MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

JAMSHORO SINDH

NAME: FAWAD ALI PATHAN (09BM13)

DEPARTMENT: BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING

A BRIEF REPORT REGARDING 30 DAYS INTERNSHIP PROGRAM UNDER THE UMBERALLA OF AGHA KHAN HOSPITAL KARACHI

SUBMITTED TO: DR YOUSUF MEMON

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES FOCUS ON BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING HISTORICAL BACKGROUND FIELD AREAS COVERED CONCLUSION

1. INTRODUCTION

A great opportunity was given to me by AGHA KHAN HOSPITAL to overcome the factors which distinguish Medical and Engineering fields. Starting with medical discipline my journey for internship started as working in health care centre. Integrating medical health sciences and engineering I came to know BIO-MEDICAL engineering. On 15-june-2010 I started my internship program and ended it on 15-july-2010. I used to go to certain areas where there were health care centers. AGHA KHAN HOSPITAL has been running health care center in Sultanabad and in REHRI GHOT since 15 years.

2. OBJECTIVES1. Collect data on breast feeding. 2. Working in health care center.

FOCUS ON BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING

A field which comprises of two main branches of science .Basically bio medical enhances a doctor to diagnose to analyze a patient and with the help of modern equipment and machinery the patient is treated. In modern definition bio medical can be described as use of engineering technology

instrumentation and methods to solve medical problems. With medical and engineering sciences coordinated strategy makes a new emerging field called as bio medical. The most relevant studies which comprise biomedical engineering is on human health and its ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY and from basic to modern equipment MECHANISM of a machine is taught to students interested in bio medical.

3. HISTORORICAL BACKGROUND

They are some major milestones in the Biomedical Engineering Field.

1895: Conrad Roentgen (German) discovered the X-Ray using gas discharge tubes.

1896: Henry Becquerel (French) discovered X-rays were emitted from uranium ore. Two of his students, Pierre and Marie Curie, traced the radiation to the element radium. · 1901: Roentgen received the Nobel Prize for discovery of X-rays.

1903: William Eindhoven discovered the electrocardiogram (ECG). 1930’s: X-rays were being used to visualize most organ systems using radio-

opaque materials. 1929: Hans Berger discovers the electroencephalogram (EEG). Mid 1930’s-early 1940’s: antibiotics, sulfanilamide and penicillin, reduced cross-

infection in hospitals. 1930’s: refrigeration, permitted blood banks. 1927: Drinker respirator. · 1940’s: cardiac catheterization. · 1950’s: electron

microscope. 1950’s-1960: nuclear medicine. ·

1953: Cardiopulmonary bypass (heart-lung machine). 1970’s: CT, MRI imaging systems.

Since then bio medical field has emerged with new technologies and new circuitry designs, with new systematic inventories. The machines have been modernized and been used around the globe in hospitals, clinics, health care centers etc.

EXPLANATION

Generation wise new inventions have been discovered but the praise is given to the inventor in same case a lot inventions have taken place in early 90`s.But as the world has kept revolving generations have perished and kept coming with them new invasions have taken role. The main reason on modernizing any machine is to be updated as new disease, new viruses etc have been discovered to cure them latest stuff is to be used. By time man has changed so the effects will not be the same like in the past because the intake of this generation, activities, working out etc are totally change then the past ones so the virus affection has to vary. In order to prevent such consequences engineers developed latest inventions for man betterment. In past people couldn’t find the symptom the disease by time when they got awareness on such things then they didn’t have cure, and then with time they found cure and precautions. New generations of image-based diagnostic machines are based on digital technologies for data acquisition, consequently, the diffusion of digital archiving systems for diagnostic exams preservation and cataloguing is rapidly increasing. To overcome the limits of current state of art text-based access methods, engineers are still working or reliable and on handy equipments so that in future it can be easy user interface. For man betterment engineers have integrated medical sciences and engineering.

4. FIELD AREAS COVERED

AGHA KHAN HOSPITAL has been running PRE -HEALTH-CARE centers in two different areas of Karachi.

1. Sultanabad

We were assigned to go at the centers and stay there from 10:00am to 3:45pm and treat the patients in the area where PHC center was situated. The doctors were not only to treat but they were there for environmental care to avail hygiene area as disease and virus is bourn from stagnant water, filth piles, salinity, sewage, improper drainage etc. by the help of SINDH GOVT: funds have been taken by the teams which have been utilized in making schools, drainage, salinity, water drains etc have been improvised.

The best thing availed by PHC is that the schools which have been made for kids are free in giving tuitions teachers are given salaries from SG funds and most of them are co-education system schools. The teachers are hired from the areas which are in need of earning.

For women a platform is made where stitching classes are given. Area maintenance is also a priority like cleaning garbage and proper drainage system etc. The PHC has made several members which work under the instructions of the doctors. The members supervise the routine work of maintenance and other site problems and by

coordinated government strategy and with doctor’s diplomatic solution they act according and they keep on with their work.

President of elected members are suppose to supervise the members working below and maintain a file progress of active and in active members.

Meeting sessions are held were different problems come across and the whole harmony comes to conclusion and act according decisions.

Both teams are then brought up to a combine session where Pons and Cons are illustrated and then solutions are made.

Site: 1 Sultanabad (24°50'29"N 67°1'5"E)

Sultanabad is a very old squatter settlement of Karachi, located in District WEST-KEMARI TOWN, covering an area of 0.5 square km. Its total population is around 25,000, living in 4,500 partially leased houses. It is dominated by residents who speak PASHTO and HINDKO. The population is 51% of men and 74% of women while 13.6% of the population comprises of children less than five years. Among the women, 21% are of child bearing age.

Patients in Sultanabad

As it is primary health care center the types of patient are in common. Usually pregnant women or women coming for infant check up like proper vaccine etc

The patients were also coming from nearby areas for checkups. The PHC means to inhibit first stage environment for patients in which doctors only analyze and refer medicine if curious patient is coming then he/she is referred to go at hospitals with reference letters or by doctor’s prescriptions. All types of first stage medicine are available at PHC like coughing syrups, first aid kits, injections, infusing medicines, etc. the medicine is provided free of cost as lots of patient can’t afford to purchase from the market or from the PHC center. If anyone is willing to pay the doctors fees or he/she can afford then the fees is in low rates as 10-20 RS/patient. The maternal care guidance is given a lot to the mothers coming or to those who already have kids. Counseling of family plans is done by female doctors to the females. For family planning medicine, injections etc are available. With ethical boundary the doctors communicate with the patients and provide awareness for disease or illness. In least ratio the patients having Parkinson disease or dyslexic patients come and for them doctors refer them to go at hospitals or clinics by their knowledge thinking best for the patient they guide better.

Major Precautions haven’t taken place as the PHC members have tried a lot for betterment of society, the sewage system, water drainage, filth piles are still in disorder due to that borne disease have taken place like malaria, dengue, diarrhea, typhoid, cholera etc.

PHC center works scheduled as six days a week each day for one purpose:

1. Checkups which were assigned to come back for further treatment.2. Vaccine day depending on the vaccine available in PHC store.3. Normal treatments.4. Same 3rd.5. Same 4th.6. Same 4th.

Sometimes patient don’t come back for re-checkup as required and recommended by doctors. Example a lady having a baby in womb needs to go on daily bases or at least she needs to go on the day which the doctor has said to come, due to domestic reasons or by personal reasons the patients don’t go for recommended checkup so for that doctors go on house visits having two options either the patient has gone in chronic condition or is unaware for the consequences which can happen in the feature.

2. REHRI GHOT

Site: 2 REHRI GHOT (24°48'55"N 67°13'50"E)REHRI GOTH is a more than 300-year-old village situated in District MALIR, BIN QASIM TOWN, at the coastal margin of the Arabian Sea. It covers an area of 1.3 square km, and has a population of 40,000,

The site is located at the estuary of Arabian Sea. People are fishers. Due to unawareness there is no literacy rate because of that the environment in which the people have been living in is so dirty, unpleasant. Most of the people have domestic animals kept in their houses. Women are house wives mostly. Some of them go out with their belongings on earning money by sailing snacks or fruits etc. elders should try admitting their children in schools as 2% among hundred are willing to go schools and are admitted,

The PHC center of REHRI GHOT have been trying to council elders on admitting their child in schools, either the schools is opened by the government sector or by PHC the child should take admission.

Patients in REHRI GHOT

The patients from the site are indulged in drugs they have mouth problems, throat soar, weakness, due to drugs they get internal body problems like stomach ache, Tuber coleuses, smoke usually makes a person asthmatic etc.

People are fishers most commonly they come infected by getting bitten by sea serpents or by sea predators. Sometimes while fishing fishers get cuts or injuries using fishery tools.

Most of the people have domestic animals which cause disease as the people are irresponsible on taking health care precautions, like making separate platforms for animals which can help in preventing Bourne diseases.

The most common disease is flu, cough, diarrhea, stomach ache etc. Pregnant women also come for daily checkups.

The routine work is same as work going in Sultanabad: House visiting, family planning counseling, vaccinations, schools rehabilitation programs etc.

5. CONCLUSION

The whole internship program was beneficial for me as I came to know about medical terminologies, how to communicate with patients while treating, the primary treatments, medication format, how to collect data or patient history etc.