Agricultural Biotechnology Agricultural Biotechnology in Indiain India

Sanjay Saxena

“Transgenics” or GMOs are defined as those organisms with

a gene or genetic construct of interest that has been introduced

by molecular or recombinant DNA techniques

• The power of this technique lies in its ability to move genes from one organism to crop plants to impart novel characteristics

• It is possible to transfer genetic material from algae, bacteria, viruses or animals to plants or to move genes between sexually incompatible species

Transgenics

Gene gunGene gun

Transformation by Gene gun

Application of GM technology• Improving yield• Nutritional improvement• Increasing shelf life of fruits and vegetables by

delayed ripening• Conferring resistance to insects, pests and

viruses• Tolerance to abiotic stresses (drought, salt, water-

logging)• Herbicide tolerance• Edible vaccines

Control

Flaver Saver

GM crops : Global status (2005)• Developing countries : 11• Industrial countries : 10• Countries joining the GM club in 2005

(Iran, Portugal, France & Czech Republic)• No. of EU countries growing GM (2005) : 3 to 5

(Spain & Germany)• No. of farmers growing GM crops globally :

8.5 million• No. of Indian farmers growing GM crops :

1 million• First triple gene product (maize) released in US

in 2005

Global area of Biotech crops in 2005 (Million hectares)

S. No. Country Area Crops1. USA 49.8 (55%) Soybean, Maize, Cotton, Canola,

Squash, Papaya2. Argentina 17.1 (19%) Soybean, Maize, Cotton3. Brazil 9.4 (10%) Soybean4. Canada 5.8 (6%) Canola, Maize, Soybean5. China 3.3 (4%) Cotton6. Paraguay 1.8 (2%) Soybean7. India 1.3 (1%) Cotton8. South

Africa0.5 (1%) Maize, Cotton, Soybean

9. Uruguay 0.3 (< 1%) Maize, Soybean

10. Australia 0.3 (< 1%) Cotton

Global area of Biotech crops in 2005 (Million hectares)

S. No. Country Area Crops11. Mexico 0.1 (< 1%) Soybean, Cotton12. Romania 0.1 (< 1%) Soybean13. Philippines 0.1 (< 1%) Maize14. Spain 0.1 (< 1%) Maize15. Colombia < 0.1 Cotton16. Iran < 0.1 Rice17. Honduras < 0.1 Maize18. Portugal < 0.1 Maize19. Germany < 0.1 Maize

20. France < 0.1 Maize21. Czech Republic < 0.1 Maize

Dominant Biotech Crops, 2005S. No.

Crop MHa %Biotech

1 Herbicide tolerant soybean 54.4 60

2 Bt maize 11.3 13

3 Bt/herbicide tolerant maize 6.5 7

4 Bt cotton 4.9 5

5 Herbicide tolerant Canola 4.6 5

6 Bt/herbicide tolerant cotton 3.6 4

7 Herbicide tolerant maize 3.4 4

8 Herbicide tolerant cotton 1.3 2

Total 90.0 100%

Global value of Biotech crop market

Year Value (Million $US)1996 1151997 8421998 19731999 27032000 27342001 32352002 36562003 41522004 46632005 5248Total 29321

VEGETABLESTomato, Potato, Eggplant

Lettuce, Celery, CauliflowerCabbage, Sugarbeet, Carrot,

Cucumbers, Sweetpotato,Cassava

FRUITSApple, Strawberry,

Walnut, Muskmelon,Papaya, Grape

Transgenic Cropsfor Food

EDIBLE OILSMustardOilseed rapeCanolaSunflower

CEREALSWheat, RiceMaize, Rye

LEGUMESSoybean, Pigeon pea, Chick pea

Ministry of Science and Technology

Department of Biotechnology• Department of Science And Technology• Department of Scientific and Industrial Research

(Council for Scientific and Industrial Research)

Ministry of Agriculture• Department of Agricultural Research and Education

(Indian Council of Agricultural Research and Education)

Agencies of Public sector promoting Agencies of Public sector promoting Agricultural BiotechnologyAgricultural Biotechnology

Biotech Industry in India (2004-05)

Segment Revenues ($ million) Market Share (%) Growth (%)2003-04 2004-05 2003-04 2004-05

BioPharma

BioServices

BioAgri

BioIndustrial

Bioinformatics

625.45

62.50

29.55

54.09

18.18

811.36

96.59

75.00

72.73

22.73

79.19

7.91

3.74

6.85

2.30

75.24

8.96

6.95

6.74

2.11

29.72

54.55

153.85

34.45

25.00

Total Industry Size

789.77 1078.41 100.00 100.00 36.55

BioPharma corners three-fourth of Indian market ($811 million out of $1070 million)

Transgenic research in India (Public Sector)• AAU, Jorhat, Assam• Bose Institute, Kolkata• Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur• Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla• Central Tobacco Research Institute, Rajahmundry• Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad• Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack • Delhi University, South Campus, New Delhi• Directorate of Rice Research, Hyderabad• IARI, New Delhi• IARI sub-station, Shillong

Transgenic research in India (Public Sector)• International Centre for Genetic Engineering and

Biotechnology, New Delhi• International Crop Research Institute for Semi-arid

Tropics, Hyderabad• Indian Institute of Horticulture Research, Bangalore• Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi• Madurai Kamraj University, Madurai• Narendra Dev University of Agriculture, Faizabad• National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow• Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana• Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore• TERI, New Delhi• University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore

Transgenic research in India (Pvt. Sector)

• Ankur Seeds Limited, Nagpur• Hybrid Rice International, Gurgaon• Indo American Hybrid Seeds, Bangalore• M/s MAHYCO, Mumbai• Metahelix Life Sciences, Bangalore• MAHYCO Research Foundation, Hyderabad• Monsanto, Mumbai• M/s Proagro PGS (India) Ltd., Gurgaon• Syngenta India, Limited, Pune• Sungro Seeds Ltd, New Delhi

• Cereals Rice, Wheat, Maize• Grain legumes Chickpea, Mungbean, Black

gram, Pigeonpea• Oilseeds Mustard, Ground nut• Vegetables Brinjal, Tomato, Potato,

Chilli, Cabbage, Cauliflower• Fruits Papaya, Banana, Muskmelon• Medicinal plants Brahmi• Others Cotton, Coffee, Tobacco

Target crops for transgenic research in India

Target traits • Disease resistance• Improving the quantity of the protein• Increasing vitamin content• Stress tolerance• Herbicide resistance• Delayed ripening• Edible vaccine

Transgenic crops approved for field trials in 2005

Brinjal• Mahyco, Mumbai cry1Ac• Sungro Seeds Ltd, New Delhi cry1Ac• IARI, New Delhi cry1F

Cabbage• Sungro Seeds Ltd, New Delhi cry1Ac

Cauliflower• Sungro Seeds Ltd, New Delhi cry1Ac

Corn• Monsanto, Mumbai Cry1Ab• Metahelix Life Sciences, Bangalore Modified Mu-element

(Turbo-Mu)

Transgenic crops approved for field trials in 2005

Cotton• Ajeet Seeds, Aurangabad cry1Ac, cryX• Ankur Seeds P.Ltd., Nagpur cry1Ac, cryX• M/s Bioseed Research India Pvt Ltd, Hyd cry1Ac, cryX• M/s Emergent Genetics India P. Ltd, Hyd cry1Ac, cryX• Ganga Kaveri Seeds Ltd, Hyderabad cry1Ac• Green Gold Seeds Ltd, Aurangabad GFM cry1Aa• JK Agri Genetics, Hyderabad cry1Ac • M/s Kaveri Seeds Co. P. Ltd, S’bad cry1Ac• Krishidhan Seeds, Jalna cry1Ac, cryX• Mahyco, Mumbai cryX• Metahelix Life Sciences, Bangalore cry1Ac• Nandi Seeds Pvt. Ltd Mehbubnagar cry1Ac• Namdhari Seeds Pvt. Ltd, Bangalore cry1Ac

Transgenic crops approved for field trials in 2005Cotton• Nath Seeds, Aurangabad GFM cry1Aa• Nuziveedu Seeds, Hyderabad cry1Ac, cryX• Prabhat Agri Biotech Ltd. Hyderabad cry1Ac• Pravardhan Seeds Pvt. Ltd Hyderabad cry1Ac• Proagro Seeds Co. Ltd Hyderabad cry1Ac• Rasi Seeds Ltd., Attur cryX• Syngenta India Ltd., Pune Vip-3A• Tulsi Seeds, Guntur cry1Ac, cryX• UAS, Dharwad cry1Ac• Vibha Agrotech Ltd. Hyderabad cry1Ac• Vikki’s Agrotech, Hyderabad cry1Ac• Vikram Seeds Ltd, Ahmedabad cry1Ac• Zuari Seeds Ltd. Bangalore GFM cry1Aa

Transgenic crops approved for field trials in 2005Groundnut• ICRISAT, Hyderabad Coat protein of IPCV, Nucleo Capsid

Protein of PBNVMustard• UDSC, New Delhi barnase & barstar Okra• Mahyco, Mumbai cry1Ac Pigeonpea • ICRISAT, Hyderabad cry1Ac • IARI, New Delhi cry1Ac, cry1Aa + cry1B• Mahyco, Mumbai cry1Ac• Metahelix Life Sciences, Bangalore NHX gene

Tomato• IARI, New Delhi anti-sense replicase gene of tomato leaf curl

virus• Mahyco, Mumbai cry1Ac

Bt cotton in India

Year Area under cultivation (ha)

2002 50,000

2003 100,000

2004 5,00,000

2005 13,00,000

Bt cotton producing states in India

State Area (M ha)• Maharashtra 0.607 • Andhra Pradesh 0.283• Gujarat 0.164• Madhya Pradesh 0.148• Karnataka 0.040 • Tamil Nadu 0.029• Northern states 0.064Total 1.335

S. No Name of Hybrid Name of Company Zone

1 NCS – 207 Mallika M/s Nuziveedu Seeds Ltd. Central & South

2 NCS – 145 Bunny M/s Nuziveedu Seeds Ltd. Central & South

3 RCH 2 Bt M/s Rasi Seeds Ltd Central & South

4 RCH –144 Bt M/s Rasi Seeds Ltd Central

5 RCH –118 Bt M/s Rasi Seeds Ltd Central

6 RCH - 138 Bt M/s Rasi Seeds Ltd Central

7 RCH – 20 Bt M/s Rasi Seeds Ltd South

8 RCH – 368 Bt M/s Rasi Seeds Ltd South

9 RCH – 134 Bt M/s Rasi Seeds Ltd North

10 RCH – 317 Bt M/s Rasi Seeds Ltd North

Bt cotton varieties approved for commercial cultivation in various zones

Source : MoEF

Bt cotton varieties approved for commercial cultivation in various zones S. No Name of Hybrid Name of Company Zone

11 MRC – 6322 Bt M/s Mahyco South

12 MRC – 6918 Bt M/s Mahyco South

13 MRC – 6301 Bt M/s Mahyco Central & North

14 MRC – 6304 Bt M/s Mahyco North

15 Ankur – 651 Bt M/s Ankur Seeds Ltd Central & North

16 Ankur 2534 Bt M/s Ankur Seeds Ltd North

17 Ankur – 09 M/s Ankur Seeds Ltd Central

18 MECH 12 Bt* M/s Mahyco Central (renewed)

19 MECH 162 Bt* M/s Mahyco Central & South (renewed)

20 MECH 184 Bt* M/s Mahyco Central & South (renewed)

Central zone : MP, Maharashtra & Gujarat * not renewed for APSouth Zone : AP, Karnataka & Tamil NaduNorth Zone : Punjab, Rajasthan & Haryana

Bt cotton varieties approved for large-scale trials during Kharif 2005Central Zone1. VCH-111 Bt : M/s Vikki Agrotech Ltd

2. GK- 204 Bt and GK- 205 Bt : M/s Ganga Kaveri Seeds

3. PRCH-102 Bt : M/s. Paravardhan Seeds Pvt. Ltd

4. NPH-2171 : M/s Prabhat Agri Biotech Ltd

5. RCH 377 Bt and RCH – 386 Bt : M/s Rasi Seeds Ltd

6. ACH-155-1 : M/s Ajeet Seeds7. Tulasi 4 Bt & Tulasi –117 Bt : M/s Tulasi Seeds Pvt. Ltd

8. Brahma Bt : M/s Emergent Genetics India Pvt. Ltd9. NCS 913 Bt : M/s. Nuziveedu Seed Ltd

Bt cotton varieties approved for large-scale trials during Kharif 2005Central Zone10. KDCHH - 9810 Bt, KDCHH-621 BG - II, KDCHH-441 BG-

II : M/s Krishidhan seeds Ltd 11. RCH 515 BGII : M/s Rasi Seeds Ltd12. MRC- 7301 BG II, MRC-7326 BG II, MRC-7351 BG II,

MRC-7341 BG II and MRC-7347 BG II : M/s Mahyco,13. JK-Varun and JKCH 99 Bt : M/s J.K. Seeds14. NCEH-2R Bt : M/s. Nath Seeds Ltd 15. 02- 41 Vip : M/s Syngenta Seeds India Ltd 16. ACH –11-2 BG-II and ACH –155-2 BG –II : M/s Ajeet

Seeds Ltd. 17. VICH 5 and VICH 9 : M/s Vikram Seeds

Bt cotton varieties approved for large-scale trials during Kharif 2005South Zone1. GK-207 Bt and GK-209 Bt : M/s Ganga Kaveri Seeds2. NPH-2270 Bt and NPH-2171 Bt : M/s Prabhat Agri Biotech

Ltd3. PRCH-102 Bt and PRCH-103 Bt : M/s Paravardhan Seeds

Pvt. Ltd4. KDCHH-9632 Bt and KDCHH-9810 Bt : M/s Krishidhan

Seeds Ltd5. RCHB-708 Bt, RCHB-111 Bt and RCHB-371 Bt : M/s Rasi

Seeds Ltd6. NCS-913 Bt : M/s Nuziveedu Seeds Ltd7. Brahma Bt and Paras Laxmi : M/s Emergent Genetics

India Pvt. Ltd

Bt varieties approved for large-scale trials during Kharif 2005South Zone

8. MRC-7160 BG-II, MRC-7201 BG-II, MRC-7351 BG-II & MRC-7347 BG-II : M/s Mahyco

9. RCH-530 BG-II & RCH-533 BG-II : M/s Rasi Seeds Ltd

10. KDCHH-621 BG-II : M/s Krishidhan Seeds Ltd

11. J.K. Durga Bt & JKCH-99 Bt : M/s J.K. Seeds Ltd12. NCEH-3R Bt : M/s Nath Seeds Ltd

13. Bunny Vip (02-41 Vip) & 02-42 Vip : M/s Syngenta Seeds Ltd

14. VICH 5 & VICH 9 : M/s Vikram Seeds

Bt varieties approved for large-scale trials during Kharif 2005

North Zone1. VICH 9 : M/s Vikram Seeds2. MRC 6025 BG-I, MRC 6029 BG-I : M/s Mahyco3. RCH 314 Bt & RCH 308 Bt : M/s Rasi Seeds Ltd.4. NCS 138 Bt and NCS 913 Bt : M/s Nuziveedu Seeds Ltd.5. MRC 7017 BG-II and MRC 7031 BG-II : M/s Mahyco6. JHCH 1947 Bt : M/s J.K Agri Seeds Ltd.7. NECH 6 R Bt : M/s Nath Seeds Ltd.8. 02-58 vip-3 : M/s Syngenta Seeds India Ltd.

Daffodils

Erwinia bacteria

Genes Plasmids Agrobacteria

Kernel Hull

Embryo

Provitamin Aproducing rice

embryo

12 3 4

Locallyimportant varieties

ß-carotene rich Mustard oil