Analyze and explain the various practices of nutrient management on the farm.nutrient management on the farm.
• Analyze and explain how farm efficiencies have Analyze and explain how farm efficiencies have changed human nutrition.changed human nutrition.
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Students will compare the practices of no-till Students will compare the practices of no-till farming with traditional preparation (e.g., farming with traditional preparation (e.g., plowing disking).plowing disking).
Students will analyze and explain the various Students will analyze and explain the various practices of nutrient management on farms.practices of nutrient management on farms.
Students will analyze and explain how farm Students will analyze and explain how farm efficiencies have changed human nutrition.efficiencies have changed human nutrition.
Students will identify and describe how food Students will identify and describe how food safety issues have affected production in safety issues have affected production in agriculture.agriculture.
Farming MethodsFarming Methods All farming methods depend on the quantity and All farming methods depend on the quantity and
quality of quality of soilsoil..SoilSoil
DefinitionDefinition: upper layer of land surface that all growing : upper layer of land surface that all growing things use for physical support, water, and nutrientsthings use for physical support, water, and nutrients
Soil FormationSoil Formation It takes 200-1,000 years to produce one inch of new soil, It takes 200-1,000 years to produce one inch of new soil,
depending on the climate and parent rockdepending on the climate and parent rock Soil contains microorganisms like fungi, bacteria, as well Soil contains microorganisms like fungi, bacteria, as well
as plants, insects, and vertebratesas plants, insects, and vertebrates Healthy soil is vital to healthy crop productionHealthy soil is vital to healthy crop production
Soil FormationSoil Formation Soil conservation is critical to successful agriculture.Soil conservation is critical to successful agriculture. Soil erosion involves the loss of the ability of land to Soil erosion involves the loss of the ability of land to
support cropssupport crops Methods of erosionMethods of erosion
• NaturalNatural
Example: windExample: wind• Human activityHuman activity
Example: loggingExample: logging
WeatheringWeathering DefinitionDefinition: slow wearing away of rocks by wind, water, : slow wearing away of rocks by wind, water,
and temperate fluctuationsand temperate fluctuations
Preparing the LandPreparing the Land What has to be done to the land in order to make it What has to be done to the land in order to make it
suitable for planting?suitable for planting?
• Machinery breaks up the surface soils which readies Machinery breaks up the surface soils which readies the upper layers of soil for plantingthe upper layers of soil for planting
• Concern: surface soils are most vulnerable to erosion, Concern: surface soils are most vulnerable to erosion, thus need to be protectedthus need to be protected
Preparing the LandPreparing the Land
Conservation Tillage MethodsConservation Tillage Methods• Conservation TillageConservation Tillage• No-till cultivationNo-till cultivation• Covered surface soilsCovered surface soils
Conservation TillageConservation Tillage
DefinitionDefinition: : planting method in which farmers disturb planting method in which farmers disturb surface topsoil and vegetation as little as possiblesurface topsoil and vegetation as little as possible
In ridge tillage (one kind of conservation tillage), farmers plant seeds in the valleys between carefully molded ridges of soil. The method prevents some erosion but usually requires the addition of more fertilizer.
No-till CultivationNo-till Cultivation
DefinitionDefinition: process in which a machine drills holes in the : process in which a machine drills holes in the topsoil for planting seeds without turning the soil over at topsoil for planting seeds without turning the soil over at allall
On this no-till cornfield, crop residue is left on the fields after a harvest to prevent erosion and water loss. Conventional plows are nowhere to be found.
Covered Surface SoilsCovered Surface Soils Farmers can use leftover stubble from the previous crop to Farmers can use leftover stubble from the previous crop to
cover the soil surface between seeded areascover the soil surface between seeded areas Prevents soil erosionPrevents soil erosion Decaying material is incorporated into the existing soilDecaying material is incorporated into the existing soil
(green manure)(green manure)
HumusHumus DefinitionDefinition: mixture of decomposed organic matter in : mixture of decomposed organic matter in
topsoil that supplies nutrients to plants and helps retain topsoil that supplies nutrients to plants and helps retain soil moisturesoil moisture
Planting the LandPlanting the Land The slope of the land varies by locationThe slope of the land varies by location
Example: slope effects runoff from hillsideExample: slope effects runoff from hillside
Farmers employ various strategies to conserve the Farmers employ various strategies to conserve the soil on their landsoil on their land
Soil conservation methodsSoil conservation methods• Contour farming• Strip cropping• Terracing
Contour Farming Definition:Definition: farming method in which farmers plow their farming method in which farmers plow their
fields and plant crops across the slope of the land instead fields and plant crops across the slope of the land instead of up and down the slope in order to help prevent water of up and down the slope in order to help prevent water from running downhill and taking valuable soil with itfrom running downhill and taking valuable soil with it
Strip Cropping DefinitionDefinition: planting method in which wide rows or strips : planting method in which wide rows or strips
of crops such as corn are planted alternately with rows of a of crops such as corn are planted alternately with rows of a grass or legume cropgrass or legume crop
Terracing Definition:Definition: farming method in which farmers build a farming method in which farmers build a
series of broad, flat ridges that run down a hillside like series of broad, flat ridges that run down a hillside like stairsstairs
Soil EnrichmentSoil Enrichment
Main types of fertilizersMain types of fertilizers• Natural fertilizersNatural fertilizers
• Examples: Manure, green Examples: Manure, green manure, and compostmanure, and compost
• Artificial chemical fertilizersArtificial chemical fertilizers• Increase crop yieldsIncrease crop yields• Do not add humus to the soilDo not add humus to the soil• Pollution of groundwater and Pollution of groundwater and
surface water from runoffsurface water from runoff• Examples: conventional Examples: conventional
chemical fertilizers (N-P-K)chemical fertilizers (N-P-K)
Goal: Prevent losing critical soil nutrients by monitoring Goal: Prevent losing critical soil nutrients by monitoring and maintain current soil conditionsand maintain current soil conditions
Goal: Use a variety of soil conservation methods to Goal: Use a variety of soil conservation methods to conserve topsoil .conserve topsoil .
Soil EnrichmentSoil Enrichment
Crop Rotation DefinitionDefinition: changing the crops planted in a field from : changing the crops planted in a field from
year to yearyear to year
Farms and Human NutritionFarms and Human Nutrition Modern farming practices have increased the Modern farming practices have increased the
amount and variety of foods producedamount and variety of foods produced
Example: U.S. farmers produce twice as much crops Example: U.S. farmers produce twice as much crops as they did in 1940as they did in 1940
Meeting the Needs of a Meeting the Needs of a Growing PopulationGrowing Population
Farmers have had to shift their productionFarmers have had to shift their production• Plant fewer crops in larger quantitiesPlant fewer crops in larger quantities
Example: rice and grainsExample: rice and grains• Plant high-yield forms of cropsPlant high-yield forms of crops• Use large quantities of fertilizersUse large quantities of fertilizers• Adoption of modern farming methods in developing Adoption of modern farming methods in developing
nationsnations
World Agricultural SystemsWorld Agricultural Systems Produce enough food to supply minimal Produce enough food to supply minimal
nutritional requirements for the world’s current nutritional requirements for the world’s current populationpopulation
Soil has a limited capacitySoil has a limited capacityEventually, scientists fear that in order to keep pace with Eventually, scientists fear that in order to keep pace with
the amount of food needed the world’s population, the amount of food needed the world’s population, environmental degradation is inevitable. environmental degradation is inevitable.
Modern AgricultureModern Agriculture
• Increased the variety and quantity of foods availableIncreased the variety and quantity of foods available• Potential destruction natural ecosystemsPotential destruction natural ecosystems
Example: draining wetland areasExample: draining wetland areas• Pose potential harm to wildlife populationsPose potential harm to wildlife populations
Example: habitat conservationExample: habitat conservation• Concerns with chemical pesticide and fertilizer applicationConcerns with chemical pesticide and fertilizer application
Example: synthetic chemical fertilizers pollute waterwaysExample: synthetic chemical fertilizers pollute waterways• Concerns with soil erosionConcerns with soil erosion
Example: nutrient depletion from soilExample: nutrient depletion from soil• Energy intensiveEnergy intensive
Example: requires large amounts of fossil fuelsExample: requires large amounts of fossil fuels
Modern AgricultureModern AgricultureSo what have farmers done to address these concerns?So what have farmers done to address these concerns?
• Introduction of alternative farming methodsIntroduction of alternative farming methods Soil conservation practicesSoil conservation practices
Example: limit exposed soils to erosionExample: limit exposed soils to erosion Nutrient conservation practicesNutrient conservation practices
Example: use of natural organic fertilizersExample: use of natural organic fertilizers Habitat restoration practicesHabitat restoration practices
Example: planting trees to prevent erosionExample: planting trees to prevent erosion
Food SafetyFood Safety
Food supplies needs to be safe for human Food supplies needs to be safe for human consumption.consumption.
Food-borne illnesses occur when foods are Food-borne illnesses occur when foods are contaminated with bacteria during processing, contaminated with bacteria during processing, improperly stored, or improperly handled.improperly stored, or improperly handled. Example: poultry products prepared improperly by Example: poultry products prepared improperly by
using utensils that came in contact with raw or using utensils that came in contact with raw or undercooked poultryundercooked poultry
Food SafetyFood Safety
Government regulations on food safety are shared Government regulations on food safety are shared by several government agenciesby several government agencies• Department of Agriculture (USDA)Department of Agriculture (USDA)• Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Food and Drug Administration (FDA)• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Department of Agriculture Department of Agriculture (USDA)(USDA)
ResponsibilitiesResponsibilities Inspect meatInspect meat in slaughterhouses and processing plants in slaughterhouses and processing plants Grades Grades meat and dairy products to indicate their qualitymeat and dairy products to indicate their quality Enforces regulations to protect animals and plants from Enforces regulations to protect animals and plants from
disease and pestsdisease and pests Conduct researchConduct research Provides educational materials to the publicProvides educational materials to the public
Food and Drug Administration Food and Drug Administration (FDA)(FDA)
ResponsibilitiesResponsibilities Ensures overall quality of food productsEnsures overall quality of food products Regulates drugs and cosmeticsRegulates drugs and cosmetics Oversees food packagingOversees food packaging Regulates maintenance of sanitary Regulates maintenance of sanitary
conditionsconditions Administrates programs to ensure safety of Administrates programs to ensure safety of
dairy and shellfishdairy and shellfish Regulates nutritional labelingRegulates nutritional labeling Conduct researchConduct research Provides educational materials to the Provides educational materials to the
publicpublic
Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)(EPA)
ResponsibilitiesResponsibilities Regulates chemical residues on foodsRegulates chemical residues on foods Regulates the use of pesticidesRegulates the use of pesticides Conduct researchConduct research Provides educational materials to the publicProvides educational materials to the public
The role of the consumerThe role of the consumer
Simple things a consumer can do…Simple things a consumer can do… … … pay attention to container datespay attention to container dates … … ensure refrigerated and frozen items are stored ensure refrigerated and frozen items are stored
appropriatelyappropriately … … examine packages for damaged productsexamine packages for damaged products … … wash all fresh fruit and vegetableswash all fresh fruit and vegetables