Agrarian Questions

7/31/2019 Agrarian Questions

1/77


2/77

6, 435 Hectares of Rice and Corn Lands

1958 Acquired by Mr. Santos

Children ( Direct Heir)

Existing Tenants

Whether or not the tenants rights prevail

over the rights of Mr. Santos direct heir?


3/77

OUTLINE OF THE PRESENTATION

Principles Behind Agrarian Reform

Objectives of Agrarian ReformTypes of Approach

Liberal

Conservative

Phil. Govt Stand on Agrarian ReformPhil. Historical Background

Pres. Marcos

Pres. Aquino

Implementation

Existing Problems

Landowners

CARP (Hindrances, Scope, Retention)

Evaluation of the Program

Recommendation


4/77

What is the principle

of agrarian reform? Identify the roots of economic,

social and political problems.

Economicpoverty and inequality
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5/77

Social

concentration of property rights (growing

landless among agricultural tenants).

Denial of ancestral lands to theindigenous people.

Monopolies in land, labour

and capital markets.
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6/77

Political

Unequal distribution of power in the political

system between classes, groups and clans.

Financial problems

Peter Allan

Cayetano AquilinoPimentel III

RamonRevilla, Jr.
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7/77

Competition for authority and resources

between state institutions and existing

conflict of interest among nations.

Bureaucratic inefficiency and corruptions
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8/77

What is the objectiveof agrarian reform?

Redistributing agriculturalland to its tillers.

Provide security on the

property rights.

Means to earn an adequate living.


9/77

What is conservative approach?

Third world

Proportion that a healthy economy

requires the operation of land, labour

and capital markets freefrom state intervention.


10/77

Problem of poverty is founded inlow productivity and not on unequal

distribution of assets.

Population growth and redistribution

reform is irrelevant.


11/77

Liberal Approach

Redistributive of land at the center

for rural change.

Consolidate existing state authority

to defeat or pre-empt revolutionary movements

in the countryside.


12/77

Undermine monopoly power.

To tap the greater efficiency

of small-ownerin a labour-abundant

and capital-scare economy.

To alleviate poverty.


13/77

Philippine Government Standon Agrarian Reform:

Conservative Approach


14/77

Philippine History

Pre-Spanish Period: Datu

Spanish Period:

No interest in agricultureNaval base in the Pacific

Catholic Friars ( agriculture) in

coordination with the ilustradotenants ( landed oligarch).


15/77

Encomienda - loyal subject to Spain was

given the right to collect taxes

from inhabitants of the areato an encomendero.

it was a public office of collecting

taxes from the inhabitants

of the area.


16/77

Kinds of Encomiendas

1. Royal Encomienda King

2. Ecclesiastical EncomiendaChurch3. Private EncomiendaPrivate individual


17/77

Gov. Gen. Antonio de Ayala

joined with

Don Domingo Roxas (Ayala Corp.)

Zobel-Ayala

Jaime Zobel Ayala

Ayala Corporation

1834
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18/77

Negros Occidental:

Benedicto, Montelibano,

Ledesma,Yulo and Lopez
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19/77

Tarlac:

Jose Cojuangco( Chinese carpenter buying rice

and sugar lands)

Phil. Revolution:

largest landowner in Tarlac.
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20/77

First Philippine Republic

Local landed oligarchy dominates.

Established allies with new

colonial authorities.

1896 Katipunan Revolutionmajor demand Land Reform


21/77

American Period

Natural resources for the whole world.

Del Monte Philippines

( California Packing Company)

Consolidation of the elite

Pledge to protect the property rights of

existing private property. ( just compensation)

Issuance of Torrens Title (proof of ownership)

Homestead (landless and the

peasant granted 16 hectares

for nominal fee).


22/77

Friars Land Actoffered to tenants

but failed( uncultivated lands)

Oligarch purchased the land.


23/77

Commonwealth

Widespread agrarian unrest

Landlord and economic depression

Growing peasant movement

1935 Constitution

empowered National Assembly

for land redistribution( owners received just compensation)


24/77

Quezon Government

Korondal Valley

Allah Valley

Mallig Plains (Isabela)

End of World War II

Demands FocusedSecuring access to land


25/77

US AGRARIAN REFORM

Japan

Post war implemented liberal

approach (Wolf Ladejinsky)

Means to achieve stability and

provide relief to an impoverishedpeasantry.


26/77

Agrarian reform to

counter communism

USnot infavor of agrarian feudalism

(Communist totalitarianism).

Ladejinsky

land reform could not solve

all the peasants problem.

Struggle for satisfaction

of basic needs

Threat to world peace


27/77

Hayami: Redistribution can

not be implementedin the Philippines

Lack of competent

government bureaucracy

Absence of land records

Weak tenant organizationTechnical expertise


28/77

Political choice of thosewho control state power.

Urban business sectorIn favor or not with

redistributive reform?


29/77

Marcos Authoritarian

Agrarian Reform

Combination of liberal

& conservative approach.US influence to policies to

protect economic interest.
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30/77

Highlights of Authoritarian

Agrarian Reform

Presidential Decree 27

Tenant5 hectares ( non-irrigated)

3 hectares (irrigated)

Landowners

compensated ( average crop x 2.5%)

Fixed rent for permanent crop


31/77

Land coverage:

greater than 24 hectares(corn & palay)Landowner retain 7 hectares

cultivate

Samahang Nayoncooperative

movement

Masagana 99credit cooperative


32/77

Creation of a strong citizenry
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33/77

Evaluation of Marcos

Agrarian Reform

CLT ( Certificate of Land Transfer)

not distributed

Reform Bureaucracy

( patronage & corruption)

Beneficiaries gave up their

rights over their lands.


34/77

DAR approachprocess of paper work

Oligarchy and landowner exist

Eduardo Cojuangco

Roberto Benedicto

Juan Ponce Enrile

No support from US for

redistributive reform

No threat by the peasant

movement to overturn

basic structure of the state.


35/77


36/77
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Cabinet dominated

Conservative reformist

Reform :

Productivityenhancement

programmes

No interest

redistributive reform
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1986 Philippine Constitution

Congress of the Philippines drafted

Comprehensive

Agrarian Reform (1988)

Congressmenconservative approach


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Agrarian Reform Program:

Objective

Tiller of the soil becomes the ownerof the land he cultivates

Improve socio-economic


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Scope of CARL R.A. 6657

All alienable and disposablelands of public domain devoted or suitable

for agriculture.

All other lands owned by government

devoted or suitable for agriculture.

All private lands devoted or

suitable for agriculture.

All lands of the public domain in excess

of the specific limits as determined by

Congress.


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Retention Limits

1. Landowner5 hectares

2. Each child (15 yrs. old)3 hectares3. Actually tilling or directly managing the farm.

Exemptions

1. Landowner (PD 27) retain the land.2. Original homestead grantees/

Direct compulsory heirs


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Beneficiaries of CARP

1. Agricultural lessees and share tenants

2. Regular farm workers

3. Seasonal farm workers4. Other farm workers

5. Actual tillers or occupants of public lands

6. Collectives or cooperatives of the above

beneficiaries7. Others directly working on the land.


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Implementation Schedule

Phase I 1988-1992 Voluntary Offer of Saleused by Multinational Corp.

Phase II private agricultural land more

than 50 hectares

Phase III 1992-1998

Phase III A excess of 24-50 hectaresPhase III B excess of 5-24 hectares


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Limitations of the Implementation

1. Garchitorena ScandalP3.8 M UCPB to SharpP 62.7 M VOS

Barren and mountainous( Camarines Sur)All VOS cases suspended

Transfer of all land valuation powers to Land Bank.Sec. Philip Juico

2. NDC Marubeni Land

Prime agricultural land converted toindustrial site w/ favorable court rulingLangkaan, Dasmarinas, Cavite

Sec. Abad
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3. Rigodon of DAR Secretaries

Juico Gatchitorena

Miriam Defensor SantiagoFlorencio AbadBenjamin Leong

4. Hacienda Luisita and Stock Option

Stock distribution P 33,000 per hectare (undervalued)Prevailing stock price P60,000 per hectare

Pending agro-corporation w/ pending applicationsfor stock distributionAll stock transfer w/in 2 years upon the effectively of the la


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5. Supreme Court rulings

1989 & 1990 narrow the scope of land reform coverageE.g. Exemption of Homestead ( Mindanao Homestead under

confusion)

Lots obtained by homestead patents are exempted

Association of Small Landowners

in the Phils, Inc. vs.

Secretary of Agrarian Reform

(G.R.78742 July 14, 1989)

Retention rights under PD 27 was not exercised.New retention rights RA 6657 applied.Transfer of ownership upon full payment of compensationto the owners.


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RetentionsPD 27 - 7 Hectares

CARL 5 Hectares

6. Land transfer upon full payment

7. Exemption of livestock farmsSC exemption was null and void

8.

9.

Purchased of imported vehicles, firing and hiring of casuals,

unethical behavior of DAR officials.


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Benefit from CARP

Marcos2% of 822,000 hectares

rice and corn

distributed

CARP3.8 Million hectares

out of 4.3 million hectares

distributed 65 %


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Pres. Arroyoextended

implementation of R.A. 6657

CARP Extension and Reforms

R.A. 9700 (CARPER)

1. DAR proceed to deliver support services2. Congressional Oversight Committee

monitor and determine problems

of CARP, make necessary adjustments

in its policies.3. Implement clear policies for non-

conversion. (agricultural to non-

agricultural)


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4. Gender-sensitive Agrarian Reform

Rights of rural women to won and

control land

5. Land Acquisition and distribution

Ensure completion by June 14, 2014

Local government unitsexemptionretention

limit

6. DARdecision immediately executory

no TRO ( temporary restrainingorder) against

the implementation of

CARP


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7. Support services

subsidies

agrarian reform communities

expected harvest, purchaseorders, warehouse receipts

can be used as collateral


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Agrarian Reform is only

a segment in the whole

process of development.

Agrarian Reform should

establish a point person

to address environmental problems.

Agrarian Reform is necessary

but not sufficient.

Agrarian Reform improved

the lives of the Filipino peasants.


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Decline and disappearance of Socialist System

throughout the Soviet Bloc heralded a new

era in international politics.

Changes in international politics have impact on

the Phil. and on the role of the US in the country.


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Failure of Aquino government to implement

agrarian reform and to overcome traditional

clan politics both the military and radical left

offer alternative paths for future.

Landlessness and poverty continue to

dominate the rural landscape in the Philippines.

Call for redistributive reform continues to be

heard throughout the archipelago.


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July 5, 2011

Supreme Court

DISMISSED. Section 31 of RA 6657be declared NULL and VOID for being unconstitutional.

Consequently, the stock distribution plan of petitionerHLI should likewise be declared NULL and VOIDfor being unconstitutional.


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Accordingly,

PARC Resolution Nos. 2005-32-01dated December 22, 2005 and2006-34-01 dated May 3, 2006

should be AFFIRMED in so far

as they direct the implementationof compulsory coverage ormandated land acquisitionscheme in Hacienda Luisita.


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with the MODIFICATION that,pro hac vice(on particular occasion)

due to considerations of fairnessand equity, qualified farm worker-beneficiaries

may waive their right to actuallyown the lands they till and stay as stockholdersof petitioner HLI.


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Motion for Clarification and PartialReconsideration - HLI

- DAR

Motion for Reconsideration - Alyansang mgaMangagawang

Bukid sa HaciendaLuisita (AMBALA)

Mallari, et al.


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Issues Resolved

1. Whether or not in law or in equity itwould be fair to distribute to the 6,296farm worker beneficiaries (FWBs)the

unspent and unused balance of theproceeds of sale of 500 hectaresand 80.51 hectares of HLI?

FWBs stock holders of HLI


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2. Whether or not in law or in equitypayment is consideredjust compensation that reckonson Nov. 21, 1989 approval

of stock distribution and noactual taking of HLI?

Improvements, expenses in

the maintenance and preservationof land , rise in land prices orvalue of the property.


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AMBALA

3. Whether or not voting option asstock holder rather than totaldistribution of land is in violation

to the unconstitutionality ofSec. 31 R.A. 6657?

4. Whether or not RCBC is an innocent

purchaser of 300 hectare propertyin HLI in question?

Supreme Court


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November 22, 2011

Resolution

1. Shares, benefits, proceeds of the sale of

500 hectares and 80.51 hec. SCLTEX lotand homelots already received byFWBs shall be respected with no obligationto refund or return them.

Shares of stock issued to them will be cancelledand return to HLI and transfer shall be exemptfrom taxes, fees and charges.


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4, 206 non-qualified FWBs shallremain as stockholders of HLI and

not entitled to any share in the landto be distributed by DAR.

HLI is directed to pay the original 6, 296 FWBsof the proceeds of the sale of 500 hectaresamounting to P 13,330,511, 500.00and shall deduct 3 % for the transfers of title,

taxes, expenditures incurred by HLI.


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DAR directed to engaged reputable accounting

firm to audit HLI in determining if the proceedsof sale were actually used or spent for legitimatecorporate purposes.

Any unspent and unused balance and anydisallowed expenditures as determined bythe audit shall be distributed to the

6, 296 original FWBs.

HLI is entitled to just compensation for


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HLI is entitled to just compensation foragricultural land that will be transferredto DAR to be reckoned from November 21, 1989

DAR and LBP are ordered to determinethe compensation due to HLI.

DAR shall submit compliance report aftersix (6) months from finality of this judgment.

Shall submit quarterly reports on theexecution of this judgment within the first 15 daysafter the end of each quarter, until fully implemented.
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Principles of Agrarian Reform

1. Equal Access to landbasic productive

resource.

2. Just compensationlandownersbased on fair

market value.


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Economicagriculture main industry

exports of agricultural products the

major source of foreign exchange


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Socio-cultural Aspects

1. Shift from dependence to self-subsistent(lead to increase of income)

2. Enhanced peace and stability of the community

3. Farmer-beneficiariesactive participation incommunity leadership

(local and national elections)

4. Promote social status improvement


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Religiousownership of land ( God)

stewards of the land (Man)

Moralsocial justice for equitable distribution

of land.

LegalConstitutional mandates for agrarian

reforms

Politicalsolve imbalanced ownership

of agricultural land.

E t (J ti I i C )


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In ancient mythology, Antaeus

was a terrible giant who

blocked and challenged Hercules

for his life on his

way to Mycenae after performinghis eleventh labor.

The two wrestled mightily

and Hercules flung his adversary

to the ground thinking him dead,but Antaeus rose even

stronger to resume their struggle.

This happened several

Except (Justice Isagani Cruz)


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times to Hercules' increasing amazement.

Finally, as theycontinued grappling, it dawned on

Hercules that Antaeus

was the son of Gaea and could

never die as long asany part of his body was touching

his Mother Earth.

Thus forewarned, Hercules then

held Antaeus upin the air, beyond the reach

of the sustaining soil,

and crushed him to death.


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Mother Earth.

The sustaining soil. The giver of life,

without whose invigorating touch even

the powerful Antaeus weakened and died.

The elemental forces of life and death,of men and women who,

like Antaeus need

the sustaining strength of

the precious earth to stay alive.


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Land for the Landless

is a slogan that

underscores

the acute imbalance in thedistribution of this

precious resource

among our people.


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Documents

Agrarian Questions