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8/7/2019 Aggregate Planning (PPC)
1/52
8/7/2019 Aggregate Planning (PPC)
2/52
JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO04-2
Learning ObjectivesLearning ObjectivesWhen you complete this chapter, you should be
able to :
Identify or Define:
Aggregate planning
Tactical scheduling
Graphic technique for aggregate planning
Mathematical techniques for aggregate planning
Describe or Explain:
How to do aggregate planning
How service firms develop aggregate plans
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO04-3
AGREGAT ?
KAPASITAS PRODUKSI.
PERENCANAAN AGREGAT?
Prosespenetapan tingkat output/kapasitasproduksi secara
keseluruhangunamemenuhi tingkat permintaanyang diperolehdari peramalandanpesanandengan tujuanmeminimalkan totalbiayaproduksi.
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO04-4
FUNGSI PERENCANAAN AGREGATFUNGSI PERENCANAAN AGREGAT
Menjamin rencanapenjualandanrencanaproduksikonsisten terhadaprencanastrategi perusahaan
Alat ukur performansi prosesperencanaan
produksi
Menjaminkemampuanproduksi konsisten
terhadaprencanaproduksi
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO04-5
Memonitor hasil produksi actual terhadaprencanaproduksi danmembuat penyesuaian
Mengatur persediaanproduk jadi untukmencapai
target danmembuat penyesuaian
Mengarahkanpenyusunandanpelaksanaanjadwal
indukproduksi
FUNGSI PERENCANAANFUNGSI PERENCANAANAGREGATAGREGAT
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO04-6
TUJUAN PERENCANAAN AGREGATTUJUAN PERENCANAAN AGREGAT
Mengembangkan perencanaan produksi yang feasiblepada tingkat menyeluruh yang akan mencapaikeseimbanagan antara permintaan dan suplai denganmemperhatikan biaya minimal dari rencana produksi
yang dibuat, walaupun biaya bukan satu-satunya bahanpertimbangan.
Sebagai masukan perencana sumber daya sehinggaperencanaan sumber daya dikembangkan untuk
mendukung perencanaan produksi. Meredam (stabilisasi) produksi dan tenaga kerja
terhadap fluktuasi permintaan
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO04-7
INPUT AGREGAT PLANNINGINPUT AGREGAT PLANNING
Sumber dayayang tersedia sepanjangperioderencanaproduksi harus diketahui
Data permintaanyang berasal dari peramalandan
pesananharus tersediaMemasukkankebijakanperusahaanyang
berkenaandenganperencanaanagregat,
misalnyaperubahan tingkat tenegakerja, danpenentuankebutuhansumber daya
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO04-8
Aggregate Planning RequiresAggregate Planning Requires
Logical overall unit for measuring sales andoutputs
Forecast of demand for intermediate planning
period in these aggregate units
Method for determining costs
Model that combines forecasts and costs so that
planning decisions can be made
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO04-9
Setting goals & objectives
Example: Meet demand within the limits
of available resources at the least cost
Determining steps to achieve goals
Example: Hire more workers
Setting start & completion dates
Example: Begin hiring in Jan.; finish, Mar.
Assigning responsibility
PlanningPlanning
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO04-10
Planning Tasks and ResponsibilitiesPlanning Tasks and Responsibilities
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO04-11
Planning HorizonsPlanning Horizons
Today 3 Months 1 year 5 years
Planning Horizon
Short-range plans
Job assignmentsOrdering
Job scheduling
Dispatching
Intermediate-range plans
Sales planning
Production planning and
budgeting
Setting employment, inventory,subcontracting levels
Analyzing operating plans
Long-range plans
R&D
New product plans
Capital expenses
Facility location, expansion
Responsible:
Operationsmanagers,
supervisors,
foremen
Responsible:
Operations
managers
Responsible:
Top executives
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO04-12
Relationships of the Aggregate PlanRelationships of the Aggregate Plan
Aggregate
Plan forProduction
Demand
Forecasts,
orders
Master
Production
Schedule, and MRP systems
Detailed Work
Schedules
External
Capacity
Subcontractors
Inventory On
Hand
Raw Materials
Available
Work Force
Marketplace
and Demand
Research and
TechnologyProduct
Decisions
Process
Planning & Capacity
Decisions
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO04-13
Master scheduling
Material requirements planning
Order schedulingWeekly workforce andcustomer scheduling
Daily workforce and customer scheduling
Process planning
Strategic capacity planning
Sales and operations (aggregate) planning
Long
range
Intermediate
range
Short
range
Manufacturing
Services
Exhibit 14.1Exhibit 14.1
Sales plan Aggregate operations plan
Forecasting
& demandmanagement
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO04-14
A mathematically based aggregate planning model requiresconsiderable: time
problem definitionmodel developmentmodel verification
model application expertise
people who understand the problem people who understand both the modeling process, and the
specific model
moneymoney to pay for all of the above often requires funding for several people for several months!
WhatWhat s Needed for Aggregates Needed for AggregatePlanningPlanning
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO04-15
Provides the quantity and timing of production forintermediate future
Usually 3 to 18 months into future
Combines (aggregates) production Often expressed in common units
Example: Hours, dollars, equivalents
(e.g., FTE students)
Involves capacity and demand variables
Aggregate PlanningAggregate Planning
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO04-16
Meet demand
Use capacity efficiently
Meet inventory policy
Minimize cost
Labor
Inventory
Plant & equipment
Subcontract
Aggregate Planning GoalsAggregate Planning Goals
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO04-17
Aggregate Planning StrategiesAggregate Planning StrategiesPure StrategiesPure Strategies
Capacity Options change capacity:
changing inventory levels
varying work force size by hiring or layoffs
varying production capacity through overtime or idle
time
subcontracting
using part-time workers
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO04-18
Aggregate Planning StrategiesAggregate Planning StrategiesPure StrategiesPure Strategies
Demand Options change demand:
influencing demand
backordering during high demand periods
counterseasonal product mixing
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO
The Aggregate Operations PlanThe Aggregate Operations Plan Main purpose: Specify the optimalcombination of
production rate (units completed per unit oftime)
workforce level (number of workers)
inventory on hand (inventory carried fromprevious period)
Product group or broad category(Aggregation)
This planning is done over an intermediate-range planning period of 3 to 18 months
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO
Balancing Aggregate DemandBalancing Aggregate Demandand Aggregate Production Capacityand Aggregate Production Capacity
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
45005500
7000
10000
8000
6000
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
4500 4000
90008000
4000
6000
Suppose the figure to
the right representsforecast demand inunits
Suppose the figure tothe right representsforecast demand inunits
Now suppose thislower figure represents
the aggregate capacityof the company to meetdemand
Now suppose thislower figure represents
the aggregate capacityof the company to meetdemand
What we want to do is
balance out theproduction rate,workforce levels, andinventory to makethese figures match up
What we want to do is
balance out theproduction rate,workforce levels, andinventory to makethese figures match up
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO
Required Inputs to the Production Planning SystemRequired Inputs to the Production Planning System
Planning
for
production
Externa
l
capacity
Competitors
behavior
Raw
material
availability
Market
demand
Economic
conditions
Current
physical
capacit
y
Current
workforce
Inventory
levels
Activities
required
for
productio
n
Externalto firm
Internalto firm
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO04-22
Aggregate Scheduling OptionsAggregate Scheduling Options --Advantages and DisadvantagesAdvantages and Disadvantages
Option Advantage Disadvantage Some
Comments
Changinginventory levels
Changes inhuman resourcesare gradual, not
abruptproductionchanges
Inventoryholding costs;Shortages may
result in lostsales
Applies mainlyto production,not service,
operations
Varying
workforce sizeby hiring orlayoffs
Avoids use of
other alternatives
Hiring, layoff,
and trainingcosts
Used where size
of labor pool islarge
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO04-23
Option Advantage Disadvantage Some
CommentsVaryingproduction ratesthrough overtimeor idle time
Matches seasonalfluctuationswithouthiring/training
costs
Overtimepremiums, tiredworkers, may notmeet demand
Allowsflexibility withinthe aggregateplan
Subcontracting Permitsflexibility andsmoothing of thefirm's output
Loss of qualitycontrol; reducedprofits; loss offuture business
Applies mainlyin productionsettings
Advantages/DisadvantagesAdvantages/Disadvantages --ContinuedContinued
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO04-24
Advantages/DisadvantagesAdvantages/Disadvantages --ContinuedContinued
Option Advantage Disadvantage Some
CommentsUsing part-timeworkers
Less costly andmore flexiblethan full-timeworkers
Highturnover/trainingcosts; qualitysuffers;
schedulingdifficult
Good forunskilled jobs inareas with largetemporary labor
pools
Influencingdemand
Tries to useexcess capacity.Discounts draw
new customers.
Uncertainty indemand. Hard tomatch demand to
supply exactly.
Createsmarketing ideas.Overbooking
used in somebusinesses.
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO04-25
Advantage/DisadvantageAdvantage/Disadvantage --ContinuedContinued
Option Advantage Disadvantage Some
CommentsBack orderingduring high-demand periods
May avoidovertime. Keepscapacity constant
Customer mustbe willing towait, butgoodwill is lost.
Many companiesbackorder.
Counterseasonalproducts andservice mixing
Fully utilizesresources; allowsstable workforce.
May requireskills orequipmentoutside a firm'sareas of
expertise.
Risky findingproducts orservices withopposite demandpatterns.
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO04-26
STRATEGI DAN TEKNIKSTRATEGI DAN TEKNIK
PERENCANAAN PRODUKSIPERENCANAAN PRODUKSI
STRATEGI MURNISTRATEGI CAMPURAN
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO04-27
STRATEGI MURNIStrategi murni adalahstrategi denganmelakukanperubahanpadasalahsatu factor yang tersebut diatas,
yang meliputi :1.Mengendalikan jumlahinventori
2.Mengendalikan jumlah tenagakerja
3.Subkontrak4.Mempengaruhi permintaan
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO04-28
STRATEGI CAMPURANStrategi ini merupakanpenggunaanduaatau lebih
strategi murni untukmenghasilkanperencanaan
produksi yang feasible.
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO04-29
METODE PERENCANAAN PRODUKSIMETODE PERENCANAAN PRODUKSI
LEVEL METHODLEVEL METHOD WITH OVERTIME
CHASE STRATEGY
LINIER PROGRAMMING
COMPROMISE STRATEGY
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO04-30
The ExtremesThe Extremes
Level
Strategy
Chase
Strategy
Production
equals
demand
Production rate
is constant
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO04-31
Mixed strategy
Combines 2 or more aggregate scheduling options
Level scheduling strategy
Produce same amount every day
Keep work force level constant
Vary non-work force capacity or demand options
Often results in lowest production costs
Aggregate Planning StrategiesAggregate Planning Strategies
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO
Key Strategies for Meeting DemandKey Strategies for Meeting Demand
Chase
Level
Some combination of the two
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO04-33
LEVEL METHODMetode ini menghitung jumlah tenagakerjayang
dibutuhkanberdasarkanpermintaandan inventori yang
ada. Dengan inventori tetapsetiapperiodenya. Tenagakerja yang adaharusdapat memenuhi kebutuhan
permintaan total selamasatu tahun. Dan diasumsikan
tidak adaovertime.
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO04-34
LEVEL METHOD WITH OVERTIME
Perhitunganyang dilakukansamaseperti level work
force, hanyadiasumsikanadanyaovertime.
CHASE STRATEGYPadastrategi ini adanyakebutuhan tenagakerjayang
bervariansi setiapperiodeberdasarkanpermintaan
yang harusdipenuhi. Dan adanyainventori yangbesarnyasamatiapperiodenya.
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO04-35
LINIER PROGRAMMINGLinier programming digunakanbilaproduksi yang
berjalan terdiri dari duamacamprodukatau lebih.
Karena tidakmungkin diselesaikandenganmetodesebelumnya. Prosedur perhitunganyang dilakukan
melalui metodesimplekyang biasanyaterdapat dalam
perhitunganmengenai penelitianoperasional.
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO04-36
TAHAPAN AGREGAT PLANNINGTAHAPAN AGREGAT PLANNING
COLLECTING DATA : SALESFORECAST,ORDERS, ADANYA
BACKORDERS,INVENTORY AWAL
MEMBUAT TABEL INFORMASIMENENTUKAN KAPABILITAS PRODUKSI
MELAKUKAN PARTNERSHIP MEETING YANG
DIHADIRI OLEH SELURUH MANAJER.
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO04-37
FORMULAFORMULA
RENCANA PRODUKSI = (PERMINTAAN TOTAL-
INVENTORI AWAL)+INVENTORI AKHIR
RENCANA PRODUKSI HARIAN=
RENCANA PRODUKSI BULANAN / JML HARIKERJA
SIKLUS WAKTU=
JAM KERJA YG TERSEDIA PERHARI / PRODUKSIHARIAN
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO04-38
LEVEL METHODLEVEL METHOD
MEMPUNYAI DISTRIBUSI MERATAMEMPERTAHANKAN TINGKAT KESTABILAN
PRODUKSI SEMENTARA MENGGUNAKAN
INVENTORI YANG BERVARIASI UNTUKMENGAKUMULASI OUTPUT
RENCANA PRODUKSI = PERMINTAAN TOTAL
TAHUNAN / BANYAKNYA PERIODE INVENTORY= (INVENTORI AWAL + PRODUKSI)
PERMINTAAN TOTAL
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO04-39
CHASE STRATEGYCHASE STRATEGY
MEMPERTAHANKAN TINGKAT KESTABILANINVENTORY
PRODUKSI BERVARIASI MENGIKUTI
PERMINTAAN TOTALRENCANA PRODUKSI = PERMINTAAN TOTAL
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO04-40
COMPROMISE STRATEGYCOMPROMISE STRATEGY
KOMPROMI ANTARA KEDUA METODEPERENCANAAN PRODUKSI
DITETAPKAN TERLEBIH DAHULU HORISONWAKTU PERENCANAAN PRODUKSI
PRODUKSI DILAKUKAN KETIKA INVENTORY ONHAND HABIS.
RENCANA PRODUKSI = PERMINTAAN TOTAL
TAHUNAN / BANYAKNYA HORISON WAKTUPERENCANAAN
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO
Aggregate Planning Examples: Unit Demand and Cost DataAggregate Planning Examples: Unit Demand and Cost Data
Materials $5/unit
Holding costs $1/unit per mo.
Marginal cost of stockout $1.25/unit per mo.Hiring and training cost $200/worker
Layoff costs $250/worker
Labor hours required .15 hrs/unit
Straight time labor cost $8/hourBeginning inventory 250 units
Productive hours/worker/day 7.25
Paid straight hrs/day 8
Workforce 200 people
Suppose we have the following unitdemand and cost information:
Suppose we have the following unitdemand and cost information:
Demand/mo Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
4500 5500 7000 10000 8000 6000
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO04-42
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Days/mo 22 19 21 21 22 20
Hrs/worker/mo 159.5
Units/worker 23.98
$/worker $1,408
Productive hours/worker/day 7.25
Paid straight hrs/day 8
Demand/mo Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun4500 5500 7000 10000 8000 6000
Given the demand and cost information below, whatare the aggregate hours/worker/month, units/worker, anddollars/worker?
Given the demand and cost information below, whatare the aggregate hours/worker/month, units/worker, anddollars/worker?
7.25x2
2
7.25x0.15=1.09 &
1.09x22=23.9822x8hrsx$8=$14
08
CutCut--andand--Try Example: DeterminingTry Example: Determining
Straight Labor Costs and OutputStraight Labor Costs and Output
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO
Chase StrategyChase Strategy(Hiring & Firing to meet demand)(Hiring & Firing to meet demand)
Jan
Days/mo 22
Hrs/worker/mo 159.5
Units/worker 23.98
$/worker $1,408
Jan
Demand 4,500
Beg. inv. 250
Net req. 4,250
Req. workers 177.23
Hired
Fired 22
Workforce 200
Ending inventory 0
Lets assume our current workforce is 7 workers.Lets assume our current workforce is 7 workers.
First, calculate net requirements forproduction, or 4500-250=4250 units
Then, calculate number of workersneeded to produce the netrequirements, or 4250/23.98=177.23or 178 workers
Finally, determine the number ofworkers to hire/fire. In this case weonly need 178 workers, we have200, so 22 can be fired.
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Days/mo 22 19 21 21 22 20
Hrs/worker/mo 159.5
Units/worker 24
$/worker $1,408
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Demand 4,500 5,500 7,000 10,000 8,000 6,000
Beg. inv. 250
Net req. 4,250
Req. workers 177.23
Hired
Fired 22
Workforce 200 200 200 200 200 200
Ending inventory 0 0 0 0 0 0
Below are the complete calculations for the remainingmonths in the six month planning horizon
Below are the complete calculations for the remainingmonths in the six month planning horizon
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Demand 4,500 5,500 7,000 10,000 8,000 6,000
Beg. inv. 250
Net req. 4,250 5,500 7,000 10,000 8,000 6,000
Req. workers 3.997 5.989 6.897 9.852 7.524 6.207
Hired 2 1 3
Fired 3 2 1
Workforce 4 6 7 10 8 7
Ending inventory 0 0 0 0 0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Costs
Material $21,250.00 $27,500.00 $35,000.00 $50,000.00 $40,000.00 $30,000.00 203,750.00
Labor 5,627.59 7,282.76 9,268.97 13,241.38 10,593.10 7,944.83 53,958.62Hiring cost 400.00 200.00 600.00 1,200.00
Firing cost 750.00 500.00 250.00 1,500.00
$260,408.62
Below are the complete calculations for the remaining months in
the six month planning horizon with the other costs included
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO
Level Workforce Strategy (Surplus and Shortage Allowed)Level Workforce Strategy (Surplus and Shortage Allowed)
Jan
Demand 4,500
Beg. inv. 250
Net req. 4,250
Workers 6
Production 6,380
Ending inventory 2,130Surplus 2,130
Shortage
Lets take the same problem
as before but this time usethe Level Workforce strategy
Lets take the same problemas before but this time usethe Level Workforce strategy
This time we will seek to usea workforce level of 6workers
This time we will seek to usea workforce level of 6
workers
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Demand 4,500 5,500 7,000 10,000 8,000 6,000Beg. inv. 250 2,130 2,140 1,230 -2,680 -1,300
Net req. 4,250 3,370 4,860 8,770 10,680 7,300
Workers 6 6 6 6 6 6
Production 6,380 5,510 6,090 6,090 6,380 5,800Ending inventory 2,130 2,140 1,230 -2,680 -1,300 -1,500
Surplus 2,130 2,140 1,230
Shortage 2,680 1,300 1,500
Note, if we recalculate this sheet with 7 workerswe would have a surplusNote, if we recalculate this sheet with 7 workerswe would have a surplus
Below are the complete calculations for theremaining months in the six month planning horizonBelow are the complete calculations for theremaining months in the six month planning horizon
B l th l t l l ti f th
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
4,500 5,500 7,000 10,000 8,000 6,000250 2,130 10 -910 -3,910 -1,620
4,250 3,370 4,860 8,770 10,680 7,300
6 6 6 6 6 6
6,380 5,510 6,090 6,090 6,380 5,800
2,130 2,140 1,230 -2,680 -1,300 -1,500
2,130 2,140 1,2302,680 1,300 1,500
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
$8,448 $7,296 $8,064 $8,064 $8,448 $7,680 $48,000.00
31,900 27,550 30,450 30,450 31,900 29,000 181,250.002,130 2,140 1,230 5,500.00
3,350 1,625 1,875 6,850.00
$241,600.00
Below are the complete calculations for the
remaining months in the six month planninghorizon with the other costs included
Below are the complete calculations for the
remaining months in the six month planninghorizon with the other costs included
Note, totalcosts underthis strategyare less than
Chase at$260.408.62
Note, totalcosts underthis strategyare less thanChase at$260.408.62
Labor
MaterialStorageStockout
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO04-49
The Graphical Approach toThe Graphical Approach toAggregate PlanningAggregate Planning
Forecast the demand for each period
Determine the capacity for regular time, overtime,and subcontracting, for each period
Determine the labor costs, hiring and firing costs,
and inventory holding costs Consider company policies which may apply to the
workers or to stock levels
Develop alternative plans, and examine their total
costs
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C m lati e Demand Graph forCumulative Demand Graph for
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO04-51
Cumulative Demand Graph forCumulative Demand Graph for
Plan 1Plan 1
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Cumulative forecast
requirements
Cumulative level
production using
average monthly
forecast
requirements
Reduction ofinventory
Excess inventoryC
umulativeD
emand(Units)
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
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JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
UNISSULA SEMARANG
ANDRE SUGIYONO04-52
Controlling the Cost of Labor inControlling the Cost of Labor inService FirmsService Firms
Seek:
Close control of labor hours to ensure quick responseto customer demand
On-call labor resource that can be added or deleted to
meet unexpected demand Flexibility of individual worker skills to permit
reallocation of available labor
Flexibility of individual worker in rate of output or hours
of work to meet demand