Agricultural Adjustment Act, as amended Under Section 22 of the … · 2015-04-21 · Recommendation The Commission recommends 1/ that the President issue a proclama-tion pursuant

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION

CHEESES

Report to the President on Investigation No. 22-31 Under Section 22 of the

Agricultural Adjustment Act, as amended

TC Publication 567 Washington, D.C.

April 1973

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION

Catherine Bedell, Chairman

Joseph 0. Parker, Vice Chairman

Will E. Leonard, Jr.

George M. Moore

J. Banks Young

Italo H. Ablondi

Kenneth R. Mason, Secretwry

Address all communications to

United States Tariff Commission

Washington, D. C. 20436

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CONTENTS

Page,

Report to the President 1 Finding and recommendation of the Commission 2 Statement of the Commission 4 Additional statement of Commissioners Leonard and Young 11 Additional statement of Commissioner Ablondi 12 Introduction A-1 Quotas on imports of cheeses under section 22 A-1 Current quotas for cheeses A-2 Administration of section 22 quotas for cheese A-7

U.S. imports A-10 Recent changes influencing the domestic market

situation for cheese A-13 Trends in the U.S. production of milk

and utilization of supply A-13 U S. production of cheese A-15 U.S. consumption of cheese A-17 Current production, consumption and stock situation A-20 The role of Cheddar in the domestic cheese market A-21

Prices A-21 U.S. stocks A-24

World production, trade, and stocks of cheese A-25 Additional information relating to individual cheeses

subject to quota A-26 Blue-mold cheese A-26 Cheddar cheese (unaged) A-27 Cheddar cheese (aged) A-28 American-type cheese, except Cheddar A-28 Edam and Gouda cheese, not processed A-29 Edam and Gouda cheese, processed A-30 Italian-type, in original loaves A-30 Italian-type cheese, not in original loaves A-31 Swiss or Emmenthaler cheese, with eye formation A-32 Gruyere-process cheese A-33 Other cheese A-34 Other cheese (low-fat) A-35

The price-support program for milk A-35 Purchases and costs A-37 Dispositions A-39

U.S. exports A-40

Appendixes: Appendix A. President's letter A-41 Appendix B. Statistical tables A-44

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FIGURES

Page

1. Total cheese: U.S. production, nonquota and quota imports, year-end stocks, commercial consumption, 1968-72

2. Cheese: U.S. production by specified type average, by months, 1968-72

3. Total cheese: U.S. commercial consumption average, by months, 1968-72

4. Total cheese: U.S. commercial consumption 5. Cheddar cheese: U.S. market prices 1/ and

prices, by months, 1968-March 1973

TABLES

1. Cheese and substitutes for cheese: Quantity imported under section 22 quotas and amount of quotas utilized, by type, 1970-72 A-45

2. Cheese and substitutes for cheese: Quantity imported under section 22 quotas and amount of quotas utilized, by type, Jan.-Feb. 1971-73 A-46

3. Total cheese: U.S. imports for consumption, by months, 1968-72 and January-February 1973 A-47

4. Total cheese: U.S. production, imports for consumption, exports, year-end stocks, commercial consumption and ratio of imports to consumption, 1968-72 A-48

5. Dairy products: U.S. milk production and milk equivalent (fat-solids basis) of U.S. exports and imports for consumption, annual 1968-72 A-49

6. Net farm income: Net farm income 1/ (before income taxes) for typical Grade A dairy farms in South- eastern Wisconsin and Central New York, 1968-72 A-50

7. Milk: U.S. utilization of domestic output, 1968-72 A-51 8. Estimated net return: Estimated net return (before

income taxes) for cheese manufacturers, 1968-71 A-52 9. Cheese: U.S. production, by specified type, by

months, 1968-February 1973 A-53 10. Total cheese: U.S. commercial consumption, by months,

1968-February 1973 A-54 11. Cheeses (quota and nonquota): U.S. production, imports

for consumption, percent of quotas filled, consumption, and prices, 1970-72 and Jan.-March 1973

A-55

12. Certain dairy products: Average annual prices, 1968-73--- A-58 13. Total cheese: Commercial stocks, by type, and

CCC-owned stocks (all Cheddar), end of the month, 1969-72 and January-February 1973

14. Cheddar cheese: U.S. market prices 1/ and CCC support prices, by months, 1968-73

A-12 , five-year

A-16 , five-year

A-18 , 1968-72---- ---- A-19 CCC support

A-23

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A-60

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TABLES--Continued

Page

15. Butter, Cheddar cheese, nonfat dry milk, and all milk for manufacturing: U.S. market prices, Commodity Credit Corporation purchase prices, and CCC support objectives, marketing years annual 1968-71, and April-March 1972

16. Butter, Cheddar cheese, and nonfat dry milk: Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) and sec. 32 purchases, utilization (disposals), and CCC uncommitted supplies, 1968-72, and January-March 1972 and 1973

17. Cheddar cheese: CCC purchases and disposition of supplies 1968-72

A-61

A-62 .

A-63

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Report to the President

U.S. Tariff Commission April 9, 1973

To the President:

Pursuant to your request of March 8, 1973, 1/ the U.S. Tariff Commis-

sion has completed an investigation 2/ under subsection (d) of section

22 of the Agricultural Adjustment Act, as amended (7 U.S.C. 624), with

respect to cheeses and substitutes for cheese. The purpose of the

investigation was to determine whether each of the annual quota quan-

tities for cheeses and substitutes for cheese presently subject to

section 22 quantitative limitations as described in items 950.07

through 950.10E of part 3 of the appendix to the Tariff Schedules of the

United States (TSUS), and for each of the supplying countries wherever

applicable, may be increased by fifty percentum for the calendar year

1973, such additional quantities to be entered during a temporary period

ending July 31, 1973, without rendering or tending to render ineffective,

or materially interfering with, the price -support program now conducted

by the Department of Agriculture for milk, or reducing substantially

the amount of products processed in the United States from domestic milk.

You requested the Commission to report its findings and recommenda-

tions to you at the earliest practicable date, but no later than thirty

days from receipt of your letter.

-77 The full text of your letter is shown in appendix A. 2/ Public notice of the Commission's section 22 investigation

(No. 22-31) was issued March 9, 1973. The notice was posted at the Commission's offices in Washington, D.C., and in New York City, and was published in the Federal Register of March 13, 1973 (38 F.R. 6855) and in the March 28, 1973,issue of the Customs Bulletin. A public hearing was held on March 19 and 20, 1973; all interested parties were afforded opportunities to produce evidence and to be heard.

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The information contained in this report was obtained from evi-

dence - submitted at the public hearing, from briefs, from other Govern-

ment agencies, and from the Commission's files.

Finding

On the basis of investigation No. 22-31,inciuding the hearing,

the Commission finds, 1/ pursuant to section 22(d) of the Agricultural

Adjustment Act, as amended, that, owing to changed circumstances, each

of the annual quota quantities, for each of the supp - ving countries

wherever applicable, for cheeses and substitutes for cheese presently

subject to section 22 quantitative limitations (as described in items

950.07 through 950.10E of part 3 of the appendix to the TSUS), may be

increased by fifty percentum for the calendar year 1973, such addi-

tional quantities to be entered during a temporary period ending

July 31, 1973, without rendering or tending to render ineffective, or

materially interfering with, the price-support program now conducted

by the Department of Agriculture for milk, or redwing substantially

the amount of products processed in the United States from domestic

milk.

Recommendation

The Commission recommends 1/ that the President issue a proclama-

tion pursuant to section 22(d) of the Agricultural Adjustment Act, as

1/ Commissioners Leonard and Young dissent in part with respect to the finding and recommendation as they apply to "each of the supplying countries."

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amended, to increase by fifty percentum for the 1973 calendar year

each of the annual quota quantities for the articles specified in the

finding, and for each of the supplying countries wherever applicable,

such additional quantities to be entered during a temporary period

ending July 31, 1973.

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Statement of the Commission

The Agricultural Act of 1949, as amended, requires the Secretary

of Agriculture to support the price of milk through purchases of milk

and the products of milk at such level between 75 percent and 90 per-

cent of parity as he determines necessary to assure an adequate supply.

The current milk price support is $5.29 per hundred pounds for manufac-

turing milk. To effectuate this support level, the Department of Agri-

culture offers to purchase at specified prices three major dairy pro-

ducts, namely butter, nonfat dry milk, and Cheddar cheese, thus re-

moving any surplus production from the market place In order that im-

ports would not adversely affect the price-support program for milk.

import quotas have been imposed on most dairy products, including vir-

tually all types of cheese made from cow's milk.

The consumption of cheese in the United States has far outpaced

the consumption of other manufactured dairy products in recent years

even though retail prices for cheese have risen rapidly. Because of

the strong commercial demand for cheese, the quantities of Cheddar

cheese required to be purchased by the Department of Agriculture under

its price-support program have declined in recent years. In 1972,

only 21 million pounds of cheddar cheese, or 1.6 percent of pro-

duction, was purchased--the smallest percentage of output purchased

in any year since 1960. Indeed, during the period June 1972-March

1973, the price of Cheddar cheese was far enough above the price-

support level so that virtually none was required to be purchased

under the support program. The Department of Agriculture has re-

ported that it does not expect to acquire substantial amounts of

cheese in the foreseeable future.

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As production of cheese has increased in response to the growing

demand, larger amounts of domestic milk have been used in the produc-

tion thereof, rather than for butter and nonfat dry milk. Accordingly,

lesser amounts of the latter products have been purchased by the

Department of Agriculture. As a result, the expenditures by the

Government for the support program have sharply declined.

In recent years, market prices for natural Cheddar cheese have

remained well above the support prices. During January-November 1972

average market prices for Cheddar cheese in the United States ranged

from 3.0 cents to 8.3 cents per pound above the support price. In

December, the market price advanced to 9.0 cents per pound above the

support price, where it remained until early March 1973, when it rose

to 10 cents per pound above the support price.

On March 8, the Department of Agriculture announced an increase

in the support price for Cheddar cheese from 54.75 cents to 62.0 cents

per pound and a reduction in the support price for butter from 67.7

cents to 60.9 cents per pound beginning March 15. According to the

Department of Agriculture, the increase for cheese and the reduction

for butter were designed to further stimulate cheese production to meet

the rising demand- Concurrent with the price-support announcement

by the Department of. Agriculture, it was announced that the President

had requested the _Tariff Commission to make an investigation as

to the effect of a 50-percent increase in the import quotas for

cheese. In spite of these two announcements, both of which were

designed to increase the supply of cheese, the average market price for

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Cheddar cheese continued to advance during March. On the last date

,for which market-price information was available (April 5), the

average market price for Cheddar cheese was 65.75 cents per pound.

This price is 11 cents above the support price in effect prior to

March 15 and 3.75 cents per pound above the new higher support price

which became effective on March 15. This is a strong indication that

the proposed increase in the import quotas for cheese, which would be

equivalent to 1.6 percent of domestic consumption, would not depress

market prices to the point where substantial purchases by the De-

partment of Agriculture would be required under its price-support

program. Furthermore, the increase in imports which could occur under

the President's proposal is small in terms cf the quantity of cheese

purchased by the Department of Argiculture under its price-support

program in most years since section 22 quotas on cheese were first

imposed in 1953. In the unlikely event that the DeparLment of Agri-

culture would be required to purchase a quantity of Cheddar cheese

equivalent to that provided in the proposed quotas (64 million pounds)

in addition to the quantity purchased in 1972, the total amount of

cheese acquired would be less than that acquired in 1971. Further,

the cost of acquiring the 64 million additional pounds of Cheddar

cheese would be small compared with the estimated expenditures by the

Department of Agriculture under the dairy price-support program in

the year ending June 30, 1973.

It is clear from the foregoing that the strong upward trend in

the demand for cheese still persists as evidenced by (a) increased

consumption in 1972, (b) virtually no purchases of Cheddar cheese by

the Department of Agriculture under its price-support program, and (c) a

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continuation in the upward trend of market prices. We do not foresee

any change in the supply-demand relationship for cheese during the re-

mainder of 1973 caused by increased imports permitted under the pro-

posed enlargement of the import quotas which would render or tend to

render ineffective, or materially interfere with, the price-support

program now conducted by the Department of Agriculture for milk.

Moreover, we do not believe that the proposed additional imports

will reduce substantially the amount of products processed in the

United States from domestic milk. Imports of the cheeses subject to

quotas can be divided into two groups--specialty-type cheeses and

cheeses used for processing.

Imports of the specialty-type cheeses, chiefly blue-mold, "aged"

Cheddar, Edam and Gouda (whether or not processed), and Italian-type

cheeses (whether or not in original loaves), are priced substantially

above the comparable domestically produced cheeses. In some cases the

prices of the imported cheeses are double the prices of the domestic

varieties, but almost without exception imported cheeses are priced 10

cents or more-per pound above the domestic varieties: We -are Weil aware

that the proposed temporary quota quantities for some such cheeses are

equivalent to as much as 17 percent of U.S. consumption of those cheeses,

assuming.maximum utilization of the quotas. (which based on prior exper-

ience is highly unlikely). For such specialty cheese, however, con-

sumers have been willing to pay the substantial price dfferentials;

it is not believed that the additional quota for these cheeses will

cause any substantial adverse effects upon prices of domestic cheeses

so as to reduce substantially the amount of products processed in the 4

United States from domestic milk. 7

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The proposed temporary quota quantities for the principal

cheeses used for processsing, namely unaged Cheddar and American-

type cheeses, are insignificant compared with domestic consumption,

about 0.3 percent and 1 percent, respectively. With regard to Swiss

or Emmenthaler with eye formation, Gruyere-process cheese, and "other"

cheese (including low-fat cheese), most of the imports under the quota

probably go into processing (although some may be consumed as natural

cheeses). Prices of such cheeses used for processing, like prices for

unaged Cheddar and American-type cheeses, are generally near the prices

of the domestic varieties. The proposed temporary quotas, however, do

not exceed 5 percent of the domestic consumption of the cheeses for

which there is any substantial production. We find, therefore, that

the proposed increase in import quotas is not so large as to reduce

substantially the amount of products processed in the United States

from domestic milk.

Some of the existing quotas for cheese are allocated to individ-

ual countries by the proclamations which established the quotas, and

the special temporary quotas on the cheeses involved would presum-

ably be so allocated. 1/ Thus, the allocation of the temporary

quotas to individual countries for cheeses where the regular quotas

are allocated will tend to keep the kinds of cheeses entered in the

same pattern as exists under the regular quotas, although, under

the procedures established for the administration of the quotas, the

1/ Commissioners Leonard and Young do not concur in this paragraph of the Commission's statement; their views are set forth in an additional statement beginning on p'. 11.

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Department of Agriculture is authorized under certain conditions to

grant adjustments between countries. The cheeses imported under the

quotas that are allocated to individual countries are believed, for

the most part, to be used for processing, although some are consumed

as natural-type cheeses. As stated earlier, the quantities of process-

ing-type- cheeses that could• enter under the proposed additional quotas

are so small in relation to consumption as not to adversely affect the

price-support program or to reduce substantially the amount of

products processed in the United States from domestic milk. Regardless

of whether the imports under the temporary country quotas are used for

processing, or whether they are consumed as natural-type cheeses, we

find that imports from the individual countries, wherever applicable,

may be entered without rendering or tending to render ineffective,

or materially interfering with, the price-support program now

conducted by the Department of Agriculture for milk, or reducing sub-

stantially the amount of products processed in the United States from

domestic milk.

At the hearing held in connection with the Commission's inves-

tigation, a question was raised whether increased quantities of im-

ports of quota-type cheeses can be permitted under section 22,

primarily as a means of reducing the prices of cheese in the domestic

market. This question is not germane to determinations under section

22 and has not been a factor in this determination of the Commission.

The question presented in this investigation is whether, as proposed

by the President and ds set forth in the Commission's Notice of

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Investigation, each of the annual quota quantities for cheeses and

substitutes for cheese, and for each of the supplying countries

wherever applicable, may be increased by 50 percentum--

without rendering or tending to render ineffective, or materially interfering with, the price support program now conducted by the Department of Agri-culture for milk, or reducing substantially the amount of products processed in the United States from domestic milk.

It will be observed under section 22(d) that outstanding import

restrictions "may be modified by the President whenever he finds and

proclaims that changed circumstances require such modification to

carry out the purposes of this section." The criteria of the statute,

and none other, are pertinent to the actions contemplated by section

22.

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Additional Statement of Commissioners Leonard and Young

Included within the scope of this investigation as provided in the

Commission's Notice of Investigation and as directed by the President

was a determination by the Commission of whether each of the annual

quota quantities for the described cheeses "and for each of the supply-

ing countries wherever applicable" may be increased by 50 percent for

1973 without rendering or tending to render ineffective, or materially

interfering with the milk price support program, or reducing substan-

tially the amount of products processed in the United States from

domestic milk.

While we concur with the Commission finding and recommendation in

large part, we cannot join in that portion of the finding and recom-

mendation concerned with "each of the supplying countries." Specifi-

cally, we cannot make a determination that each cheese's annual quota

"for each of the supplying countries wherever applicable" may be in-

creased by 50 percent for 1973 without reducing substantially the

amount of products processed in the United States from domestic milk.

We are convinced that the annual quota for each cheese may be increased

by 50 percent without reducing substantially the amount of products.

processed in the United States from domestic milk, but we are unable to

make the further determination as it applies to the annual quota of

each cheese for each supplying country. We are unable to make that

further determination because the investigation of the Commission with-

in the 30-day time limit required did not reveal sufficient information

on products imported from individual countries for us to make such a

determination. Such data may have significant bearing on the conclusion

to be reached, particularly with reference to so-called specialty cheeses.

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Additional Statement of Commissioner Ablondi

I concur with the Commission's finding, recommendation, and

statement. In addition, I have further observations.

The market situation for cheese in the United States has changed

since the section 22 quotas were imposed on imports of certain cheeses

in 1953. During the 20 years since then, total consumption of cheese

has more than doubled; per capita consumption, meanwhile, has increased

about 70 percent.

In the past 5 years, average purchases of cheese by the Depart-

ment of Agriculture under the support program for milk have been about

70 percent less than they were in the 5-year period after the quotas

were imposed. The purchases of butter and nonfat dry milk have de-

clined, by 10 percent and 40 percent, respectively. In 1965, moreover,

Congress authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to buy cheese, butter,

and nonfat dry milk at market prices--above support prices--if necessary

to meet commitments under various Government programs such as the school

lunch program (sec. 709, Public Law 89-321); from time to time, such

purchases have been made by the Department of Agriculture.

Many of the cheeses that now enter the United States, whether or

not under quotas, are specialty types for which consumers pay premium

prices. The Commission has within a period of 3 months commenced two

investigations for the purpose of temporarily modifying existing quotas.

This action is indicative of a need to undertake periodic reviews of

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developments respecting imports of all dairy products to determine

whether the annual import restrictions on dairy products should be

modified from time to time as changes occur in the domestic market.

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Introduction

Since mid-1953, U.S. imports of certain cheeses made from cow's

milk, like many other dairy products, have been subject to quotas under

section 22 of the Agricultural Adjustment Act, as amended, in order to

protect the price-support program for milk of the Department of Agri-

culture from import interference. On March 8, 1973, the President re-

quested the Tariff Commission to make an investigation under section 22

of the act to determine whether each of the current annual quota

quantities for each of the cheeses, and for each of the supplying coun-

tries wherever applicable, may be increased by 50 percent, such addition-

al quantities to be entered during a temporary period ending July 31,

1973, without adversely affecting the price support program.

Currently, imports of eleven different types of cheeses are

subject to quotas; seven of the quotas limit imports of the specified

cheeses whatever their price, while four of them limit imports of

specified cheeses having a purchase price of less than 69 cents per

pound. Imports of the four cheeses having a purchase price of 69 cents

per pound or more, as well as cheeses not containing cow's milk and

several cow's milk cheeses traded only in infinitesimal quantities, are

quota-free.

Quotas on Imports of Cheeses under Section 22

The Agricultural Act of 1949, as amended, requires the Secretary

of Agriculture to support the price of milk through purchases of milk

and the products of milk at such level between 75 percent and 90 percent

of parity as he determines necessary in order to assure an adequate

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supply. In order to satisfy the statutory requirement, the Secretary

maintains a price-support program under which the Department of Agri-

culture will purchase butter, Cheddar cheese, and nonfat dry milk at

specified prices. In order to protect the price-support program from

import interference, quotas were imposed on imports of certain dairy

products including four types of cheeses--blue-mold, Cheddar, and

certain Edam and Gouda, and Italian-type cheeses--in mid-1953 under

section 22 of the Agricultural Adjustment Act, as amended.

Since 1953, the original quotas imposed on the four types of

cheeses have been modified when found warranted by changed circum-

stances, and additional cheeses have been made subject to quotas when

it was found that the statutory criteria were met.

Current quotas for cheeses

At the present time, imports of all cheeses containing cow's milk

(except Goya, Gjetost, Nokkelost, Gammelost, and, if having a purchase

price of less than 69 cents per pound, Swiss or Emmenthaler cheese with

eye formation, Gruyere-process cheese, and "other" cheese (including

that containing 0.5 percent or less by weight of butterfat)) are subject

to quotas imposed under section 22. The cheeses not containing cow's

milk--principally Roquefort, other -abeep's milk cheeses, and goat's

milk cheeses--are not produced commercially in the United States and

are not subject to quotas. The following tabulation shows the annual

quotas imposed under section 22 currently applicable to U.S. imports

of cheeses.

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Total cheeses: Types subject to quotas under section 22 and quota-quantities, by country, wherever applicable March 31, 1973

Article 1/

Quantity

Pounds

Blue-mold (except Stilton) cheese, and cheese and substitutes for cheese containing, or processed from, blue-mold cheese

Cheddar cheese, and cheese and substi-tutes for cheese containing, or processed from, Cheddar cheese

American-type cheese, including Colby, washed curd, and granular cheese (but not including Cheddar) and cheese and substitutes for cheese containing, or processed from, such American-type cheese

Edam and Gouda cheeses Cheese and substitutes for cheese con-

taining, or processed from, Edam and Gouda cheeses

Italian-type cheeses, made from cow's milk, in original loaves (Romano made from cow's milk, Reggiano, Parmesano, Provolone, Provolette, and Sbrinz)

5,016,999

: 2/ 10,037,500

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6,096,600 9,200,400

3,151,000 Denmark—!.-----1,714,000 Ireland 331,000 Netherlands 169,000 Norway 368,000 West Germany 513,000 Other 56,000

11,500,100

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Article 1/

Quantity

Pounds

Italian-type cheeses, made from cow's milk, not in original loaves (Romano : made from cow's milk, Reggiano, Par- : mesano, Provolone, Provolette, and Sbrinz), and cheese and substitutes :

for cheese containing, or processed from, such Italian-type cheeses, whether or not in original loaves----:

Swiss or Emmenthaler cheese with eye formation; Gruyere-process cheese; and cheese and substitutes for cheese:

1,494,000 Argentina----1;347,000 Italy 104,500 Australia 13,700 .Other 28,800

containing, or processed from, such cheese: 3/ •

Swiss or Emmenthaler cheese with eye formation 20,420,000

Austria 8,222,000 Denmark 3,396,000 Finland 6,111,000 Norway 1,672,000 Switzerland ' 269,000 West Germany -- -- 292,000 Netherlands 210,000 Israel 60,000 Other 188,000

Other than Swiss or Emmenthaler cheese : with eye formation : 11,242,000

Austria 1,406,000 Denmark 3,435,000 Finland 1,606,000 Switzerland. 2,234,000 West Germany----1,818,000 Ireland- - 210,000 Norway 82,000 Portugal 275,000 Other 176,000

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Article 1/

Quantity

Pounds

Cheeses and substitutes for cheese pro-: vided for in items 117.75 and 117.85,: pt. 4C; schedule 1 (except cheese not: containing cow's milk; cheese, except: cottage cheese, containing no butter-: fat or not over 0.5 percent by weight: of butterfat, and articles within the: scope of other import quotas) 3/

•

Cheeses and substitutes for cheese,con-: taining 0.5 percent or less by weight: of butterfat, as provided for in items 117.75 and 117.85 of subpt. • C, pt. 4, schedule 1, except articles: within the scope of other import quotas) 3/

40,730,000 Belgium 469,000 Denmark 16,820,000 Finland 1,239,000 France 2,882,000 Iceland

649,000 Ireland 161,000 Netherlands- 422,000 Norway 356,000 Poland 2,064,000 Sweden 1,707,000 Switzerland- 215,000 United Kingdom 496,000 West Germany-2,148,000 New Zealand 7,556,000 Canada 2,670,000 Portugal 227,000 Austria 199,000 Italy 17,000 Israel 145,000 Other 288,000

8 901,000 Denmark 6,680,000 :United Kingdom 791,000 Ireland 756,500 West Germany- 100,000 Poland 385,600 Australia 123,600 Iceland . 64,300 Other None

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Article 1/ Quantity

Pounds

Total quota-quantity (all types of cheese) 127,789,599

1/ For the complete description, see pt. 3 of the appendix to the TSUS.

2/ Not more than 8,812,5001436i shall be products other than natural Cheddar cheese made from unpasteurized milk and aged not less than 9 months.

3/ All the foregoing, if shipped otherwise than in pursuance to a purchase, or if having a purchase price (as provided in headnote 3(a)(iii) to pt. '3 of the appendix to the TSUS), less than 69 cents per pound.

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The aggregate quota quantities for 1972--111 million pounds--

were about 87 percent filled in that year, according to preliminary

(unpublished) data from the Department of Agriculture. 1/ In 1971,

a year in which there was a dock strike and a year that a shortage of

supplies was reported in several supplying countries, the aggregate

quota quantities were 71 percent filled; they were 87 percent filled

in 1970. Utilization of the individual annual quotas for 1970-72 is

shown in table 1; utilization for January-February 1971-73 is shown in

table 2.

Administration of section 22 quotas for cheese

The import quota on "aged" Cheddar cheese (1,225,000 pounds) is

administered by the Bureau of Customs on a first-come, first-served

basis; imports of all other cheeses under quotas are subject to the

licensing procedures of the Department of Agriculture. The cheeses sub-

ject to such licensing procedures may be imported into the United States

only by, or for the account of, a person or firm licensed by the De-

partment of Agriculture and only in accordance with the terms of the

license. The license authorizes a particular firm to enter designated

quantities of cheese from a designated country through a specified port

1/ Officials at the Department of Agriculture reported that importers license returns normally are not completed until April or May. When all returns have been submitted, utilization of the quotas for 1972 may well be larger than shown above. At the Commission's public hearing on the investigation, the spokesman for the Department of Agriculture testified that it is normal to have 6 percent to 8 percent of the annual quotas unfilled. A-7

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ofi entry. All licenses for entries of cheeses further require that not

more than half of the designated quantity can be imported in the first

6 months of the quota year. However, the entire quantity may be im-

ported any time during the last 6 months of the year.

When issuing licenses the Department of Agriculture must, to the

fullest extent practicable, assure (1) the equitable distribution of

the respective quotas among importers or users and (2) the allocation of

shares of the respective quotas among supplying countries, based upon

the proportion supplied by each country during a previous representative

period, taking due account of any special factors that may have affected

or may be affecting the trade in the articles concerned. 1/ In accord-

ance with these directives, the Department generally regards an importer

who entered cheese during a base period as eligible for a license; he

would usually be granted a share of the annual quota proportionate to

his share of total imports of the cheese in the base period. Importers

seeking to enter the trade may be licensed to enter nominal quantities

of cheese. Licenses may not be transferred or assigned to others,

except as authorized by the Department of Agriculture.

Effective January 1, 1971, if the Secretary of Agriculture deter-

mines that a quota quantity specified for a particular country is not

likely to be entered within any calendar year, he may issue a regulation

providing for the adjustment for that calendar year of the.quantities

of such article which may be entered during the year from particular

countries of origin, but the aggregate quantity permitted to be

1/ Headnote 3(a)(1) to pt. 3 of the appendix to the TSUS.

A-8

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entered from all countries during such calendar year may not be

exceeded. During 1971 and 1972, the Secretary of Agriculture has so

adjusted several of the quota quantities among supplying countries.

Currently, about 500 firms (importers) are licensed to import the

total quota quantity (128 million pounds for 1973) of the 11 types of

cheese subject to section 22 quotas. The cheeses can be entered from

about 20 countries. In order to allocate the total quantity to

importers, semiannually, by type of cheese, and by country, the

Department of Agriculture currently issues some 5,000 import licenses

per year.

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U.S. Imports

U.S. imports of cheeses are dutiable under subpart C, part 4,

schedule 1 of the Tariff Schedules of the United States (TSUS). Im-

ports of the cheeses subject to section 22 quotas are dutiable at ad

valorem rates of duty, except for "other" cheese valued not over 25

cents per pound. In 1972, all imports subject to quotas entered at the

column 1 (reduced) rates of duty. The current (1973) column 1 rates of

duty applicable to virtually all of the imports, dutiable at ad valorem

rates, ranges from 8 percent to 20 percent. The ad valorem equivalent

of the specific rate of duty (5 cents per pound) on imports of the

aforementioned "other" cheese in 1972 averaged 17 percent. The column 2

rate of duty applicable to imports of all cheeses is 35 percent ad

valorem, except for the aforementioned "other" cheese in which case it

is 8.75 cents per pound.

• Although more of the annual imports of cheese generally enter

in the last half of the year and in some years monthly imports have been

larger in November and December than in other months, there has been no

significant seasonal trend in monthly entries of cheese in recent

years (table 3). In 1972, about one-third of the imports entered at New

York City, the remaining imports were distributed widely throughout the

United States. In recent years, Denmark, Italy, New Zealand, Switzer-

land, France, Finland, Austria, and the Netherlands (in that order) have

been the largest suppliers of cheese to the United States, accounting

for about three-fourths of the total. annual imports. Denmark supplied

22 percent of the total in 1972; Italy and New Zealand, 9 percent each;

Switzerland, 8 percent; France and Finland, 7 percent each; Austria,

6 percent; and the Netherlands, 5 percent. A-10

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A-11

In 1972, total imports of cheese supplied about 5 percent

of U.S. consumption (Table 4)--about the same as in 1953, when section

22 quotas were first imposed on imports of certain cheeses--compared

with 6 percent in 1968. Of the aggregate imports in 1972, about 97

million pounds, or about half the total, were entered under the quotas

(fig. 1). Of the quota-free imports (which supplied about 2.5 percent

of the consumption in 1972), about half were comprised primarily of

Swiss or Emmenthaler, Gruyere-process, and "other" cheeses that were

free of quotas by virtue of having a purchase price of 62 cents (47

cents for the first half of the year) per pound or more; the bulk of

the remaining imports, consisted of cheeses made from sheep's milk.

The maximum permissible quota quantities in 1953, about 21 million

pounds, were equivalent to 1.2 percent of the U.S. consumption of cheese

in that year The current maximum permissible quota quantities, 128

million pounds, are equivalent to about 3.5 percent of the total U.S.

consumption of cheese in 1972. The maximum permissible quota quanti-

ties proposed in the President's letter for 1973, 192 million pounds,

are equivalent to about 5 percent of the U.S. consumption of cheese in

1972.

A-11

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Million Pounds

3,990

-Non-Quota Imports

-Quota Imports

-Production Consumption-

1968 I 9 6 9 I 9 70 1971 1972

3,420

2850

2280

1,710

1, 1 4 0

570

A-12

Figure l.-Total, cheese: U.S. production, nonquota and quota imports, year-end stocks, commercial consumption, 1968-72

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. A-12

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A-13

Recent Changes Influencing the Domestic Market Situation for Cheese

Trends in the U.S. production of milk and utilization of supply

The annual U.S. production of milk increased from 116 billion

pounds in 1969 to 120 billion pounds in 1972 (table 5). The output

in 1972 was valued at $7.2 billion (farm level). On March 6, 1973,

the Department of Agriculture reported that production "may decline a

little" in 1973, after increasing for three consecutive years. During

the period January-February 1973, estimated milk production amounted

to 18.7 million pounds compared with 19.1 million pounds in the com-

parable period of 1972; on a daily average basis, the decline in

production in 1973 was less than 1 percent from the January-February 1972

total. The Department attributed the anticipated decline to sharply

higher feed prices, poor quality roughage and short feed supplies in

several areas and increased culling of herds. The Department further

stated that prospective strong markets indicate that output in 1973

will be valued around $7.5 billion, but that sharply rising production

costs may reduce dairy farmers' net incomes from the 1972 levels. The

net farm income for typical Grade A dairy farms in southeastern Wiscon-

sin and central New York, as reported by the Department of Agriculture,

for 1968-72 is shown in table 6.

In recent years, the proportion of the U.S. output of milk used

for cheese has increased, whereas the proportion utilized for butter

' and nonfat dry milk has declined (table 7). Prices for cheese have

risen relative to butter prices inasmuch as the demand for cheese has A-13

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A-14

risen rapidly. The growing demand has absorbed the rising output of cheese

and generally prevented the accumulation of stocks. In 1972, for the

first time on record, about the same amount of domestic milk was used

in cheese as in butter. Because of the strong demand for cheese,

producers of cheese have been increasing the prices paid to farmers

for milk more than have those producing butter. In 1968, for example,

producers of butter paid 2 cents more per hundred pounds for milk than

producers of cheese. In 1972, however, producers of cheese paid 18

cents more per hundred pounds for milk than producers of butter. The

Department of Agriculture reported that the recent (increased)

support price announced for Cheddar cheese effective March 15, 1973,

will result in a support level to producers of milk of 50 cents per

hundred pounds more for milk used for cheese than milk used for butter.

The increased support price of milk for cheese relative to the price

of milk used for butter, coupled with the current strong demand for

cheese, indicate that prices of milk used for cheese will remain well

above the price of milk used for butter during the 1973 year. The

estimated net return for cheese manufacturers for the years 1968-71

is shown in table 8.

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A-15

U.S. production of cheese

Production of cheese has been cyclical in recent years, reaching

a high point in May or June and gradually receding to a low point in

November (fig. 2). During 1968-71, U.S. output of cheese increased

each year from 2.8 billion pounds in 1968 to 3.4 billion pounds in 1971;

output in 1972 is estimated to be 3.7 billion pounds (table 9). Pre-

liminary data from the Department of Agriculture shows that output in

January-February 1973 was 99.6 percent of production in the comparable

period of 1972 and 111 percent of production in the comparable period

of 1971. After February 1973, estimated data are available only on

the production of so-called American cheese, most of which is Cheddar.

During the period March 1 through March 29., 1973, production of American

dheese was 96.3 percent of the production in the comparable period of 1972

and 112 percent of production in the comparable period of 1971. Wisconsin

has accounted for about 40 percent of the U.S. output of cheese in

recent years, followed by Minnesota, New York, Iowa, and Missouri.

In recent years, about 40 percent of the total U.S. cheese produc-

tion has consisted of Cheddar cheese, 30 percent of various types of

other cheeses (except cottage cheese) and 30 percent has consisted of

cottage cheese. Cottage cheese is invariably made from nonfat dry

milk or fluid skimmed milk, whereas Cheddar and the other types of

cheeses are generally made from whole milk. In recent years, Cheddar

has accounted for about half of the cheeses made from whole milk.

About 60 percent of the U.S. output of Cheddar cheese is used to make

A-15

A-0123456789

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A-16

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A-17

"process" American cheese. 1/ Of the other types of cheeses made from

whole milk in the United States, except Cheddar, Italian-type cheeses

(hard and soft) rank first in volume of output, followed by American

cheese (other than Cheddar), Swiss, cream, muenster, blue-mold, and

brick cheese.

U.S. consumption of cheese

In recent years, there has been no discernible seasonal trend in

the U.S. monthly commercial consumption of cheese (fig. 3). Annual

U.S. commercial consumption of cheese increased from 2.9 billion pounds

in 1968 to 3.8 billion pounds in 1972 (fig. 4). In January-February

1973, consumption, as estimated by the Department of Agriculture, was

about 0.6 percent less than that in the comparable period of 1972

(table 10). Commercial consumption of cheese has slightly more than

doubled since quotas were imposed on imports in 1953. Consumption of

the cheeses subject to section 22 quotas, by type, is shown in table 11.

Per capita consumption of cheese increased gradually from 11.0

pounds per person in 1953 to 14.7 pounds per person in 1968, and then

to 16.9 pounds in 1971. By 1972, per capita consumption had risen to

18.4 pounds. The increase in per capita consumption from 1971 to 1972--

1.5 pounds per person, or an increase of about 9 percent--was a much

greater increase in annual consumption than had occurred any time

during the 1953-72 period. The recent increase in consumption of cheese

(excluding January-February 1973) has been accompanied by rising retail

prices for cheese as well as certain other dairy products. The retail

1/ "Process" cheese, as described by the Food and Drug Administra-tion, is a mixture of one or more varieties of "natural" cheese that has been heated, emulsified and stirred into a plastic mass.

A-17

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A-18

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A-18

A-0123456789

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A-19

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A-20

prices for American process cheese, for example--mostly processed Ched ,'.

dar7increased from 44.4 cents per pound in 1968 to 56.5 cents per pound

in Febtuary 1973 (table 12).

Current production,: consumption and stock situation

ComMercial consumption of cheese amounted to 3,772 million

pound$ in 1972--substantially above 1969 (3,053 million pounds). U.S.

production of cheese amounted to 3,651 million pounds--again substantially

above 1969 (2,894 million pounds). Yearend stocks in 1972 were 330

million pounds--an increase of about 4 percent (318 million pounds) over

1969. Thus,in 1973 (January-February), monthly U.S. consumption of

cheese declined from the level of December 1972; in January-February

1973, consumption of cheese was 0.6 percent less than in the comparable

period of 1972 (table 10). Production in 1973, meanwhile, was 0.4

percent less than in the comparable period of 1972. Thus, in 1973, con-

sumption of cheese has declined about 0.2 percent more than production,

as compared with the year-earlier period.

Regardless of the levels of production and consumption, data on

stocks show that the U.S. supply of cheese available for the domestic

market at the end of February 1973 is larger than it has been at the

end of any February since 1969 (table 13). Total stocks of cheese at

the end of February 1973, were about 10 percent larger than at the end

February 1972, 2 percent larger than at the end of February 1971, and

11 percent larger than at the end of February 1970. In February 1973

virtually all of the stocks consisted of commercially-owned Cheddar

cheese. It appears, however, that commercial holders of the stocks

A-20

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A-21

have not been moving them into the market and, hence commercial market

prices for cheese not only have risen rapidly in recent months, but

also have remained above support levels. Apparently, as early as in

the fall of 1972, the holders of commercial stocks realized it was a

certainty that the support price for Cheddar cheese would rise before

April 1, 1973. Moreover, they are undoubtedly anticipating that the

demand for cheese will remain strong and that market prices will at

least remain at current levels (above support), or at best increase

further, whether or not increased imports occur.

The role of Cheddar in the domestic cheese market

In recent years, Cheddar cheese has accounted for about 40 percent

of the annual commercial consumption of all cheese in the United States

and about 60 percent of the consumption of cheese made from whole milk.

Cheddar, moreover, is the only cheese purchased by the Department of

Agriculture under the price-support program in order to support the

price of milk as required by law. In view of the aforementioned

circumstances, it is apparent that trends in the domestic prices for

cheddar are significant.

Prices--Average annual U.S. market prices for Cheddar cheese in-

creased from 47.6 cents per pound in 1968 to 59.8 cents per pound in

1972; in January-February 1973, they averaged 63.7 cents per pound

(table 14) and by March 27, they had risen to 65.75 cents per pound.

During the period January 1968 through November 1972, monthly U.S.

market prices for Cheddar ranged from 0.25 cents per pound to 8.3 cents

per pound above the support price (fig. 5). In December 1972, however,

the market prices advanced from 63.01 cents to 63.75 cents per pound, A-21

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A-22

or to 9 cents per pound above the support price, the largest margin by

which the market price had exceeded the support price during the 1968-72

period. Market prices remained at 63.75 cents per pound from December

until March 5, 1973, when they increased to 64.75 cents per pound (10

cents above the support price). On March 8 the Department of Agricul-

ture announced the new price support for Cheddar, 62.0 cents per pound,

to be effective March 15. On March 12, market prices rose to 65.25

cents per pound and on March 20, they advanced to 65.75 cents per pound,

the level at which they had remained as of March 27. The market price

on March 27 was 3.75 cents per pound above the new (62 cent) support

level.

During 1968 and 1969, market prices advanced as the support prices

were increased at the beginning of the marketing year. After 1969

through February 1973, however, market prices showed no positive

response to increases in the support price. The increase in market

prices on March 5, 1973, may have been in anticipation of increased

support prices which were almost certain to be announced on or before

April 1. Nonetheless, market prices have remained above the support

prices in 1973, indicating that the commercial demand for cheese, as

in recent years, has had a greater effect on market prices than the

Department of Agriculture's support price.

The United Kingdom, a country that traditionally has consumed far

more cheese than it has produced, has imported about one-fourth of the

cheese entering international trade (exclusive of intra-trade of the

original European Community) in recent years. The average wholesale

A-22

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GENTS PER POUND

70

40

C. C. C. SUPPORT PRICE

111111 11111

1970 IIIIIIIIII I1 II III IIIII I

30

1971 .1972 1973 1969 V

A-23

Figure b...smCheddas cheese: -U.S... market prices 1/ aM CCC support prices, by months, 196844arch 1973

1/ Average prices paid for 40-pound blocks, f.o.b. Wisconsin assembly points.

Source: Compiled from prices reported in Dairy Market Statistics, annual summary of market statistics,Consumer and Marketing Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Note. March 1973 support price effective March 15, and March market price effective March 12

A-23

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A-24

price of Cheddar cheese from New Zealand--by far the largest indiv-

dual exporting country--on the London market, averaged 50.2 cents per

pound in mid-February 1973, while the price of New Zealand Cheddar

delivered to the United States, east coast, (duty paid) averaged 52.25

cents per pound. 1/ The price of Cheddar cheese on the London market

from the Netherlands (reported as a subsidized price) averaged 46.8

cents per pound. The price of Cheddar in Canada (Montreal), mean-

while, averaged 63.6 cents per pound, while the price in the United

States (Wisconsin) averaged 63.7 cents per pound.

The average prices for 1970 to March 1973 for most of the im-

ported and domestic cheeses subject to section 22 quotas are shown in

table 11. Generally, the imported cheeses that are used for processing

in the United States are priced a cent or so below the comparable (or

near comparable) domestic types, whereas those consumed as natural

cheeses, often referred to as specialty-type cheeses, are priced

substantially above the comparable domestic types. The prices of some

of the specialty-type cheeses are more than double the price of the

domestic cheeses.

U.S. stocks--It recent years, total U.S. stocks of cheese

(commercial and government owned) have reached a high point in the

months of July or August after the peak period of production and

receded to a low point in February or March (table 13). During the

period 1968-72, total year-end stocks of cheese ranged from 405

1/ The delivered , (duty paid) price of Cheddar cheese from Australia at U.S. east coast ports (assuming a charge of 5 cents per pound for insurance and freight) increased from 44.7 cents per pound in early 1970 to 51 cents per pound in early 1973.

A-24

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A-25

million pounds (1968) to 307 million pounds (1971). At the end of

December 1972, total stocks of cheese were 7 percent larger than at

the end of 1971. At the end of February 1973, total stocks were 10

percent larger than at the end of February 1972. During most of 1972

and in January-February 1973--as generally has been the case in recent

years--virtually all of the stocks of cheese have been commercially-

owned. The commercially-owned stocks have consisted primarily of

Cheddar cheese. The infinitesimal quantities of stocks owned by the

Department of Agriculture in recent months, less than 0.1 percent of

the total, have consisted of uncommitted supplies. All of the

government-owned stocks consist of Cheddar cheese.

World Production, Trade, and Stocks of Cheese

During the period 1969-71, world production of cheese (excluding

cottage cheese) increased from 10 billion pounds in 1969 to 11 billion

pounds in 1971. The United States, the largest individual producing

country, accounted for about 20 percent of the total output. France,

the largest producing country in the EC (which as a whole produced

about a third of the world total), produced about 13 percent, Italy

about 8 percent, and the Netherlands about 6 percent. Of the countries

eligible to enter cheese into the United States under the quota,

France was the largest producer, accounting for over 20 percent of the

total followed by Italy with over 14 percent and the Netherlands with

10 percent.

International trade in cheese increased each year during 1969-71,

from 993 million pounds to 1,054 million pounds (exclusive of intra-EC

A-25

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A-26

.trade). New Zealand, the largest individual exporting country, ac-

counted for about a fifth of the total followed by Denmark with about

a seventh of the total. Other large exporters were the Netherlands,

Switzerland, France, Australia, and Finland. The principal importing

countries (exclusive of intra-EC trade), were the United Kingdom, the

United States, Japan, Switzerland, Sweden, and Canada.

Stocks of cheese (January 1,-1973), in twelve of the countries

eligible to enter cheese into the United States under the quotas,

were 750 million pounds, or about 12 times the proposed increase of 64

million pounds in the maximum permissible quota quantity. The stocks

in those countries in January 1973 were 20 percent higher than they

were a year earlier when they amounted to 625 million pounds. At the

Commission's public hearing on the investigation, the spokesman for

the Department of Agriculture, as well as representatives of a number

of countries that export cheese to the United States, stated that

foreign supplies are available to fill the proposed temporary addi-

tional quota.

Additional Information Relating to Individual Cheeses Subject to Quota

Blue-mold cheese

Domestic production of blue-mold cheese ranged from 23.2 million

pounds in 1970 to 29.0 million pounds in 1972. Imports of such cheese

are subject to an annual quota limitation of 5,016,999 pounds (TSUS

item 950.07). During the period 1970-72, imports averaged about 4.5

million pounds annually or from 13 to 17 percent of consumption. The

proposed additional temporary quota quantity (2,533,500 pounds) is

equivalent to about 8 percent of consumption in 1972. The total quantity

A-26

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A-27

that could enter under the existing quota plus the proposed additional

temporary quota (assuming both were filled) is 7,525,498 pounds; this

amount is equivalent to about 23 percent of consumption in 1972. Average

wholesale prices (table 11) for domestic blue-mold cheese ranged from

78 to 84 cents per pound in the period 1970-72 and averaged 88 cents

per pound during the first quarter of 1973. Average wholesale prices

for the imported product ranged from 89 cents to 1.03 per pound during

1970-72 and averaged 1.04 per pound in the first quarter of 1973.

Cheddar cheese (unaged)

Domestic production of unaged Cheddar cheese increased from 1,131

million pounds in 1970 to 1,282 million pounds in 1972. Imports of

such cheese are subject to an annual quota limitation of 8,812,500 pounds

(TSUS item 950.08A). During the period 1970-72, imports averaged about

8.4 million pounds annually, or less than 1 percent of consumption.

The proposed additional temporary quota for unaged Cheddar cheese

(4,406,250 pounds) is equivalent to 0.3 percent of the consumption

of such cheese in 1972. The total quantity that could enter under the

existing quota plus the proposed additional temporary quota (assuming

both were filled) is 13,218,750 pounds; this amount is equivalent to

1.0 percent of consumption in 1972. Average wholesale prices at

processing points (table 11) for domestic unaged Cheddar cheese in-

creased from 57 cents per pound in 1970 to 66 cents per pound in the

first quarter of 1973 compared with such prices for imported unaged

Cheddar cheese of 52 cents per pound in 1970 and 62 cents per pound

during the first quarter of 1973.

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A-28

Cheddar cheese (aged)

Domestic production of aged Cheddar cheese increased from 120

million pounds in 1970 to 135 million pounds in 1972. Imports of such

cheese are subject to an annual quota limitation of 1,225,000 pounds

(TSUS item 950.09A). During the period 1970-72, imports virtually

filled the quota each year and were equivalent to about 1.0 percent of

consumption. The proposed additional temporary quota quantity for aged

Cheddar cheese (612,500 pounds) is equivalent to about 0.5 percent of

consumption in 1972. The total quantity that could be entered under

the existing quota plus the proposed additional temporary quota (assum-

ing both were filled) is 1,837,500 pounds; this amount is equivalent to

about 1.4 percent of consumption in 1972. Average wholesale prices

(table 11) for domestic aged Cheddar cheese increased from 77 cents per

pound in 1970 to 91 cents per pound in the first quarter of 1973 while

prices quoted by importers (table 11) for the imported cheese increased

from $1.20 per pound to $1.66 per pound in that period.

American-type cheese, except Cheddar

Domestic production of American-type cheese (except.Cheddar) in-

creased from 235 million pounds in 1970 to 324 million pounds in 1972.

Imports of such cheese are subject to an annual quota limitation of

6,096,600 pounds (TSUS item 950.08B). During the period 1970-72,

imports averaged 5,948,000 pounds annually and were equivalent to about

2 percent of consumption each year. The proposed additional temporary

quota quantity for such American-type cheese (3,048,300 pounds) is

equivalent to about 0.9 percent of consumption in 1972. The total quan-

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A-29

tity that 'could enter under the existing quota plus the proposed addi-

tional temporary quota (assuming both were filled) is 9,144,900 pounds;

this amount is equivalent to about 2.8 percent of consumption in 1972.

Average wholesale prices at processing points (table 11) for domestic .

American-type cheese increased from 58 cents per pound in 1970 to 62

cents per pound in January-March 1973. Average wholesale prices at

processing points for imported American-type cheese increased from 52

cents per pound in 1970 to 60 cents per pound in 1972; the only price

reported for January-March 1973 was an offer price (with no sales) of

70 cents per pound.

Edam and Gouda cheese, not processed

Domestic production of unprocessed Edam and Gouda cheese is esti-

mated to have averaged about 18 million pounds annually during 1970-72.


9,200,400 pounds (TSUS item 950.09A) and averaged 8,948,000 pounds

annually during 1970-72 (equivalent to about 33 percent of U.S. consump-

tion of such cheese). The proposed additional temporary quota quantity

for unprocessed Edam and Gouda cheese (4,600,200 pounds) is equivalent

to about 17 percent of the consumption of such cheese in the United

States in 1972. The total quantity that could enter under the existing

quota plus the proposed additional temporary quota (assuming both were

filled) is 13,800,600 pounds; this amount is equivalent to about 51 per-

cent of consumption in 1972. The average wholesale price (table 11) of

domestic Edam cheese was 83 cents per pound in 1970-72 and 84 cents per

pound in January-March 1973, while that for imported Edam cheese in-.- A-29

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A-30

creased from 78 cents per pound in 1970 to $1.02 per pound in the first

quartet of 1973. The average wholesale price (table 11) of domestic

Gouda cheese increased from $1.05 per pound in 1970 to $1.20 per pound

in January-March 1973, while that for the imported product increased

from $1.07 to $1.41 per pound in the same period.

Edam and Gouda cheese, processed

There is no domestic production of processed Edam and Gouda cheese.


3,151,000 pounds (TSUS item 950.09B). Imports declined from 2,469,000

pounds in 1970 (78 percent of the quota quantity), to 1,509,000 pounds

in 1971 (48 percent of the quota quantity), and to. 1,116,000 pounds in

1972 (35 percent of the quota quantity). The proposed additional tempo-

rary quota quantity for processed Edam and Gouda cheese is 1,050,333

pounds. The total quantity that could enter under the existing quota

plus the proposed additional temporary quota (assuming both were filled)

is 4,726,500 pounds. Prices quoted by importers (table 11) for this

cheese increased from 84 cents per pound in 1970 to $1.18 per pound

in 1972.

Italian-type, in original loaves

Domestic production of Italian-type cheese (in original loaves)

increased from 97 million pounds in 1970 to 115 million pounds in 1972.


11,500,100 pounds (TSUS item 950,10). During the pe riod 1970-72, im-

ports increased from 6.8 million pounds to 10.2 million pounds and

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were equivalent to from 6 to 8 percent of domestic consumption. The

proposed additional temporary quota quantity (5,750,050 pounds) is

equivalent to about 5 percent of U.S. consumption in 1972. The total

quantity that could enter under the existing quota plus the proposed

additional temporary quota (assuming both were filled) is 17,250,150

pounds; this amount is equivalent to about 14 percent of consumption

in 1972. Average wholesale prices (table 11) of domestic Parmesano

and Provoloni cheese (two cheeses in this category) increased from 92

and 88 cents per pound to $1.06 and 97 cents per. pound, respectively,

in the'period 1970 to January-March_1973,. In the same period, the

average wholesale price of imported Parmesano cheese increased from

$1.73 per pound to $2.28 per pound and that for imported Provoloni

cheese increased from $1.63 to $1.89 per pound.

Italian-type cheese, not in original loaves

There is no domestic production of Italian-type cheese not in

original loaves; however, about 60 percent of the domestically produced

Italian-type cheese in original loaves is grated, sliced, or cut into

pieces before it is sold to the consumer. Imports of Italian7type

cheese not in original loaves are subject to an annual quota limita-

tion of 1,494,000 pounds (TSUS item 950.10A), During the period 1970-72,

imports increased from 650,000 pounds to 1,329,000 pounds, or from 44

percent to 89 percent of the quota quantity. The proposed additional

temporary quota quantity is 747,000 pounds. The total quantity that

could enter under the existing quota plus the proposed additional tempo-

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nary quota (assuming both were filled) is 2,241,000 pounds. Prices for

such-imported cheese are not reported.

Swiss or Emmenthaler cheese with e e formation

U.S. production of Swiss cheese increased from 144 million pounds

in 1970 to 178 million pounds in 1972. Imports are subject to a price-

break quota (TSUS item 950.10B). Prior to June 6, 1972, the price-break

was 47 cents per pound. From that date until March 15, 1973, it was

62 cents per pound. Currently the price-break quota applies to Swiss

cheese priced under 69 cents per pound and allows a maximum quantity of

20,420,000 pounds to be imported annually. Imports of cheese priced

at 69 cents or more per pound are not subject to quota restrictions.

The proposed additional temporary quota quantity of 10,210,000 pounds

is equivalent to about 4.8 percent of U.S. consumption of Swiss cheese

in 1972. The total quantity that could enter under the existing quota

plus the proposed additional temporary quota (assuming both were filled)

is 30,630,000 pounds; this amount is equivalent to about 14.5 percent

of total U.S. consumption of Swiss cheese in 1972. During 1970-72,

imports of Swiss cheese that were subject to quota restrictions increased

from 3.6 million pounds to 11.4 million pounds; imports not subject to

quota limitations declined slightly in the same period, from 22.7 million

pounds to 22.1 million pounds. Imports were equivalent to 16 percent of

U.S. consumption of Swiss cheese in 1970 and 1972 and to 13 percent in 1971.

The average wholesale price of domestic grade-A cheese (table 11) ranged

from 79 cents to 86 cents per ppund during 1970 through March 1973. The

price of imported Swiss (nonquota) cheese during the same period ino.

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creased from $1.04 to $1.21 per pound. The prices for imported Finnish

and Austrian Swiss (nonquota) cheese in that period increased from 78

to 86 and from 74 to 87 cents per pound, respectively.

Gruyere-process cheese

U.S. production of Gruyere-process cheese averaged 411,000 pounds ,

annually in 1970-72. There is only one known domestic producer. Im-

ports of such cheese are subject to a price-break quota (TSUS item

950.10C). The current quota applies to products priced under 69 cents

per pound and limits annual imports to 11,242,000 pounds. In 1972,

58 percent of the quota was utilized. The proposed additional tempo-

rary quota quantity of 5,621,000 is equivalent to 42 percent of U.S.

consumption of Gruyere-process cheese in 1972. The total quantity that


rary quota (assuming both were filled) is 16,863,000 pounds; this amount

is equivalent to 127 percent of total U.S. consumption of Gruyere-process

cheese in 1972. Imports of Gruyere-process cheese not subject to quota

restrictions declined from 10.8 million pounds in 1970 to 8.2 million

pounds in 1972. The average wholesale price (table 11) for the domes-

tic cheese increased from 94 cents per pound in 1 .970 to $1.03 pei pound

in January-March 1973; the price quoted by importers (table 11) for the

comparable imported product (wedge-shaped pieces) during the same period

increased from 90 cents per pound to $1.11 per pound. The average

wholesale price of imported Gruyere-process cheese in loaf form in-

creased during this period from 60 cents per pound to 67 cents per

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Other cheese

Domestic production of this group of cheeses increased from 501

million pounds in 1970 to 599 million pounds in 1972. ,Imports are sub-

ject to a price-break quota (TSUS item 950.10D). The current quota

applies to products priced under 69 cents per pound and allows a maximum

quantity of such imports of 40,730,000 pounds. Virtually all domestic

production of these cheeses is believed to be priced at 69 cents per

pound or more (i.e. above the quota price-break). The proposed addi-

tional temporary quota quantity (20,365,000 pounds) is equivalent to

about 3.1 percent of U.S. consumption in 1972. The total quantity that


rary quota (assuming both were filled) is 61,095,000 pounds; this amount

is equivalent to about 9.3 percent of U.S. consumption in 1972. Imports

of the cheeses subject to quota restrictions amounted to 22.9 million

pounds in 1970, 15.6 million pounds in 1971, and 32.3 million pounds

in 1972. Imports of the nonquota cheeses declined from 39.2 million

pounds in 1970 to 23.0 million pounds in 1971 and increased slightly to

24.0 million pounds in 1972. Imports filled about 95 percent of the

quota in 1972 and together with nonquota imports were equivalent to

about 9 percent of U.S. consumption of this group of cheeses in 1972.

The average wholesale price (table 11) of domestic mozzerella cheese

(a cheese in this category) increased from 51 cents per pound in 1970

to 62 cents per pound in the first quarter of 1973. The average whole-

sale price (table 11) of imported mozzarella cheese increased from 47

cents per pound in 1970 to 60 cents per pound in 1972 (prices for the

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Other cheese (low-fat)

There is no pfoduction of these low-fat cheeses in the United

States. Imports are currently limited by a price-break quota which

restricts imports priced under 69 cents per pound to a maximum quantity

Of 8,901,000 pounds (TSUS item 950.10E). The proposed additional

temporary quota quantity for low-fat cheese is 4,450,500 pounds. The

total quantity that could enter under the existing quota plus the pro-

posed additional temporary quota is 13,351,500 pounds.

The Price-Support Program for Milk

The price-support for milk, as required by law, is carried out by

the Department of Agriculture through purchases of butter, Cheddar

cheese, and nonfat dry milk. In advance of each marketing year (which

begins April 1), the Secretary of Agriculture announces the price-

support objective for manufacturing grade milk and the price at which

the Department of Agriculture will purchase unlimited quantities of

butter, Cheddar cheese, and non-fat dry milk, which meet certain

specifications, in order to reflect that objective to the farmer. 1/

During the marketing years 1968-72, the price-support objective for

milk for manufacturing was increased from $4.28 per hundred weight to

$4.93 per hundred weight (table 15).. During most of the period,

average market prices were above the price-support objective.

1/ Since 1965, the Secretary of Agriculture has:been authorized (sec. 709, Public Law 89-321) to purchase the three produCts at market prices--above support prices--if necessary to meet commitments under various Government programs. There have been no purchases of cheese under sec. 709 since March 1971, when 5.3 million pounds were so purchased.

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On Mardi 8, 1973, the Department of Agriculture announced that

effective March 15, 1973, and for the 1973 marketing year the support-

price objective for manufacturing milk would be $5.29 per hundred •

weight, or 7 percent above the support objective in effect for the two

previous years. The market price for manufacturing milk in February

was 16 cents above the new support objective. The Department of

Agriculture has estimated the new support objective to be 75 percent

of the parity price on April 1, the minimum required by law. The new

support price for cheese is 62.0 cents per pound, an increase of 13

percent above the price of the two previous years, and the new price

for nonfat dry milk, 37.5 cents per pound, is an increase of 18 per-

cent. The support price for butter, meanwhile, was reduced to 60.9

cents per pound, or about 10 percent.

In announcing the aforementioned changes in the support prices,

the Acting Secretary of Agriculture pointed out that the increase in

the Department's price for cheese was made in order to encourage

cheese production in the face of increasing consumer demand. He

anticipated that market prices of cheese and nonfat dry milk will not

be increased because of the increased price supports, since they are

presently above the new announced prices. Wholesale butter prices, he

stated, are expected to decline, resulting in lower prices to consumers.

On March 12, the first time prices were reported for chebse after the

announcement, market prices for Cheddar.rose 1/2 cent per pound (after

they had already increased 1 cent per pound in the previous week--the

first increase since November 1972). By March 20 they had risen

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another 1/• cent per pound, the level at which they had remained as

of March 27. On March 9, the day following the announcement, prices

for nonfat dry milk (Wisconsin) rose 1.3 cents per pound, the first

increase since mid-December 1972. By March 23, nonfat dry milk prices

had risen another 3.7 cents per pound. Butter prices, which had

declined to the support level in early January 1973, dropped further

by 5.75 cents per pound on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, the day

following the newly announced (reduced) support level for that product.

On March 27, however, butter prices (Chicago) were 0.85 cents per

pound above the support price.

The Department of Agriculture generally stands ready to resell

dairy products to domestic commercial users at announced prices which

are always above the purchase prices. 1/ The Department of Agriculture

has not sold any cheese to commercial users since 1969 when about 2

million pounds were so sold.

Purchases and costs

During the period 1968-71, removals of dairy products from the com-

mercial market by the Department of Agriculture ranged from 3.8 percent

of the production of milk (fat-solids basis) in 1969 to 6.1 percent in

1971. In 1972 removals were equivalent to 4.4 percent of production, 2/

1/ Public Law 91-223, in effect, specifies that dairy products ac-quired by the Department of Agriculture through its price-support operations pay, insofar as they can be used in the United States in nonprofit school lunch programs and certain charitable and welfare programs, be donated for any such use prior to any other use or disposition.

2/ The purchases of nonfat dry milk, not included in the calculations of fat-solids, ranged from 35 percent of the production of nonfat dry milk in 1968 to an estimated 23 percent in 1972.

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and the Department of Agriculture has estimated that removals will

amount to a smaller percent of production (probably about 3 percent)

in 1973 than in 1972. Removals were about one-fifth smaller in 1972

than in 1971. Annual purchases of the individual products--butter,

Cheddar cheese, and nonfat dry milk--for the years 1968-72 are shown in

table 16. During 1968-71, the Department of Agriculture purchased from

3.4 percent to 8.2 percent of the annual production of Cheddar cheese.

In 1972, it purchased 1.6 percent of production, the smallest amount

of the output purchased in any year since 1966. All of the cheese

purchased in 1972 (and 97 percent of that purchased in 1971) consisted

of processed Cheddar cheese. Such process cheese has been purchased

at price differentials above the announced support-price for natural

(unprocessed) Cheddar cheese, inasmuch as the Department of Agriculture

pays the manufacturer for processing and packaging. In 1972, the

differential paid for processing and packaging ranged from 4.49 cents

to 6.49 cents per pound; in 1971, from 3.7 cents to 6.49 cents per

pound. The natural Cheddar purchased in 1971--2.7 million pounds--

was purchased at the support level existing at the time of purchase

(54.75 cents per pound).

The Department of Agriculture did not purchase any Cheddar cheese

under the price support program from June 1972 to March 21, 1973. On

March 22, 1973, the Department of Agriculture purchased 2 million

pounds of processed Cheddar cheese; the Department of Agriculture paid

a differential of 6.5 cents per pound above the announced support price

for natural Cheddar for processing and packaging the cheese. As of

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April 6,•no more cheese had been offered to the Department of

Agriculture. At the Commission's public hearing on the investigation

the spokesman for the Department of Agriculture testified that "the

Department of Agriculture does not expect to acquire substantial

amounts of cheese in the foreseeable future." He further reported,

on March 27, that there had been no change in the Department's expec-

tations.

The annual net Government expenditures on the dairy price-support

and related programs, as reported by the Department of Agriculture,

amounted to $364 million in the year.ending June 30, 1968, $327 million

in 1969, $291 million in 1970, $422 million in 1971, $338 million in

1972, and estimated $260 million in 1973 and $245 million in 1974.

Generally, the expenditures have varied inversely with the amounts by

which market prices have been above the support prices.

Dispositions

The dairy products acquired by the Government under the price-

support program are nearly all disposed of quite promptly through

donations to domestic welfare and institutional outlets, and donations

or subsidized sales abroad. The Government programs under which such

products are disposed generally had their origin several decades ago.

In recent years about 10 percent of the milk consumed in the United

States has been distributed under various Federal programs. Most of

the Department of Agriculture's purchases of nonfat dry milk have

been donated abroad, whereas most of the purchases of butter and cheese

have been disposed of through school lunch and welfare programs in the

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United States. Dispositions of Cheddar cheese by the Department of

Agriculture for the years 1968-72 are shown in table 17. Since

July 1972, the Department of Agriculture has had no uncommitted

supplies of Cheddar cheese; the cheese bought on March 22 was committed

upon purchase.

U.S. Exports

In the period 1968-72, the U.S. exports of cheese ranged from 7.2

million pounds (1969) to 6.5 million pounds (1972) (table 4). Annual

exports were equivalent to less than 0.5 percent of the total annual

production thereof during the period. The bulk of the exports con-

sisted of process cheese. Canada, one of the principal markets for

U.S. exports of cheese in recent years, took about one-third of the

exports in 1972. Mexico, Panama and the Bahamas also took considerable

portions of the total exports.

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APPENDIX A

President's Letter

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THE WHITE HOUSE

WASHINGTON

March 8, 1973

Dear Madam Chairman:

Pursuant to Section 22(4) of t,he_Agricultural Adjustment Act, as amended, I have reason to believe that additional quantities of cheese and substitutes for cheese may be im-ported for a temporary period without rendering or tending to render_ ineffective, or materially interfering with the price support program for milk now conducted by the Depart-ment of Agriculture, or reducing substantially the amount of products processed in the United States from domestic milk.

Specifically, reference is made to the articles presently subject to Section 22 quantitative limitations as described in items 950.07 through 950.10E of part 3 of the Appendix to the Tariff schedules of the United States.

The United States Tariff Commission is therefore directed to make an investigation under Section 22 of the Agricul-tural Adjustment Act, as amended. The investigation shall be for the purpose of determining whether each of the annual quota quantities for the above-described articles, and for each of the supplying countries wherever applicable, may be increased by fifty percentum for the calendar year 1973, such additional quantities to be entered during a temporary period ending July 31, 1973, without rendering or tending to render ineffective, or materially interfering with, the price support program now conducted by the Department of Agriculture for milk, or reducing substantially the amount of products processed in the United States from domestic milk. The effect of this increase would be to allow the importation of additional quantities of such articles of not more than 63,894,799 pounds.

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The CommiSsion shall report its findings and recommendations at the earliest practicable date,'but not later than thirty days from receipt of this letter.

Sincerely,

Honorable Catherine May Bedell Chairman . United States Tariff Commission Washington, D.C. 20436

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APPENDIX B

Statistical Tables

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Table 1.--Cheese and substitutes for cheese: Quantity imported under section 22 quotas and amount of quotas utilized, by type, 1970-72

1970 1971 1972 1/

Article ' Quantity :

imported : :

Quota ;

uti- : lized :

Quantity :

imported : :

Quota • uti- :

lized :

Quantity imported

• : :

Quota

" i-lized

Pounds : Percent : Pounds : Percent : Pounds : Percent Blue-mold cheese • 4,664,208 : 93 : 4,429,108 : - 87) : 4,441,553 : 89 Cheddar cheese (aged) . 1,225,000 : 100 : 1,219,643 : 99 : 1,225,000 : ' 100 Cheddar cheese (unaged) : 8,377,504 : 95 : 8,154,993 : 79 : 8,293,442 : 83

. . . . American-type cheese (eicept Cheddar) : 5,954,889 : 98 : 5,966,697 : 98 : 5,922,365 : 97

Edam and Gouda cheeses not processed) : 9,062,370 : 98 : 8,897,888 : 97 : 8,884,657 : 97

Edam and Gouda cheeses (processed) . 2,469,213 : 78 : 1,508,594 : 48 : 1,116,135 : 35

Italian-type cheese (in'original loaves) : 6,761,142 : 59 : 7,244,308 : 63 : 10,165,332 : 88

Italian-type cheese (not in original : loaves) 650,248 : 44 : 922,245 : 62 : 1,329,454 : 89

Swiss or Emmenthaler cheese with eye formation:

: • •

Under 47c per pound . 3,605,638 : 84 : 2,532,747 : 59 : 3,352,410 : 78 47c to 62c per pound . 2/ : 2/ : 2/ : 2/ : 8,020,956 : 85

Total . 3,605,638 : 84 : 2,532,747 : 59 : 11,373,366 : 83 . . . . •

Swiss or Emmenthaler cheese without eye • formation: • • • • •

Under 47c per pound • 3,098,982 : 94 : 2,711,266 : 82 : 2,974,682 : 90 47c to 62c per pound . 2/ : 2/ : 2/ : 2/ : 1,595,083 : 34

Total : 3,098,982 : 94 : 2,711,266 : 82 : 4,569,765 : 58

Cheeses and substitutes for cheese pro- : : : : : • • vided for in items 117.75 and 117.85, : : : : : • part 4C, schedule 1 (except cheese : : : • • not containing cow's milk; cheese, : • . • : • except cottage cheese, containing : : • • 0.5 percent or less by weight of : • butterfat, and articles within the : : : : : • • scope of other import quotas): • • • • •

Under 47c per pound : 22,937,597 : 92 : 15,595,389 : 62 ? 23,790,655 : 95 476 to 62c per pound- • 2/ : 2/ : 2/ : 2/ : 8,544,865 : 94

Total : 22,937,597 : 92 : 15,595,389 : 62 : 32,335,520 : 95 • • •

Cheese, and. substitutes for cheese, con... : •• • • • • taming 0.5 percent or less by weight : : • of butterfat, as provided for in . : : : • items 117.75 and 117.85 of subpart C, : : : ; part 4, schedule 1, except articles :

quotas: within the scope of other import .

•

Under 47c per pound : 2/ : 2/ : 3,683,102 : 41 : 2/ : 2/ Under 62c per pound : i) : 7/ : 2/ : 2/ : 8,506,985 : 96

Total : 2/ :---7-17: 3,683,102 : 41 : 8,506,985 : 96

Total all cheese 67,581,791 : 87 : 61,646,337 : 71 : 96,938,574 : 87 : •

1/ Preliminary. 2/ Not applicable.

Source: 1970 and 1971 compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Agriculture; 1972 compiled from unpublished data of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and, in the case of articles having a purchase price under 62 cents per pound, from official statistics of the Bureau of Customs.

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Table 2.--Cheese and substitutes for cheese: Quantity imported under section 22 quotas and amount of quotas utilized, by type, Jane-Feb. 1971-73

1971 1972 1973 1/ • Jan. - Feb. Jan. - Feb. Jan. - Feb.

:Quota: :Quota: an Quantity : uti-': Quantity : uti-: Quantity imported :lized: imported imported :lized:

:Quota : uti- :lized

Pounds :Per- : Pounds :Per- : Pounds :Per- :cent : :cent : :cent

424,122 : 17 : 696,339 : 28 : 261,368 : 10 •

206,763 : 34 : 79,542 : 13 : 612,500: 100

707,477 : 16 : 747,897 : 17 : 1,632,073 : 37

1,019,840 : 33 : 1,459,198 : 48 : 889,693 29

1,157,553 : 26 : 1,126,749 : 24 : 715,684 : 16

119,964 : 8 : 154,690 : 10 : 86,563 : 5

743,493 : 13 : 2,143,149 : 37 : 1,266,100 : 22

- : - : 170,320 : 23 : 201,891 : 27 : : •

: : • . • •

623,620 : 29 : 886,152 : 41 : 2/ : - 21 : 21 : 2/ : 2/ : 3,739 ,976 : 37

623,620 : 29 : 886,152 : 41 : 3,739,976 : 37 . . :

: : • • . :' :

704,158 : 43 : 169,304 : 10 : 2/ : 2/ 2/ : 2/ : 2.1 : 2/ : 633,509 : 11

704,158 : 43 : 169,304 : 10 : 633,509 : .11 . .

• . : : • . : : : : : : : • . : : • .

: : • . : : : . : : : • . •• . • . . • . : : : : : :

1,602,245 : 13 : 3,802,612 : 30 : 2/ : 2/ 2/ : 2/ : 2/ : 2/ f 4,757,685 : 23

1,602,245 : 13 3,802,612 : 30 : 4,757,685 : 23 . . . . . : : : : : : : : : t • : : : : : " : : : : : : : :

: ' :

2/ : :2/ : 693,361: 15 : 2/ : 2/ 2/ : 2/ : 2/ : 2/ : 1,716,869 : 38 2/ : 2/ : 693,361 : 15 : 1,710,869 : 38

. . . . . 7,309,235 : 16 :12,129,313 : 21 :16,505,911 : 26

Article . ;

Blue-mold cheese

Cheddar cheese (aged)

Cheddar cheese (unaged) .

American-type cheese (except Cheddar)--:

Edam and Gouda cheeses

(not, processed) .

Edam and Gouda cheese (processed) .

Italian-type cheese (in original loaves) :

Italian-type cheese (not in original loaves)

Swiss or Emmenthaler cheese with eye : formation:

Under 47c per pound : 47c to 62c per pound :

Total :

Swiss or Emmenthaler cheese without eye formation:

Under 47c per pound : 47c to 62C per pound :

Total :

Cheeses and substitutes for cheese pro-: vided for in items 117.75 and . 117.85, part 48, schedule 1 : (except cheese not containing : cow's milk; cheese, except : cottage cheese, containing 0.5 : percent or less by weight of . butterfat, and articles within the scope of other import quotas)::

Under 47c per pound : 47c to 62c per pound :

Total : .

Cheese, and substitutes for cheese, containing 0:5 percent or less by weight of butterfat, as pro- : vided for in items 117.75 and 117.85 of subpart C, part 4, : schedule 1, except articles : within the scope of other import : quotas:

Under 47c per pound : Under 62c per pound --:

Total :

Total all cheese : • • •

1/ Preliminary. 2/ Not applicable.

Source: 1970 and 1971 compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Agriculture; 1972 compiled from unpublished data of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and, in the case of articles having a purchase price under 62 cents per pound, from official statistics of the Bureau of Customs.

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3

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Table

3.--

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A-50

Table 6.--Net farm income: Net farm.income 1/ (before income taxes) for: typical Grade A dairy farms- in Southeastern Wisconsin and Central New York, 1968-72

Period Southeastern Wisconsin

Central NeW York

1968 : $17,761 : $13,635

1969 : 19,415 : 15,533

1970 : 20,:19 : 17,170

1971 : 20,062 : 16,094

1972 2/ : 21,000• 16,500

1/ Assumes_ farmS.are debt free and producers are full owners. 2/ Projected estimates.

Source: ERS, U.S. Department of Agriculture '

A-50

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A-52

Table 8.--Estimated net return: Estimated net return (before income taxes) for cheese manufacturers, 1968-71

Period

Net return

1968 : $145,500,000

1969 : 190,500,000

1970 228,800,000

1971 261,100,000

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce; Annual Survey of Manufactures 1967-71.

Basis of estimate: Shipments and changes in yearend inventories less costs of materials, payrolls, and capital expenditures.

A-52

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Table IL—Certain - dairy products: Average annual prices, 1968-73

Retail prices Wholesale prices

Period : •

: American :

Butter : process : Milk

' cheese : : Nonfat dry milk •

Cents/ : Cents/ : Cents/ : 8-oz. : half :

: pound : pack : gallon : Cents/pound •

1968 . : 83.6 : 44.4 : 53.7 : 23.4 •

1969 : 84.6 : 47.0 : 55.1 : 24.3

1970 : 86.6 : 50.4 : 57.4 : 26.8 •

1971 87.6 : 52.8 : 58.9 : 31.4

1972 87.1 : 54.3 : 59.8 : 34.4

1973: • January 87.4 : 55.9 : 60.6 : 41.7

February : 87.4 : 56.5 : 61.9 : 41.9

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

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Table 13.--Total Cheese: Commercial stocks, by type, and CCC-ovned stocks (all Cheddar), end of the month, 1969-72 and January-February 1973

(In thousands of pounds)

Item ; January !February March ! April May • June ; July ! August ;September! October !November ;December

1969

Commercial: . Cheddar : Swiss : Other :

297,255 :

14,561 : 46,694

271,485 '12,659

: 260,180 : : 11,764:

43,089 :

259,948 : 11,974 : 44,184 :

: •

280,659 :

11,074 :

45,7 4 :

. • :

307,021 : 11 ,562 : 47,428 :

326,407 :

10,935 :

49,767 :

325,892 : 11,880 : 48,447 :

309,034 :

12,590 :

47,844 :

294,641 : 10,034 46;222 :

274,782 : 9,337 :

265,438 10,313

784

Total---, : .

Government-owned

(all Cheddar) :

Grand total :

358,510 :

34,563 :

328,917

23,204:

: 315033 : . .

21,957 :

316,106 :

24,613.

337,478 : .

25,122 :

366081 : .

21,276:

387,109 :

15002 :

386,219 : .

11,850 :

369,468 :

7043 :

350,904 : .

4,889 :

321,691 : .

1,558 :

317,535

1,082 393,073 : 356,121 : 336,990 : 340,719 : 362,600 : 387,357 : 402,118 : 398,069 : 376,511 : 355,793 : 330,249 : 318 62

1970

Commercial: • . Cheddar : Swiss : Other :

Total : .

Government-owned : (all Cheddar) :

249,614 ,: 9,984 : 38,426 :

238,020 10,074 37,578

• : 238,899 : : 10,472 : : 36 821 :

257,675 : 9,657 :

41 6 :

281,548 : 10,097 : 44 6• :

313,200 : 9,835 :

45 221 :

324,363 : 10,389:

:

309,368 : 10,515 : 2 3 2 :

290,679 : 10,744 : 62 111 :

264,762 : 10,984 : 60 544 :

254,817 :

11,736 : 60 203 :

253,984 12,644

8 298,024 :

732 :

285,•72

457

:2:•,192 ,192 : • . ' • • : 399 :

30:,908

361 :

33 ,3 2

414 :

3.8,25•

892 :

35,3 3

703 :

372,235

1,413 :

3.3,53 :

3,390 :

33•,290 :

: 3,630 :

32 ,75

: 3,614 :

32 3

1,283 Grand total : 298,756 : 286,129 : 286,591 : 309,269 : 336 1756 :369,14(3 : 386,046 : 373,648 : 366,924 : 339,920 : 330,370 : 325,766

Commercial Cheddar : Swiss • Other :

Total : .

(all Cheddar) :

Grand total :

Commercial: Cheddar : Swiss- : Other :

Total : .

Government-owned : (all Cheddar) :

Grand total :

Commercial: Cheddar : Swiss----- Other

Total

Government-owned (all Cheddar) :

Grand total :

1971

255,141 :

12,542 : 53,219 :

242,808 12,302 54,807

• . • .

: 236,281 : : 11,599 : : 54,247 :

248,009 : 11,600 : 54,967 :

268,823 : 11,248 : 57,306 :

296,402 : 10,614: 64,328 :

• .

311,021 :

10,300 :

64,241 :

. • • . • .

303,902 :

10,151 :

64,756 :

283,674 :

10,594 :

63,321 :

: •

262,439 :

9,111 :

61,956 :

•

250,876 :

8,084 : 57,757 :

238,900 7,191 58,177

320,902 :

846 :

309,917

816

: 302,127 : •

: 946 : Government-owned

314,57 : •

606 1

337,377 : •

1;74

371,344 : •

2;532 :

385,562 : .

2,962 :

378,809 : .

3;138 1

357,589 :

2;969 :

333,506 :

3,111 :

316,717 :

3;538 :

304,268

6,133 321,748 : 310,733 : 303,073 : 315,182 : 339,121 : 373, 876 : 388 ,524 : 3 81, 947 • 140,55 8 ! 134 , 417 • 320,55 • 310 , 401

1972

237,083 :

6,636 :

48,086 :

229,498 7,052

48,856

: 226,707 : : 7,103 : : 53,506 :

• . :

246,380 : 7,766 :

57,565 :

:

275,042 : 8,824 :

56,513 :

307,789 : 8,926 :

59,579 :

• . •

341,201 :

7,855 : 58,499:

.

341,935 :

8,500 :

59,269 :

;

335,777 :

9,322 : 58,911:

; • .

314,175 :

8,225 :

56,205 :

291,670 : 7,784 54,139

269,438 8,122

53,884 291,805 :

6,743 :

285,406

4 , 255

: 287,316 : • : • . : 956 :

311,711 :

• . 649 :

340,379 :

• . 403 :

376,294 :

483 :

407,555 :

1,478 :

409,704 :

208 :

404,010 :

337 :

379,305 :

: 303 :

353,593 :

200 :

331,444

183 298,548 : 289,661 : 288,272 : 312,360 : 340,782 : 376,777 : 409,033 : 409,912 : 404,347 : 379,608 : 353,793 : 331,627

1973

257,268 : 7,879 :

51 837 :

255,950 8,66o

51 ,330

: - :

: - :

- :

- :

- :

•"' 316,984 :

•

113 •

315,940

135

: - :

: - : - :

-

- :

- :

-

317,097 : 316,075.: - - - -

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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Table 16.--Butter, Cheddar cheese, and nonfat dry milk: Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) and sec. 32 purchases, utilization (dis-posals), and CCC uncommitted supplies, 1968-72, and January-March 1972 and 1973 •

(In millions of pounds) •

Year : •

: Uncommitted sup- Purchases 1/ : Utilization : plies at end of

year 2 / Butter

Annual: : • . : 1968 : 193 : 255 : 77 1969 : 188 : 223 : 33 1970 : 246 : 242 : 37 1971 : 324 : 328 : 33 1972 : 224 : 216 : 43

January-March: : . . 1972 : 28 : 3/ : 3/ 1973 : 0.4: 3/ : 3/

• Cheddar cheese

Annual: : : : 1968 : 78 : 111 : 24 1969 : 4/ 36 : 58 : 4 1970 : 43 : 47 : - 1971 : 101 : 86 : 15 1972 : 21 : 36 : -

January-March: : • . 1972 : 8 : 3/ : 3/ 1973 : 2 : 3/ : 3/

Nonfat dry milk 5/

Annual: : : • • 1968 : 625 : 582 :. 246 1969 : 354 : 461 : 137 1970 : 447 : 560 : 29 1971 : 1972 :

444 : : 298 :

462 353 :

14 -

January-March: : . . 1972 : 60 : 3/ : 3/ 1973 : - : 3/ : 3/

: . 1/ On the basis of contracts made; some deliveries were made in the

subsequent reporting period. 2/ Owing to rounding of figures and purchase contract tolerances,

the supplies at the end of a period do not always equal the supplies at the beginning plus purchases less utilization.

3/ Not yet available. 4/ Includes 13.5 million pounds purchased for school lunches under

sec. 709 of the Food and Agriculture Act of 1965. 5/ Includes instant nonfat dry milk.

Source, Compiled from official statistics of the H.q. nepertrent of Agriculture.

Note.--Table does not include 107 million pounds of evaporated milk purchased between April 1, 1969 and April 1, 1970, with sec. 32 funds for domestic welfare use. A-62

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Table 17.--Cheddar cheese: CCC purchases and disposition of supplies 1968-72

CCC operation 1968 : 1969 : 1970 : 1971 : 1972

rn.million of pounds

Purchases : 78 : 36 : 43 : 101 : 21 Dispositions:

Domestic sales : 0.6 : 2.1 : - Donations:

Domestic 1/ :109.8 : 55.9 : 47.0 : 85.6 : 35.9 Foreign : 0.1 : - : - : - :

Total dispositions --:110.5 : 58.0 : 47.0 : 85.6 : 35.9

1/ For school lunch, charitable institutions, needy families, U.S. military and penal institutions.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of U.S. Department of .

Agriculture.

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Agricultural Adjustment Act, as amended Under Section 22 of the … · 2015-04-21 · Recommendation The Commission recommends 1/ that the President issue a proclama-tion pursuant