Agribusiness 2015 Platform Report

7/21/2019 Agribusiness 2015 Platform Report

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ENABLING THE BUSINESSOF AGRICULTURE| 2015

Pro g re ss Rep o rt


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5/172IICONTENTS | 2015

Contents

Foreword ....................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................ix

Introduction ................................................................................................................1

............................................................................................7

.......................................................... 12

CORE TOPICS

Registering agricultural land .............................................................................

.............................................................................

...............................................................................

..................................................................................47

Transporting agricultural goods ........................................................................

Selling agricultural goods .................................................................................. 71

TOPICS FOR INITIAL TESTING

Contrac ting agricultural production ................................................................83

.........................................................................................

..................................................................

References ..............................................................................................................

Data notes ..............................................................................................................121

.....................................................................................................

.................................................................................................


6/172IV ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015

BOXES

.................................. 18

Box 3.2: Getting to scale in Rwanda .............................................................................................

..................................................................................22

............................................................28

.......................................................................32

...........................................................................................38

greater choice ...................................................................................................................

.................................................

.......................................................................

..............................................

.................................................... 73

Box 8.2: Regional integration facilitates cross-border agricultural trade ..................................

......................................................................

..................................................................................

FIGURES

................................1

Figure 2.1: A learning and growth process .................................................................................. 10

........................................................................................12

...................................................................................................13

.......................................................................................20

.............................................................. 20

........................... 30

......................................................................


7/172VCONTENTS | 2015

.............................................................................41

.............................................................................................. 42

...............................................................................................

...........................................................

............................................................

........................................................................

......................

..................................................

.......................................................................................

........................................................................ 78

......................................

..............................................................

population in half the pilot countries ............................................................................102

Figure 11.2: Mobile broadband usage rates across pilot countries ......................................... 103

MAPS

..............................................................................

.......................................

.......................................................................................

TABLES

........................................................................................8

..........................................................14

........................ 23

Table 4.1: Countries regulate branchless banking to different extents .....................................

................ 40


8/172VI ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015

........................................................................................................44

agricultural trading partner ..............................................................................................

agricultural trading partner ..............................................................................................

......................................... 87

in the 10 pilot countries ...................................................................................................


9/172VFOREWORD | 2015

Foreword

At the dawn of the 21st

-

protection needs.

Ena b ling the Business

of Ag ric u l ture

-

spanning 10 countries. While the results are pre-

FOREWORD | 2015


10/172VIII ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015

-

J uergen Voegele

Senior Direc tor

World Bank

Director

Global Indicators Group

World Bank Group

the regulations and policies affecting the ag-

ricultural and agribusiness sec tors.

-


11/172IXEXECUTIVE SUMMARY | 2015

Executive summary

Ena b ling the Busine ss of Ag ric ul ture 2015is a

-

Ena b ling the Busine ss of Ag ric ulture 2015

-

sector

to local and regional businesses in agriculture.

the expected population increase and chang-

ing diets,call for strategic and concerted action.

-

-

-

-

-

in

-

tural policies and regulations worldwide. The

Do ing Busine ss

the Ag rib usine ss Ind ica to rs

topics. The 10 countries represent a range

of geographic regions in different stages of


12/172X ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015

-

Enabl ingth e Busine ss o f

Agricul ture

different topic areas. Six of these topics were

-

and selling agricultural goods. Another three

topics were chosen for initial testing: contracting

The initial data collected for topic areas pres-

without attributing

-

will conduct additional research to assess the

-

pert feedback and whether the data point

for specific targeted indicators and a solid

of agriculture.

and expand the list of topics to include issues

-

-

through the Enablingthe Business o f Ag ric ulture

website (eba.worldbank.org).


13/1721INTRODUCTION | 2015

Introduction

1Global food

2

-

-

-

3

4The

-

FIGURE 1.1:The global population isexpected to exceed 9 billion

by 2050

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

10

9

3.1

6.9

9.2

0.5

2.6

5.3

1.7

3.12.6

0.9 1.2 1.3

1960 2010 2050

Developing countries urban population

Developing countries rural population

Developed countries population

Billions

Source:

INTRODUCTION | 2015


14/1722 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015

use is low.

-

holds depend on agriculture for their food and

-

7

-

potential land is suitable for growing c rops that

natural resources needs to be ensured across

the entire agricultural production c hain.

Nations need to be prepared to address this

the need to c onnect producers and the urban

-

-

in place.8

-

-

-

-

ful agricultural growth.10Without well-functioning

A pivotal role for smaller-scaleproducers

-

than 2 hectares.



-

-

Policies, regulations and anenabling environment

The prospect o f c ontinued growth in food

-

-

11

agribusiness and supporting greater inclusion

-

Benchmarking as a wayto foster change

-

12

-

13

agriculture. But literature suggests that it can



14

-

-

-

-

aspect shown to be essential in encouraging

indicators help create a consistent language

A tool for policy andregulatory analysis

Ena b ling th e Busine ss o f Ag ricu ltureis designed

-

agriculture.

-

-

-

different topic areas and an entire network of

Ena b ling the

Busine ss o f Ag ric ultu rebreaks down the agri-

Six of these topics were selec ted to be studied

-

agricultural goods. Another 3 were chosen for

initial testing: contracting agricultural produc-



Ena b ling the Business

of A g ric ulture -

anced regulations that foster well-functioning

-

-

the need for transparent regulation and good

health and the trade of safe agricultural prod-

ucts. Data a lso are collected on the existence

to be up to date and based on science. The

help in assessing where countries are following

use to reduce the propagation of fake seed.

Enabl ing

the Busine ss o f A g ric ulture

World Develop m ent Rep ort

2008and enables countries to be c lustered into

cohorts according to their stage of agricultural

-

engaged in agriculture. This proc ess allows for

-

the Do ing Busine ssreport and the Agribusiness

Indicators

of these statistics across countries and on issues

this pilot experience. Data collec ted in the 10

countries are presented in the last chapter on

-

trigger consultation and feedback.



Notes

2 FAO 2012c. 4 Nelson et al. 2013.

al. 2012.

11 Altenburg 2007.


19/1727BUILDING A METHODOLOGY | 2015

Building a methodology

The Ena b ling the Busine ss o f A g ric ul ture -

-

whether there are regulations to facilitate con-

transporting agricultural goods or to register a

such as the procedures and cost to register a

-

How the data are collected

partner institutions. This process led to the iden-

-

ness of the resulting data points. Questions re-

-



-

What topics and countriesare covered

pilot phase (table 2.1) and 3 other topics were

to about 80 to 100 countries during the next 3

Ag ric u lture-ba sed c oun tries -

Pre-transit ion countr ies -

Transition countries

Urb a nizing c o untr ies

Deve loped coun t r i e s -

-

-

Ten countries were selected for the pilot phase

-

graphic regions and stages of agricultural

The pilot data that were collected can be

-

1. Me a surem ents

TABLE 2.1:Topics covered by the project

Core topics Topics for initial testing Topic areas for year 2

Registering agricultural land

Transporting agricultural goods

Selling agricultural goods

Contracting agricultural production

Water

Gender



across countries. The data points will

aggregate indicators in the future.

-

-

-

-

the process is broken down into clear-

-

2. Desc ript ive da ta -

-

-

MAP 2.1:Countries covered in the pilot phase

Agriculture-based countries: Ethiopia, Nepal, Rwanda

Pre-transition countries: Mozambique, Uganda

Transition countries: Guatemala, the Philippines

Urbanizing countries: Morocco, Ukraine

Developed country: Spain

RWANDA

ETHIOPIA

MOZAMBIQUE

UGANDA

MOROCCO

SPAIN

NEPAL

UKRAINE

PHILIPPINES

GUATEMALA

Source:Ena bling the Business of Ag ric ultureda tabase.



-

-

-

agricultural products.

3. Refe rent ia l da ta are data points that

-

-

-

-

What are the lessons learned

This process can be seen in the work done to

-

Questionnaires addressing legal and

-

FIGURE 2.1:A learning and growth process

JanJun 2013

Research andconsultation on key

constraints in enablingenvironment for

agriculture

JunOct 2013

Consultation withtechnical experts to

develop questionnaires

Nov 2013

Round 1 datacollection inGuatemala

Dec 2013

Round 2 datacollection in Morocco,Rwanda and Ukraine

Jan 2014

Refinement andreview of

questionnaires

FebMar 2014

Round 3 da ta collectionin Ethiopia, Mozambique,Nepal, Philippines, Spain

and Uganda

MarMay 2014

Data verificationthrough follow-up and

extensive research

MayJ ul 2014

Data analysis andreport writing

AugSep 2014

Consultations onmain findings and

methodology

OctDec 2014

Implementation ofsuggestions on report

analysis and methodologyfor second-year data

collection



-

light of the initial experience in collect-

-

being collected.

-

-

-

-

-

-

tionnaires for eac h topic was sorted and

-

data collection in the next phase of the



Annex A: A transformational framework

-

of its workforce engaged in agriculture.

differences between countries.

-

-

-

FIGURE A2.1:Country segmentation based on agricultures role in thenational economy, 2012

AgriculturevalueaddedaspercentofGDP

0

10

20

30

25

40

50

60

70

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Economically active in agriculture as percent of total economically active population

Urbanizing

Agriculture-based

Transition

Pre-transitionDeveloped

Sources: ac counts for 2012.


25/17213ANNEX A: A TRANSFORMATIONAL FRAMEWORK | 2015

-

stages.

-

Notes

FIGURE A2.2:Agriculture and agribusiness value added as share of GDP and the ratiobetween them

Percent

Agriculture-based Pre-transition Transition Urbanizing Developed

1:0.56 1:0.87 1:1.06 1:1.17 1:1.90

0

20

1

30

40

50

60

70

80

100

90

Rest of other sectors Agribusiness Agriculture

Source:



TABLE A2.1:Key macroeconomic data for pilot countries

Country

Agriculturevalueadded

(% of GDP)a

EAP inagriculture

(% total EAP)b

Agriculturevalue

added/ EAPin agriculture

(US $/person)

Agriculturecapital

stock/EAP inagriculture

(US $/person)c

Estimatedfuture urban

food demand

(% CAGR)d

Agriculturevalue

added toagribusiness

(ratio)e

Ag based (n = 26)

Ethiopia

Nepal 1: 0.33

Rwanda

Pre-transition (n = 18) 1: 0.87

1: 0.40

Transition (n = 35)

1: 1.02

Urbanizing (n = 27) 1: 1.17

Morocco 1: 0.83

Developed (n = 50)

Spain 1: 1.28

Source:Ena bling the Business of Ag ric ulture

Note :


27/17215REGISTERING AGRICULTURAL LAND | 2015

Registering agricultural landMa ra Hered ia , a fa rm e r in Sp a in s And a lusia n p ro vinc e o f Alme ra , ha s a

one -hec ta re g ree nho use in w h ic h she g row s h ig h-end ra f tom a toe s. Her

g ra nd p a ren ts w ere la nd less p ea sa nts in the ne a rb y prov inc e o f Gra na d a

a t the tu rn o f the 20th c entury ; they m ove d to A lm era b ec a use o f a land

re fo rm a nd c o lon iza t ion p rog ra m tha t p rov id ed them w ith fa rm la nd . One

o f the lea st d ev e lop ed p a rts o f Sp a in a t the t ime , Almera now b o a sts o ne

of the h ig hest leve ls o f inco m e p er c a p ita am ong And a luc a s p rov ince s.

Its sm a llho ld e rs ha ve inve sted in the ir la nd to b ec om e m a rket le a d ers in

veg eta b le p rod uc t iong row ing p ep p ers, sq ua sh, tom a toe s, zuc c h in i a nd

othe r veg eta b les in the hund red s o f gree nho uses they h a ve b u ilt sinc e

the 1960s. The p ro vinc e ship s fre sh p ro d uc e to m a rkets a c ro ss Euro p e . The

la nd re form tha t a llow e d sm a llho ld e rs to reg iste r the ir rig hts to fa rm la nd is

p erce ived to b e o ne o f the c rit ic a l fac to rs in the d eve lop m ent o f th is suc -

c essfu l a g ric u ltu re -ba sed ec ono m y.1

need secure ac cess2 3

-

4

) or for a

7). The guarantee of access or

8

-ship of natural resources that are essential to

10

World Deve lop m ent Rep ort 2008:

Ag ric u lture for Deve lop m ent -

-

11

Volun ta ry G uid e l ines on the

Resp on sib le G ov erna nc e of Ten ure

-

12

13The Rights and



to ext

-

as concessions for large-scale agriculture for

-

14

-

Along these

Volun ta ry G u id e l ines on the

Resp on sib le Go verna nc e of Tenu re

-

The

-

17The

-

registered or those whose resource rights were

18

-

-

20

What registering agricultural landdata measure

registration or in recordation institutions that

or recordation institutions because these are

rights.21

1. First-time reg istra tion s o f priva te la nd fo r

individuals: These data assess whether



registrations of freehold rights on agri-

ownership.

2.

reg istrations o f priva te lan d for ind ividu-

a ls:

to register a plot of agricultural land for

-

3. First-time re g istra tion s o f lea se s o f p ub lic

la nd for ind ividua ls: These data assess

whether due process is followed during

leasehold or concession basis.

4. First-t im e reg istrations of lan d for c om -

munities:These data assess whether due

-

La nd reg istry a nd reg iste red la nd rig hts:

-

-

-

-

of land rights and rights-holders. Other is-

sues that are explored include how reg-

Whether neighbors and other parties

-

Whether affected parties can appeal

What the initial pilot results show

-

-

strongest legal protection of land rights. The

are allowed to register those rights.

Three sc ena rioswith c om m ona lit ies

an d d ifferenc es ac ross c ountr ies

Ena b ling the Busine ss o f A g ric ul ture



rights for a plot of land for which there has been

22 -

land.

right to use a plot of agricultural land

that belongs to the public sector.

practices.

BOX 3.1:What is the role of a land registryand why is it so important?

a

-

-

b

-

tutions such as land registriesc or registries of deedsd

to landowners and parties to land transac tions.e

be registered or recorded.

Do ing Business 2012

Do ing Business 2012 detailed d iscussion on this topic.



Scenario 1: First-time registrations

of private land

-

-

tions in place to process applications for these

-

cided that it would be best to undertake a

past decade and has been or is in the process

of being titled (box 3.2).

register the land that he or she has been using

BOX 3.2:Getting to scale in Rwanda

-

-



23

of the registration process but also the cost can

FIGURE 3.2: 200 days in half of the pilot countries

1

2

2

4

0 1 2 3 4 5

200

Days

Number of countries

Source:Ena bling the Business of Ag ric ulturedataba se.

FIGURE 3.1: the majority of pilot countries

36.5

6.4

2.1

1.7

0.7

0.4

0.2

0.1

0.1

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Mozambique

Ethiopia

Morocco

Uganda

Philippines

Rwanda

Guatemala

Spain

Ukraine

Percent of property value




-

cation public24also include a public hearing in

appeal the decision.

Scenario 2: First-time registrations of leases of

public land for individual use

the safeguards of the proc ess differ. While the

neighbors and other interested parties about

the process does not include consulting thirdparties.

Scenario 3: First-time registrations of land for

communal use

-

use right.

La nd rig hts a re inhe ritab le but do no t

nec essa rily inc lude the la nd s na tura l

resources

-

Registered rights to a plot of land can be inher-

ited in all the pilot countries. But land rights do

rights to a plot of land can be inherited and

The spe c trum of co ord inat ion am ong

land reg ist ries, ma pp ing a ge nc ies, and

m ining institutions

Land rights can be registered in one institution

areas. But not all land registries coordinate their



-

-

databases.

The relat ionship b etw ee n errone ous la nd

in fo rmat ion a nd m one ta ry c om pensa t ion

BOX 3.3:The importance of delimiting land

-

a -

-

region.

-

tion of natural resources.



parties that incur losses as a result of errors in

loss as a result of engaging in good faith trans-

Next steps

This chapter presented the initial results for a

TABLE 3.1:Where land registries providecompensation in the event oferrors

Country

Does the law provide forcompensation to partieswho engage in a good

faith transaction and incurlosses due to erroneous

land registry?

Ethiopia No

Guatemala No

Morocco No

No

Nepal No

Philippines Yes

Rwanda No

Spain Yes

Uganda No

Ukraine Yes


constraints and good practices in registering

-

-

areas:

1. The issues of access to registered rights

-

-

issues that will be addressed in building

registering agricultural land indicators in-

land rights.

2. -

its coordination with other institutions in

-

-

countries.



Notes

landless peasants.

12 FAO 2013c.

et al. 2014.

Deininger and Selod (2011).

20 FAO 2013c.21 Arruada 2012.

possession.

where the plot of land is situated. This process


37/17225ACCESSING FINANCIAL SERVICES | 2015

Tseh a y Fa rm ers C oo p erat ive Union is a n Ethiop ia n fa rm ers unio n w ith m o re

tha n 38,000 sm a ll fa rm ers w ho p rod uc e m a in ly b a rley , c h ic kpe a , te f f , a nd

sp ic es in the Am ha ra reg ion of G on d a r. Fa rm ers typ ic a lly ha d to tra vel lon g

d ista nc es to rea c h la rg er tow ns a nd c it ies if they w a nted to a c c ess b a sic

req uired a s c ol la teral imm ova b le a ssets tha t the sm a ll fa rm ers ra rely ow ned .

How eve r, som e rec en t ly -a d op ted reg u la t ions ha ve he lp ed to o ve rc om e

for a Wa reh o use Rec eipts System e na c ted in 2003, fa rm e rs c a n no w sto re

the ir c ro p s a nd use th em a s c o lla te ra l to o b ta in lo a ns from b a nks. Sim ila rly,

m ob ile a nd a g ent b a nk ing serv ic es reg u la t ion h a s ena b led b a nks to o f fe r

fa rm ers c a n a c c ess th roug h the ir m ob ile p hon es w ithou t ha v ing to t ra ve l

t o a b ank b ran c h .

-

-

-

worldwide1

2The need is

3

-

as well.4



-

-

-

-

can offer rural reach and local knowledge. And

7

-

8

agricultural enterprises.

-

10

-

banking regulations need to be adapted to

11

data measure

and households.

1. Bra nc hless b a nking . These data assess

-

-

-

2. Nontradi t ional col la tera l . These data

use of categories of collateral that are



-

such assets can be used as collateral.

3. Wa reho use rec eipts. -

sure the existence and scope of rules

4. Prud ent ia l reg ula t ion.These data focus

-

institutions.


-

-

12

-

Reg ula ted branc h less bank ing in a l l

p i lo t co un tries exc ep t Moroc c o a nd

Mozamb ique

-

13

-

-

-

14

are needed to ensure that agents are able to

-

-

bank reduces the risk of fraud and the costs

17



- -

-

Rwanda and Spain allow agents to conduct

-

Spain also allow agents to open accounts for

-

-

BOX 4.1:Overview of the branchless banking operation

-

-

-

a -

b

-

c

d

while reduc ing institutional costs.e

f

g

The New Times http:.

f. Merritt 2010.

g. Tobbin 2011.



Co ntinuing c onstraints on the use of

nontrad i tiona l c o l la tera l

-

-

warehouse receipts. Banks tend to be hesitant

18

not allow eligible borrowers to describe their

-

-

20

collateral.21

-

TABLE 4.1:Countries regulate branchless banking to different extents

Country Agent banking Law Mobile banking Law

Consumer protectionrules tailored to agent

banking activities

Ethiopia

Guatemala

Morocco

Nepal

Philippines

Rwanda

Spain

Uganda

Ukraine

Source:Ena bling the Business of A griculture database.



-

-

collateral laws allowing pledging future assets as

-

es need working capital to process crops into

22

FIGURE 4.1:All pilot countries allow tangible movable property as collateral

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Tangible movable property Leased movable assets Future assets

Share of pilot countries that allow the usage of certain asset category to secure a loan

Tangible movable property can be used in all the 10 pilot countries,while it can only be described in general terms in 4 of them

100

60 60


23

the countries with a secured transactions law

-

Grea t pote ntia l for the use o f wa rehouse

rece ip ts

24When

-

their willingness to accept the receipts as collat-

Another is insurance aga inst risks that



-

to store their goods in warehouses as well as

receipts as collateral.27

operators to insure the warehouse against

a license before storing goods and issuing

warehouse receipts.

-

While both paper-based and electronic receipts

28

receipts.

institutions

-

30

these institutions.31

-

32

33

place if the funding generated through retail

deposits hits a certain threshold.34Six countries

-

capital as a percentage of its risk-weighted

assets.



-

Six

BOX 4.2:Ugandas new mobile money guidelines

a

b -

-

-

c

- d

-

d. Ibid.



loans.37This process can encourage loans to

-

default risks.38

-

-

-

percentages of their loanable funds to agricul-

long run.40

their loanable funds for the agricultural sec tor.

Next steps

This chapter presented the initial pilot results

-

be regulated across the globe.

The next steps consist of building and deepen-

ing the scope of indicators in those areas where

institutions under the data sets on prudential

will be expanded so as to be suitable for dif-



-

on attributes of successful warehouse receipt

indicators. On the use of nontraditional collat-

subtopic includes a data subset that the Doing

BusinessGetting Credit-Legal Rights Indicator

Do ing Business

current Getting Credit-Legal Rights indicators

Notes

10 Hoellinger 2011.

21 Nair and Kloeppinger-Todd 2004.

particular location.

28 Drew 2013.

to risk.

different criteria.


47/17235STRENGTHENING SEED SYSTEMS | 2015

Strengthening seed systemsA fa rm er in nor thern Rw a nd a s G a g enke d ist ric t , M ug a w a neza ha s g row n

m a ize on he r ha lf hec ta re o f fa rm la nd fo r m ore tha n a d ec a d e . Tw o yea rs

a g o she p ersua d ed o the r fa rm e rs in he r villa g e to c on so lid a te the ir la nd

1Mugaw aneza

a nd the o ther fa rm ers w ere g iven im p rove d see d2a nd fe rt ilize r a s w e ll a s

t ra in ing in g o od a g ric u ltura l p ra c t ic es. Tha nks in la rg e p a rt to the im p ro ved

m a ize v a rie ty, the ir p ro d uc t io n ro se sub sta nt ia llya nd now the fa rm e rs a re

a b le to se ll m o re tha n ha lf their ha rve st in the lo c a l m a rket. Befo re , the y o nly

o c c a sio na lly ha d surp lus to se ll a fter fee d ing the ir fam ilie s. The im p ro ve d

va rie ty a lso ne e d s less ra in fa ll a nd c a n b e ha rve sted in 90 da ys ra the r tha n

the tra d it io na l 120 to 150 d a ys.

-

production and resistance to plant pests and

diseases.3And its use can account for up to

4

In

-

-



FIGURE 5.1:In Ethiopia, demand for basic seed for the multiplication of hybrid maize

regularly exceeds supply

Metrictons

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

52

118 102

243

115

222249

313

730782

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Quantity supplied Quantity demand

Source:World Bank 2012b.

7

8 -

-

staple food crops.10

established 8 regional seed centers.

11A



12

What strengthening seed systemsdata focuses on

-

13Data

include the following:

1. The reg ulato ry fram ew ork for see d .These

-

2. Requi rements for the evaluat ion and

reg istration o f new va riet ies.These data

-

-

-

3. Ava ilab il ity o f initia l se ed c lasse s.These

-

es are eligible to produce breeder or

pre-basic seed and foundation or basic

14

4. See d q ua lity c ontro l req uirem ents.These

-

-

duced seed.

In te rna t iona l and reg iona l see d t rad e .

-

lations and whether it adheres to inter-


-

tinct stages.

Mo st co untries have see d law s but m any

stil l la c k seed intel lec tual p rope rty rights

that are clear and enforceable.



17

-

ation and details the roles and responsibilities

-

18

It generates

-

standards.

-

20that

BOX 5.1:

and Guatemala

-

Plan Ma roc Ver t

together.a

-

-

b c

b. FAO 2013b.



2001 seed decree with a new one21

ease the public sector burden during the seed

-

rieties.22

Co sts an d test ing requirem ents ac ross

c ountries for the eva luat ion a nd

registrat ion o f new va riet ies reduc e

ou tcomes

-

23And the

the new crop season.

Ena b ling t he Business o f Ag ric ul turefound a

-

-

-

-



TABLE 5.1:

TopicEthiopiaa

(wheat)Guatemala

(maize)Morocco(wheat)

(maize)

Nepal(maize)

Spain(wheat)

Uganda(maize)

Ukraine(maize)

Number of crop

seasons for DUStesting

n.a. n.a. 2 n.a.b 2 2 2 3

Number of cropseasons for VCUtesting

3 n.a. 2 2 2 2 2 3

Are applicantdata accepted

No Yesc No Yes Yes Yes Yes No

Source:Ena bling the Business of Ag ric ulturedatabase.

breeders are running the trials and NSCS accepts

allowing the seed enterprise to conduct the

data.

test locations. This practice contributes to a shift

- 24

-

sector.

-

-



-

-

-

do ne by p ubl ic author it ies

-

-

-

FIGURE 5.2:Cost for evaluation and variety release is highest in Ukraine and Ugandain percentage of income per capita

Ethiopia(wheat)

Guatemala(maize)

Morocco(wheat)

Nepal(maize)

Spain(wheat)

Uganda(maize)

Ukraine(wheat)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2.0

15.8

9.9

28.0

60.0

Freea Free




-

-

-

-

accredited in the future.

-

ed. Accredited seed enterprises need

-

tests conducted in accordance with

International Seed Testing Assoc iation

(ISTA) rules. Both procedures can be

done online.

-

-

FIGURE 5.3:The private sector is underrepresented on most national varietyrelease committees

EthiopiadGuatemalaa Philippinesb Rwandac MoroccoNepal SpainUganda

0

5

10

15

20

25

77

10

10

9

333 244

1166

Public sector representatives Private sector representatives




and reduce the public sector burden because

-

-

Reg iona l a nd interna tiona l ha rmo niza t ion

offers op p ortunities for fa ster and simp ler

eva luat ion a nd reg ist ra t ion of new

varieties

of seed across national borders. This process ex-

-

27

28

-

-

-

-

seed can be sold without further testing once

-

-

-

-

-

trade barriers.30



-

31This

Next steps

This chapter presented the initial results for a

-

-

collectable across countries and narrowed the

next round of data collection.

-

The usefulness of the current selection of

-

TABLE 5.2:Country membership in regional and international seed

Country

Ethiopia None

Guatemala None

Morocco OECD

of Seed Regulations (2008)

None

Nepal None ISTA

Philippines None ISTA

Rwanda None

Spain

OECD and ISTA

Uganda OECD and ISTA

Ukraine None OECD and ISTA




-

to obtain a seed producer license

are considerations. Initial readings

across countries.

-

seed are additional considerations.

-

-

-

-

-

-

Initial data was gathered on seed

policies. Further discussions with ex-

perts on the appropriate angle to

adopt will be held to further enrich



Notes

2 Ena b ling the Business o f Ag ric ulture tolerance and disease resistance.

Science Center 2011.8 World Bank 2012b. Ena b ling the Business o f Ag ric ulture

processes.

10 Minot 2008.11 Ena b ling the Business o f Ag ric ulture

Science Center 2011.

through the Ena b ling the Busine ss o f Ag ric ulture

or foundation seed is seed produced under the


17 Turner 2001.18 FAO 2013d.

(2012).

27 Minot 2008.


http://www.oecd.org/agriculture/code/


59/17247IMPROVING FERTILIZER SUPPLY | 2015

Improving fertilizer supplyA fa rm er in M oza m b iq ue s Xa i-Xa i re g io n, Ferna nd a g row s m a ize, be a ns

a nd ve g eta b les. She p rod uc es en ou g h to susta in he r fam ily of 5, b ut w ou ld

like to g row surp lus p ro d uc t io n to sel l a t the loc a l m a rket . Ferna nd a ha s

he a rd from o the r w om en a t he r vi lla g e th a t if she use s fert ilize r she c a n sig -

she he a rs tha t th is a g ric ultura l inp ut is ve ry e xpe nsive . The re fore, Fe rna nd a

ha s d e c id e d no t to use fert ilize r this se a so n.

1No world region

has been able to boost agricultural growth

and tackle hunger without increasing the use

2

-

-

-

in the future through the ongoing depletion of

soil nutrients.3

-

infrastructure.4

Ag rib usine ss

Ind ica to rs

-

7



What improving fertilizer supplydata focus on

-

1. Dom est ic p rod uc t ion and b lend ing o f

fertilizer.

-

-

2. Reg ulato ry fram ew ork for fert ilizer.These

-

existence of national and supranational

laws and regulations.

3. Reg istrat ion o f fe rtilize r. -

-

-

The data set also highlights supranation-

4. Importing of ferti l izer. -

-

Sub sidies, ta xes a nd ta riffs o n fe rtiliz-

er.

-

-

-

-

8Taxes and tariffs can be an

-

-

Qua lity c on trol of fert ilizer. These data

-

-

7. Fe rtil ize r use a nd so il he a lth. These data

look at whether soil testing facilities and

-

-



-

-

countries.


-

Four of the 10 pilot countries produce fer-

-

neither production nor blending fac ilities. All 10

Reg iona l harmo niza t ion lea ds to e a sier

reg istra tion of fertil izer

-

FIGURE 6.1:Fertilizer laws by country

Countries that have a unified lawregulating chemical fertilizers

Countries that do not have a lawregulating chemical fertilizers

Countries that have a supranationalfertilizer law in addition to the

nationa l fertilizer law

8

1

2

Morocco

Guatemala Spain

Ethiopia Guatemala

Philippines Rwanda

Mozambique Nepal

Uganda Ukraine




-

FIGURE 6.3:

Registration issubjec t toa specific

time period

Registrationreguired to legally

commercializefertilizer

No registrationreguired

3 years

10 years

9

1

8

Ethiopia Guatemala

Rwanda Spain

Mozambique Nepal

Uganda Ukraine

Morocco

Philippines

Nepal Philippines Uganda

Guatemala Spain Ukraine

No specific time

5 years

Rwanda

Mozambique


FIGURE 6.2:Fertilizer production and blending by country

4

6

Morocco Philippines Spain UkraineFertilizer producing countries

Countries that mix/blend fertilizerdomestically

Guatemala Morocco Philippines

Spain

Mozambique

Ukraine




-

position is and when the registration expires.

-

-

(SADC).

Pub lic sec tor is often invo lved in the

p roc urem ent o f fert il izer

So it is no

10

-

-

-

Ferti lizer p ric es are the high est in Africa n

pi lot c ountr ies



BOX 6.1:Harmonizing fertilizer registration and trade for lower cost andgreater choice

-

-

MAP B6.1.1:Regional organizations with pilot countries as members

CACU+P

EU

CIS

SADC

EAC

ASEAN

Source:



-

Program s to prom ote ferti lizer use are

bec om ing inc reasing ly ta rge ted

-

11subsidies.12

-

-

13

-

-

-

14



Qua l ity co ntro ls are c om m on, but not

a lwa ys ef fec t ive

Countries use both labeling and inspections

include the results that can be expected when

-

Ena b ling the Business o f

Agricul ture

-

-

-

-

tainers. In the c ountries where open containers

-

a technical data sheet.

17Adulteration and dilution

-

-



FIGURE 6.4:Average fertilizer use rates by country

Ethiopia Guatemala PhilippinesUkraineMozambique MoroccoNepal SpainUganda

Kilograms

perhectare

0

80

60

40

20

100

120

140

160

52

150150

131

78

40

2423


18

with 3 functional laboratories and a population

-

-

-

of the c ountries.

Next steps

This chapter presented the initial pilot results for

health. The results presented were selec ted

focus areas will be narrowed down during the



be considered. Further research that would be

following 3 areas:

1. -

2.

3. -

BOX 6.2:Extending reach through a mobile soil lab in Uganda

-

-

-

Source:



Notes

3 World Bank 2013b.

would not otherwise use purchased inputs (or to the

12 Minde et al. 2008.

annex 1.


70/172


71/17259TRANSPORTING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015

Transporting agricultural goodsSim a lg a rh i Sa m uha , a farme rs g rou p b a sed in the v illa g e of C ha inp ur,

in Ne p a l s Ch itw a n d ist ric t , ha s 22 m em b ers w ho g row b ea ns, egg p la n t

Bha ra tp ur, Pokha ra a nd Ka thm a nd u, b ut ge t t ing the ir p rod uc e to the se

m a rke ts is no t ea sy . Al tho ug h a n a ll-w ea ther roa d c o nne c ts the v illa g e

to the m a rke ts, the roa d c a n d ete rio ra te q u ic k ly , esp ec ia lly in the ra iny

se a so n. An d b e c a use l ic en sed c omm erc ia l ve hic les a re in sho rt sup p ly in

the fa rm ers o f ten re ly o n info rm a l p ub lic t ra nsp o rt suc h a s unreg iste re d

m inibu se s. This so lut ion is fa r from id e a l as the ve hic le s ne ithe r c om p ly w ith

sa fety ru les no r kee p the p rod uc e fresh unt i l it re a c he s the m a rket .

Ac cess to essential transport infrastructure and

-

-

obtain essential inputs and get their crops to

1

-

World Dev elop m ent Repo rt 2008: Agr ic u lture

fo r Deve lopm ent -

and exports.2

-

-

costs.3



4In the

-

nation of the trucking cartel and the restrictions

logistics costs.

Appropriate

7Appropriate professional standards

trucking sector can fac ilitate trade.8

What transporting agriculturalgoods data measure

1. Licensing requirements to operate a

t ruck ing c om pa ny. -

-

-

-

goods.

2. Pric ing and fre ight al locat ion. These

-

are set and how freight is allocated.

3. Axle- loa d reg ula t ion .These data focus

through weighing stations and associat-

4. Mutua l rec og n it ion o f stand ards a nd fo r-

e ign t ruck ing c om pe t it ion . These data



focus on bilateral or regional agree-

-

well as restrictions on cross-border truck-

rights.10

Mo nito ring o f roa d ac c ess, de nsity a nd

qual i ty.These data record the existence

-

cess (such as the share of the popula-


trucking sector around the world. Licensing re-

-

policies on transport and infrastructure.

Lice nse or p erm it is required to transpo rt

a gricultura l g oo d s in m ost pi lot co untries

Making it easier to obtain licenses for transport

trade and transport.11

-

haulage (reg istre spc ial de tra nspo rteu r d e

ma rc hand ises po ur c om pte d au t ru i

The process of obtaining a license or other au-

-

where the proc ess includes a hearing that re-

-



-

such as refrigeration for transporting perishable

agricultural goods.

applications.

Litt le intervention in pric ing an d freig ht

a l locat ion

-

prices.12

-

-

(food grain) and coffee.13

and Transport publishes past prices (based on

FIGURE 7.1:

State concession or franchise

Special license or permit

Registry or notification to a governmentagency or professional assoc iation

No spec ial license required

1

7

1

1

Ethiopia

Rwanda

Guatemala Mozambique

Spain Uganda

Nepal

Morocco

Ukraine

Philippines




prices.

assoc iations publish referenc e prices on their

websites or in national newspapers. In nei-

there are no legal sanctions for not following

-

assoc iations (box 7.1).

to belong to a trucking assoc iation to operate

-

Axle- loa d reg ula t ions are wide sprea d

BOX 7.1:What is the role of trucking associations?

guidelines and training.

-

(Federation of Truck Transport Associations of Nepal and Federation of Nepalese National Transport

-

guidelines (such as those on pricing).

-




FIGURE 7.2:Gross vehicle mass and axle-load limits by country

9 10.211.511.5

8

13.5111010

56

40 40414546

5356

Ethi

opia

Gua

tem

ala

Philip

pine

s

Rwan

da

Mor

occo

Nep

al

Spai

n

Ugan

da

Moz

ambi

que

Ukrain

e

Tons

0

20

10

30

40

50

60

Gross vehicle mass Maximum weight per axle

Source:Ena bling the Business of Ag ric ulture database.

-

14

tons. All countries except for Morocco and Nepal

Axle-load regulations are enforced through

countries sanction freight carriers for exceeding

countries. Most of the countries also take other

-

Internationa l tran spo rt ag reem ents a re

in p lac e, but l im i ted fore ign truc k ing

c om pe t it ion rem ains



transport rights allowing foreign participation

on the International Transport of Goods under

-

ate borders.

-

-

tion of axle-load regulations (the Vehicle Load

Transport rights that allow trucks to pick up a

landlocked countries.17 -

-

18

-

-

-

backhauling and triangular rights) (table 7.1).

Indian trucks can operate in Nepal for 72 hours

Broa d use o f standa rd go vernme nt

ind ica tors on roa d qua l ity , but limi ted

re l iab le data o n roa d a c c ess and de nsi ty

-

20



TABLE 7.1:Transporting goods from the countrys largest neighboring agriculturaltrading partner

Country

Types of transport rights granted to foreign companies

Import Backhauling Transit Triangular Cabotage

Ethiopia

Guatemala

Morocco

Nepal

Philippines

Rwanda

Spain

Uganda

Ukraine


Index21 22

-

resources (box 7.2).

BOX 7.2:Moroccos national programs for improving rural roads

-

douars

-

Cont inued next pa ge



-

a

Data on rural population and travel time to the nearest city

b

c

Ena b ling the Business of Ag ric ulture

-

0 100 200 300 400

Kilometers

Rural populaon

within 1 hour

within 2 hours

within 3 hours

within 4 hours

over 4 hours (30%)

MAP B7.2.1:Rural population and travel time to the nearest city over 250,000inhabitants in Morocco

Source:

Cont inued next pag e

BOX 7.2:(Con t inued)



BOX 7.2:(Con t inued)

FIGURE B7.2.1:Access of rural population to cities of over 100,000 and 250,000inhabitants in Morocco

Pe

rcentofruralpopulationbeyond

specifictraveltime

01 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

10093

73

49

30

18

86

56

33

20

11

Travel time to cities with over 250,000 inhabitants Travel time to cities with over 100,000 inhabitants

Travel time in hours

-

te ra i(plain) region.

all countries use the International Roughness

trunk roads in poor condition is as high as 33

Source:

a. Wo rld Ban k 2006; Afr ic an Dev elop me nt Bank 2013; Ministry of Equ ipm ent, Transport a nd Log istics (Ministre de lEqu ipem ent ,du Transport et d e la Logistique )

c. Webb 2013.



Next steps

This chapter presents the initial results for a

constraints in trucking that can affect the

These data points will be used as a basis for

data c ollection (see Data notes).

1.

based on the International Roughness

-

-

-

Ena b ling the Business o f

Agricul ture is exploring the use of geo-

-

2. and international transport agree-

3. -

data. Another group of indicators would

-

4. -

-

trucking business. While the focus is pri-

-

perishable goods as well as the distinc-

international transport.

the pilot phase (including through a

to conduct research on transport prices

-



Notes

Osborne and Virginia Tanase.

3 Kunaka et al. 2013. 7 World Bank 2012d.8 World Bank 2010.

11 World Bank 2010. 13 World Bank 2012b.

17 Nathan Assoc iates 2012.

21 The International Roughness Index is a standard scale

roughness in a single wheel path of the road surface.


83/17271

Selling agricultural goodsA farm er from Ig a ng a , Ug a nd a , Seruw o p rod uc es a nd se l ls m a ize . When

ha rve st c om es, tha nks to th e farmer org a niza t io n he b e lo ng s to, h is m a ize

is p o oled w ith tha t of his ne ig hb ors a nd so ld a t the loc a l m a rket . He kno w s

he c ou ld g et m ore fo r h is m a ize a c ross the b orde r in Kenya , but the re a re

se ve ra l c o nstra ints to g e tt ing his m a ize to the ne ig hb o ring m a rket. Be sid e s

la c k of p ro p er storag e to p rote c t h is g ra in f rom ra in a nd p e sts, tra nsp o r-

ta t io n is exp en sive , a nd the re a re b urd e nsom e re q uirem en ts a c ro ss the

t ra d e r in th e Philip p ine s, fac e s sim ila r p ro b lem s; in a d d it io n, she a lso ha s to

reg iste r as a n e xp or te r wi th 2 d if fe ren t g ove rnm ent a g enc ies, wh ic h c a n

b e c ost ly and take m ore tha n 3 we eks.

-

and challenges. Responding to these growing

-

-

facilitation.1

2

-

-

SELLING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015



-

ricultural products.3

the nature of the products and the conditions

and transported.4

-

-

transparent and accessible regulations and

-

-

ac cess can be channeled through extension

-

agricultural sector.

produce.7But foreign trade does not neces-

lie right across the border.8

-

-

-

10 -

-

and procedures.11The World Bank and World


85/17273SELLING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015

-

paperwork.12

-

regional collaboration is needed. The lack of

-

-

13

-

What selling agricultural goodsdata measure

-

icies and regulations that can facilitate (or

-

BOX 8.1:A tiered approach to extension services in Rwanda

-

The case of Rwanda

-

-

-




-

(see Data notes).

1. C ro ss-bo rd e r a g ricu ltura l e xpo rts.These

-

-

-

when trading agricultural products

and whether exporter accreditation is

2. SPS re g ulat ion o f a g ric ul tura l tra d e. These

-

14when trading agricultural prod-

-

-

3. In format ion avai lab i l i ty and market-

ing req uirem en ts. These data focus on

whether and how the fee schedules of

for processed food.

4. Government promot ion of agr i cu l tu r -

a l ma rket ing .

-

-

Co llec t ive a c t ion to sup p ly ma rkets.This

-

of laws and regulations.

this report. Within the transport of agricultural

-

-

-

producers.


-

-



Ad d i tiona l p roc edures and

do c um entat ion req u ired for exp orting

a gricultura l p rod uc ts

-

as perishable agricultural products.Enhancing

cross-border agricultural exports would help

Saharan Africa.

-

procedures when exporting staple cereals to its

BOX 8.2:Regional integration facilitates cross-border agricultural trade

-

a

trade procedures.

balso

c

-

-

-

d -

Source:Ena bling the Business of Ag ric ulture database.

a. World Bank 2008.



TABLE 8.1: trading partner

Country

Use of customs broker

Periodic exporter accreditation

Periodic agricultural exporter

accreditationExport Import

Ethiopia

Guatemala

Morocco

Nepal

Philippines

Rwanda

Spain

Uganda

Ukraine


-

17

cereals when exporting.

exporter licensing or accreditation (table 8.1).

-

Com pulsory , but not burde nsom e,

SPS p roc esse s

standards is crucial for curtailing the increase



agricultural trade.18

and agricultural health.

For the regional export of staple cereals or horti-

-

in all the pilot countries except Spain (within

-

-

of Standards.

-

-

laboratories.

Phytosanitary fee sc hed ules are p ub l ic ly

av ai lab le in m ost pi lot co untries

-

-



20In

21Morocco

-

traders need to contact the inspectors based

there are laws or regulations in place that

-

food product labels.

Inc rea sing g ove rnm ent ef for ts to p rom ote

ag ricu l tura l m arket ing

-

-

FIGURE 8.1: for staple cereals by country (% income per capita)

Ethi

opia

Gua

tem

ala

Philip

pine

s

Rwan

da

Mor

occo

Nep

al

Spai

n*

Ugan

da

Moz

ambi

que

Ukrain

e0

3

2

1

4

5

6

7

0.10.1 0.10.1 0.20.20.2 0.2 0.20.30.4 0.5

0.60.9

0.05 0.0

5.9

6.4

Cost of phytosanitary certificate Cost of phytosanitary import clearance

%incomepercapita

Source:Ena bling the Business of Ag ric ulturedatabase.



channels for reaching an intended state of

-

-

training subsidies and preferential access to

-

Leg islat ion o n fa rme rs g roups or

orga niza t ions is a va i lab le in m ost p i lot

countr ies

-

-

and Sub-Saharan Africa.22

linkage point between producers and agribusi-

-

lowering transaction costs.

Morocco to 10 hectares in Ethiopia. The dif-

-

-

-



-

regulates and registers these groups.

Next steps

This chapter presented the initial results of a

-

-

1. Further research will be conducted

-

-

cepted and science-based health ob-

-

2. -

-

-

-

3.

-

run and accessible. In the 10 pilot coun-

-

-

-

-

-



Notes

7 Wiggins and Keats 2013.8 World Bank 2012a.

13 J affee and Henson 2004.

22 IFAD 2014.


94/172


95/17283CONTRACTING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION | 2015

Contracting agricultural productionThe to w n o f Me lka Aw a sh is loc a ted in Eth io p ia s O rom ia reg io n, on the

b a nks of the Aw a sh Rive r a b o ut 50 km so uth o f Ad d is Ab a b a . Sinc e 2005,

the M elka Aw a sh farm ers ha ve b ee n orga n ized in a c oo p era t ive un ion tha t

now ha s m ore tha n 30,000 m em b ers w ho p rod uc e w hea t , m a lt ba rley , te f f

a nd c hic kpe a o n indiv id ua l p lo ts a ve ra g ing 2 to 3 hec ta res. In 2012, Brit ish

b ee r p rod uc e r Dia g eo p lc a c q u ired Eth iop ia -b a sed M eta Ab o Brew eries

a nd d ec id ed to source its ra w m a teria ls loc a lly . Dia g eo -M eta sig ned p ro-

d uc t ion c on t ra c t s w ith m em b ers o f the M e lka Aw a sh C oo p era t ive Union

to p ro c ure 1,000 m e tric to ns o f m a lt b a rle y. Using the se e d s a nd fert ilize rs

p rov id ed b y Dia g eo -M eta , the fa rm ers o f Melka Aw a sh now ha ve a sec ure

ou tp u t fo r the ir m a lt ba rley p rod uc t ion , and the b rew er c a n c oun t on a

re l ia b le sup p ly o f ra w m a ter ia ls.

Guiding Princ ip le s

for Resp onsib le Co ntra c t Fa rm ing Op erat ions

-

which establishes conditions for the production

1

-

2

In

countries.3

-

-

tent supplies at a reasonable price and desired

the contracting parties and are a cornerstone of

4

-

other infrastructure needed to reach urban



-

-

obligations.

-

7

-

8

-

-

What the contracting agriculturalproduction data focus on

The contrac ting agricultural production data

-

1. Regu la to ry f ramework fo r con t rac t

farming.

-

whether or not there is ad hoc legislation

2. These data

-

-

of products. The data differentiate be-

-

3. Procedura l requi rements for contract

fa rming .These data show whether the



laws and regulations establish registra-

-

tracting parties or for the contract itself.

4. Dispute resolution mechanisms. These

data establish whether there is a spe-

-

proceedings.


-

-

Ad hoc c on t rac t fa rming laws are found

in only 2 c ountriesMo roc c o and Spa in

Countries tend to take 2 different approaches

-

the legislation was drafted. Ad hoc laws sug-

obligations signals a perception that broader

-

in these c ountries. Morocco has a new law on

a contract.10The Law of 2012 is a pillar of the

Pla n Ma roc Ver t (Gree n Mo roc c o Pla n)

parties and one aggregator for the produc-

11In

-

12On the

contracts in 200013 -

FIGURE 9.1:

Countries withouta law oncontrac t farming

Countries with a law oncontrac t farming

Ethiopia Guatemala

Philippines Rwanda

Mozambique Nepal

Uganda Ukraine

Morocco Spain 2

8




2013.14

production contrac ts. The Law of 2000 focuses

and production contracts in a designated sector.

standard contracts.

-

-

-

engaging in contractual relationships. In 4

the Contracts Act of 2010 are the principal

and the Contrac t Act.

-

In other

-

for the production of crops.

Different reg ula tory solutions exist

for spe c i fy ing p rod uc t qua l ity , pr ic e

de term inat ion, pa ym ent and d el ivery in

con t rac ts

parties or third parties outside the contract.

-

-



-

-

TABLE 9.1:

Country

Default or mandatory rule exists for

the products

Price

determination Payment timePayment

place Delivery dateDeliverylocation

Ethiopia

Guatemala

Morocco

Nepal

Philippines

Rwanda

Spain

Uganda

Ukraine




of Goods Act.

-

place where the goods were located when

Few c ountr ies require c ontrac t

registration

-

tract or the parties to a contract create addition-al procedures along with assoc iated costs and

-

-

tractors to register with the Regional Directorate

entering into agricultural production contracts.

-

dard contracts. Once a standard contract is

contracts can be registered with the registrar of

c ontrac t farming d ispute m ec hanism s

-

-

can a lso guarantee balanced representation

-

or restore the business relationship.

-

-

-bitration or court proceedings can take plac e.

-



the General Directorate of Nutrition with the

contract for the larger sector.17

-

-

Next steps

This chapter presented the initial results of a pilot

BOX 9.1:Approval of a standard contract in Spain

-

a

b -

c

d

e

f

Source:



1. -

-

-

-

production contract.

2.

-

-

ods. While 2 case scenarios were test-

and additional case scenarios will help

BOX 9.2:Mandatory mediation in Morocco

-

a

b

c

d

Source:

b. Ibid.

c. Ibid.



Notes

2 Setboonsarng 2008. 4 Eaton and Shepherd 2001. 7 Ibid.8 Ibid.

aggregation.

agri-food contracts.


104/172


105/17293ELECTRIFYING RURAL AREAS | 2015

Electrifying rural areasTesfa ye, a m a ize p rod uc er living in a sm a ll villa g e ne a r the southe rn Ethio p ia n

tow n o f Finc ha w a , st ill rem em b ers the d a ys b efo re h is fa rm ho use w a s c o n-

ne c ted to the na t io na l e lec t ric ity gr id . Eve ry yea r d uring ha rve st t im e, the

m a ize h a d to b e h a nd led ve ry q uic k ly , re q uiring c le a ning , d ry ing , she lling

a nd g rind ing b y ha nd , using t ra d it ion a l tec hn iq ues. The p ric e fo r ma ize

w a s extrem ely lo w d uring tha t t im e d ue to fa rm e rs c a sh ne ed s a nd risks

a sso c ia ted w ith p e st in festa t io n a nd o the r storag e losses. The ne w elec -

t ric ity c o nne c t io n a llow s Tesfa ye to p ro c ess the m a ize q uic k ly a f ter drying ,

tha nks to a new e lec t ric -m oto r-d riven m a ize m illing m a c h ine tha t he a nd

the o the r fa rm e rs o f the ir o rg a niza t io n rec en t ly p urc ha sed . The m illing m a -

c hine is a n e a sy w a y to p re serve the m a ize a nd tra nsform the p er isha b le

c om m od it y in to a p rod uc t tha t c a n b e t ra nsp o rted long d istanc es, sto red

a nd so ld la te r a t the m a rke t .

-

need to be processed within a few hours of

-

-

-

-

ing industries in Sub-Saharan Africa to those in



1

What electrifying rural areas datafocus on

the share of population that has access to


The choice of data published in this report is

-

-

-

-

Ac c ess to e lec tric i ty

-

-

2

-

Elec tric i ty afforda b i li ty



FIGURE 10.1:

Ethiopia

Guatemala

Philippines

Morocco

Nepal

Spain

Uganda

Mozambique

Ukraine

Percentofruralelectrification

0

20

40

60

57

11

52

6972

97 99.8 99.9

80

100

Source:Ena bling the Business of A griculture database.

Note: Rwanda is excluded as no data could be obtained.

3

-

power plants based on fossil fuel.

-

across countries. A possible data point that

Do ing Business

4It

Off-grid elec tric i ty system s



extending the national grid into all corners of

-

-

-

stantial proportion of the new connec tions.

-

-

independent power producers to generate

Next steps

This chapter presented initial pilot results on

World Bank7 8was

-

search will be undertaken to focus the scope of

and costs.



Notes

3 World Bank 2014a.4 World Bank 2013a. 7 World Bank 2014b.


110/172


111/17299

Connecting farmers to information

-

Question Response

Question Response

I will be planting cassava. Is

there a recommended amount

of fertilizer for both dry and wet

seasons regardless if I conducted

soil analysis?

We recommend NPK (12:24:12)

application at the rate of 336

kg/ha 6 weeks after planting,

followed by 16:8:24 16 weeks

after planting.

Please send me information

about rice seed variety

NSIC RC 222. Thanks

NSIC Rc222 (also known as Tubigan

18) has an average yield of 6.1 t/

ha and the maximum yield is 10

t/ha., 114 days maturity. Height

is 101 cm. Intermediate to blast,

bacterial leaf blight and tungro.

Moderately resistant to brown plant

hopper and green leafhoppers.

I have 50 kilograms of tomatoes

that I would like to sell at the

market in Jinja. My farm is near

Bukoyo. Can somebody pick up

my produce? What is the current

market price of tomatoes?

We have a truck with capacity

for your produce passing by your

village this Friday. We will connect

you with the trucker to arrange

for a meeting point. The kilo price

for tomatoes in Kampala is 2,836

Ugandan Shillings this week.

Question Response

CONNECTING FARMERS TO INFORMATION | 2015



one another.1

-

-

chains.2

3

-

-

-

es.4

to recharge phones.

What the ICT data focus on

-

ICT is an

-

-

and at what price.

-

1. Num b er of mo b ile c el lular sub sc rip tions

p er 100 inha b ita nts.

2. Numb er o f ac t ive mo b i le b road ba nd

sub sc rip tions pe r 100 inha b ita nts.These

broadband subscriptions and dedicat-

the public Internet.


113/17210CONNECTING FARMERS TO INFORMATION | 2015

3. Ma rket struc ture of the te lec om m uni-

c a t ions sub sec tor in the 10 p ilo t c oun -

trie s.

-

-

countries.

4. Pub lic sec tor ro le to sup p ort the d eve l-

op m en t of IC T infrastruc ture.These data

-

Existing ICT-ena b led m a rket informa tion

and e-extension7 se rvic e s. These data

-


-

-

-

-

reduction strategies.

-

30-second or per-second basis.

Another lesson learned is that penetration rate

-

Mob ile ce llula r sub sc rip tions ve rsus

c ountry pop ula t ion

8

-

scription. Where there is a large gap between

-

10



Bank11

the pilot countries.

High ly va riab le mo b i le b road ba nd

subscriptions

Mobile broadband access can be an attrac -

the percentage of the population within reach

12

None of the pilot countries collect data on

FIGURE 11.1:Number of mobile cellular subscriptions exceeds country population inhalf the pilot countries

Ethiopia

G

uatemala

Philippines

Morocco

Nepal

Spain

Rwanda

Uganda

Mo

zambique

Ukraine

Mobilecellularsubscription

sper

100inhabitants

0

80

60

40

20

100

120

137.8130.3

119.9108.4 106.5

59.649.7 45

36.2

22.3

140

160


countries.


115/17210CONNECTING FARMERS TO INFORMATION | 2015

FIGURE 11.2:Mobile broadband usage rates across pilot countries

Ethiopia

Guatemala

Philippines

Morocco

Rwanda

Spain

Uganda

Mozambique

Ukraine

0

20

10

30

40

53.4

10.1

7.6 5.5 4.5 3.8 3.3 1.8 0.4

50

60

Mob

ilecellularsubscriptionsper

100inhabitants


-

Telec om m unica t ions sec tor l ib eral iza t ion

-

13

-

-

Pub lic sec tors role

-

-

in rural areas

Documents

Agribusiness 2015 Platform Report