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Aggression. Chapter 8. Aggression!!!. What is aggression? Motivation Characteristics of Targets Situational Effects on Aggression Reducing Aggressive Behavior. What is Aggression?. Definition : Any act done with intent to harm Physically, Psychologically, or Socially. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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AGGRESSION
Chapter 8
What is aggression? Motivation Characteristics of Targets Situational Effects on Aggression Reducing Aggressive Behavior
Aggression!!!Aggression!!!
What is Aggression?What is Aggression?
Definition: Any act done with intent to harm Physically, Psychologically, or Socially
Physical Aggression
Forms of Aggressive Behavior
Pushing Hitting Slapping Biting
Kicking Hair-pulling Stabbing Shooting
Physical: Physical:
Verbal Aggression
Verbal Aggression
ThreateningIntimidating Malicious teasingTauntingName-callingBullying
Social Aggression
Social Aggression
GossipRumorsRejectionExclusion
GlaringIgnoring Turn away Pointing
Motivation--Theories
1) Biological view-Instincts
2) Frustration-Aggression
3) Aversive Emotional
Arousal
4) Social Learning
1) Biological View1) Biological View
Natural instinct for survival1) Species protect resources
2) Strongest animals survive & mate
3) Aggressive parents protect offspring
Instinctual AggressionCrickets
2) Frustration-Aggression 2) Frustration-Aggression
Frustration: Blocked goal-directed activity
1. Every frustration leads to aggression
2. Every aggressive act is due to frustration
3) Aversive Emotional 3) Aversive Emotional ArousalArousal
Accidents, Insults, & Attacks-> aversive affect (negative emotions) Anger
People seek to reduce or eliminate
aversive affect
4) Social Learning 4) Social Learning
Two processes:
1) Reinforcement
2) Imitation
Social Learning Theory
Reinforcement Example: Father buys son ice cream after son wins a fight with another child
ImitationExample: “Bobo doll” experiment
Characteristics of TargetsCharacteristics of Targets
Gender Race/Ethnicity Age Retaliatory Capacity Deservingness
Children
Physically aggressive behavior common among small children Push Bite Hit Pull hair
Gender DifferencesGender Differences
80+% of homicides
committed by men
Most victims are men
Escalation of disagreement
over status
Gender DifferencesGender Differences
***Situational Effects***Situational Effects
Reinforcements (rewards)
1) Direct material benefits
2) Social approval
3) Attention
Situational EffectsSituational Effects
Modeling: Observing & imitating 3 types of information:
1) Specific aggressive acts
possible
2) Appropriateness of aggression
3) Consequences of aggression
Situational EffectsSituational Effects
Norms
Negative norm of reciprocity
Retaliation proportionate to provocation
Situational EffectsSituational Effects
Environmental Cues Lowers inhibitions Intensify arousal
Weapons effect Frustrated people respond
more aggressively in presence of a gun
Reducing Aggressive Reducing Aggressive BehaviorBehavior
1) Reducing Frustration Adequate resources
2) Punishment Swift Severe Certain
3) Non-aggressive Models
4) Catharsis= Watching or engaging in acceptable aggression (sports, video games)
Peace, Joy, Love!
More Hugging!