Agricultural Revolution:new innovations in the production of food: crop rotationfed city-dwellers the enclosure movement forced poor farmers off their land Population:

Englands population swelled; more people = specialization of labor (you can do other things besides farming!)more reliable food supplies and resistance to diseasehigher percentage of children led to child labor

BRITAINS ADVANTAGESNatural resources: water; coal; iron ore; riversInvestment in new inventionsStable govtBanking systemPeaceFactors of production: land, labor, capital (wealth)

IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRYTextiles: wool, linen, cotton turned into clothingMajor Inventions:John Kay: flying shuttleJames Hargreaves: spinning jennyRichard Arkwright: water frameSamuel Crompton: spinning muleEd Cartwright: power loom

Machines set up in factories: large buildings

Steam Engine:1765 James WattUsed to propel boatsand locomotives

More InnovationsCanals and steam engines on boatsNew roadsRailroads the most important transportation innovation of the Industrial Age

The FactoryLocation of machinesNear water at first, then moved to cities

Life During the Industrial Revolution

Growth of CitiesUrbanization: city building and the movement of people to citiesWhere were factories built?

Living ConditionsCities lackedPlans (unpaved streets)Sanitary codes (no drains, garbage in streets)Adequate housingEducationPolice protection

Average life expectancy in Liverpool, England (1842)Gentleman: 42 yearsTradesman: 22 yearsIndustrial worker: 15 years

Working Conditions14 hours/day (6 or 7 a.m. to 8 p.m.) hour for lunch and 1 hour for dinner6 days/weekDark, dirty factoriesNo safety regulations (injuries, black lung)Luddites (1811)Child labor:Same long hoursAbuseInjuriesFactory Act 1819

Impact of the Industrial Revolution

Environmental ImpactAir pollutionToxic waste dumping into river

New Industrial Cities- poor were crammed into small cheap houses- air pollution, dirty streets, contaminated water were problems Rural Environments- landscapes of industrialized countries were transformed- deforestation , canals, and railroads made the biggest impact

Positive ImpactCreated jobsContributed to the wealth of the nationFostered technological progress and inventionIncreased productionRaised standard of livingHealthier dietsBetter housingCheaper clothing

Class DivisionsLower class: workers

THE BOURGEOISIEMiddle class: factory overseers, skilled workersUpper middle class: government employees, doctors, lawyers, managers of factories, mines, shopsUpper class:New money: factory owners, merchants, investment bankersOld money: landowners, aristocrats

WHICH IDEAS HELPED THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?

CAPITALISM

Economic system that helped the Industrial Revolution; on the side of business

Adam Smith believed in laissez-faire policies:No govt interference w/ businessFree Market:Supply and demand; no regulation the buyers and sellers determine prices Smiths ideas were foundation of CapitalismADAM SMITH

The Characteristics of CapitalismSelf-interest will drive the marketMarket- place where goods/services are bought or soldPrivate ownership of propertyFree enterprise: you can start a business or buy and sell anything you want to!Competition among businessesFreedom of choicePossibility to make profits

Capitalism in the U.S.A.The American Ideals:Each person knows what is best for him/herRight of all persons to own private propertyEconomic freedom is part of political freedomThe U.S. has a mixed-market economy: free-enterprise combined with some govt intervention

RESPONSES TO CAPITALISM AND INDUSTRIALIZATIONJEREMY BENTHAM- UtilitarianismGoal of society should be the greatest good for greatest numberGovt involvement in societyJOHN STUART MILL- Govt should help lives of working classRobert Owen- Utopian SocialistEstablished community where work shared and property owned by all

Economic and Social Systems that developed as a response to Capitalism and the effects of the Industrial Revolution:SOCIALISMCOMMUNISM

Socialism (a response to Capitalism)Three Goals:To distribute wealth and economic opportunities equally among peopleGovernment controls some (but not all) major decisions about productionPublic ownership of land, factories, etc.--meaning, the govt has a say in most economic aspects for the good of the people.

Statue of Marx and Engels- Berlin, Germany

CommunismKarl Marx:Workers of the world, unite!Class struggles b/t the haves (bourgeoisie)& the have-nots (proletariat)Bourgeoisie (owners) exploit the Proletariat (workers)Workers will overthrow capitalists (factory owners) in revolutionMarxism (same as communism)Communism is one class in society-- no rich or poor; communal ownership of property, no govtCommand economy: state owns land, natural resources, industry, banks, media, etc.Govt controls decisions about economyNo private property

Whos in control?Dictatorship of the Proletariat

Capitalism vs. Marxism (pg. 270)Capitalist Ideas:

Progress results when people follow own self-interestBusinesses follow self-interest thru competition w/ other businesses for $$$Each producer provides goods that are better and cheaper than the competitionConsumers compete to purchase best goods at lowest pricesMarket economy aims to produce best products & lowest pricesGovernment should not interfere w/ the economyMarxist Ideas:

Great movements in history result from an economic class struggleThe haves (rich factory owners) take advantage of the have-nots (workers)The Industrial Revolution intensified the class struggleWorkers are exploited by ownersLabor of workers creates profits for employersThe capitalist system will eventually destroy itself. The state (govt) will wither away as a classless society develops

The Political Spectrum

CHANGING SOCIETYReform Movements

Unionization for factory workers:Long hours, dangerous conditions, no benefits, no job securityGoals:Raising wages & improving working conditions

Collective Bargaining:Negotiations b/t workers & employersStrike: if demands for better conditions/pay were refused, workers would strike

Factory Act of 1833: Child LaborIllegal to hire kids under 99-12 yr olds couldnt work over 8 hrs/day13-17 no more than 12 hrs1842 Mines Act: no children or women in mines1847 Ten Hours Act of 1847: 10 hr work day

Slave trade ended in British empire in 1807Slavery in the empire ended in 1833 Slavery in the U.S. ended in 1865Move from slave labor to cheap labor: what is the major difference?

Movements in public educationSuffrage: in Britain, only people who owned land could vote not a true democracy!Workers Suffrage: right of all men to vote; achieved in early 1900sWOMENS MOVEMENTMid-1800s formed unionsRallied for the abolition of slaveryBy 1890, protested unfair laws and customsWomens suffrage not achieved in U.S. or Britain until after World War I