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1I A SInstitut fürAfrika-Studien
In Cooperation with
“Reintegration into domestic job markets –
easier said than done! How to successfully manage still”
AGEP/ ALUMNIPORTALMonday, July 06th 2015Dr. Julia Boger ([email protected])
Content
1. Introduction2. Theories and Typologies of
Migration3. Model of Preparedness4. Reintegration Assistance Schemes5. Theories of job search6. The case studies: Ghana/Cameroon
2
Reality Check I
“Where do you see yourselves in 3 years from now?”
o Working in home countryo Working in Germanyo Working elsewhere in the
worldo Being self-employedo Don’t know yet
• 5 SLIDES: • - Map - with animated arrows• Definitin Migration = XXXX
Theories and Typologies of Migration
MigrationDefinition:“to move from one country, place, or locality to another” (Merriam-Webster)
“The stock of international migrants is estimated at 247 million in 2013, significantly larger than the previous estimate of 232 million, and is expected to surpass 250 million in 2015” (The World Bank 2015, Migration and Development Brief, 24)
Flows
Source: The World Bank (2015) Migration and Development Brief 24: 3.
Types Internal migration International migration Labour migration Flight Family reunion Educational migration
1960ies: Neo-classic (Return = failure)
1980ies: NELM (Return = success)
1990ies: Social networks (Return = open)
2000: Transnationalism (Return = circular)
Cassarino (2004), King (2012)
Theories
9
Agents of Change
(de Haas 2008)
Financial:Remittances
Know-how:Diaspora
-Collaboration
Know-how:Returning/circulating
experts
Migration & Development
Highly skilled migration
Educational migration from South-North = Braindrain, Braingain, Brainwaste, Braincirculation?
105,000 Students from Global South in Germany (HIS-HF 2013)
Tracer Studies: Few quantitative large scale studies on scholarship
holders Occupational Status Quo/ positions Lacking insights about job search process
Assisted Voluntary ReintegrationHumanitarian Schemes: for refugees Cheaper EU-Migration policies Transportation and pocket money REAG*/ GARP** financed by BAMF, Ministry for Refugees and Migration
*Reintegration and Emigration Program for Asylum-Seekers in Germany; **Government Assisted Repatriation Program
Assisted Voluntary ReintegrationDevelopment schemes: for highly skilled Know-how transfer = Braingain Transportation, salary top-up and workplace equipment Migration for Development (CIM)/ RE24 (Bread for the world); financed by BMZ, Ministry for economic cooperation and Development
Your opinion:
How will you get a job?
Did you start searching?
Where will you look for jobs?
16
Explaining labour market entry
Picture: © Gerd Müller, ZAV/CIM (2005)
Information(hidden job market)
Social capital/ networks(Granovetter 1974, Lin et al. 1981, Portes 1990)
Human capital(Schultz 1960, Becker 1962, Mincer 1958)
Jobs/ demand(advertised, job placement)
Financial capital/ embodied capital(Coleman 1966, Bourdieu 1983, Willot 2011)
Case studies
Empirical research Ghana/Cameroon Returned graduates from STEM-fields
in the years 2000-2010 Research 2008-2010 Qualitative design 50 interviewed returnees (22 Cameroon, 28
Ghana)
Results
Ghana Cameroon
Overall population in G.
26,751 18,301
Graduates from G. 2000-2010
789 4,335
Returned 2000-2010
323 288
Approx. return rate
Min. 40.9% Min. 6.6%
Source: Boger 2014
Getting a job: which type are you?
20
„Tell my fellow brothers and sisters that home [Ghana] is better in terms of good jobs. Greet all for me (Mr. X, e-mail 2009)“
Type Ghana Cameroon
Achieving(skills)
high low
Arranging(re-instruments)
high low
Getting sponsored(referrals)
low high
Source: Boger 2014
Starts working at Higher Educational Institute;Has a stable position at about 500 EUR local wages and receives 300 EUR salary subsidy
Mrs. Y, 32: Graduate of Natural Resource management; Returns with no financial capital;
Ms. L, age 40: PhD graduate linguistics in Germany;Returns with no financial capital;
Starts working in local NGO as communication officer at the local wage level of 70 EUR per month and receives salary subsidy from CIM at 500 600 EUR Insecure position, has to find another job after 2 years minimum!
NO EQUIPMENT!!!!
Mr. X, age 35: graduate of Electrical Engineering in Germany;Returns with medium financial capital;
Workplace equipment: Solar panel
Starts working in NGO of a friend at the local wage level of 200 EUR per month and receives salary subsidy from CIM at 500 700 EUR Insecure position, has to start building own business
Reality Check II
“Where do you see yourselves in 3 years from now?”
o Working in home countryo Working in Germanyo Working elsewhere in the
worldo Being self-employedo Don’t know yet
ChecklistCertificates, CV, application documentsList of friends/ mates/ fellows/ relativesList of companies/ institutionsInformation about reintegration subsidiesGetting in touch with local counsellorsApplying for reintegration schemesOnline registration at CIM, Bread for the World, WUS
Contacts/ linksCentrum für internationale Migration und Entwicklung (CIM)Programm Migration für EntwicklungDag-Hammarskjöld-Weg 1-565760 EschbornDeutschland
Tel.: +49 6196 79 - 3366Fax: +49 6196 79 – 3650E-Mail: [email protected]: www.returning-experts.de | www.cimonline.de
Contacts/ linksBrot für die Welt – Evangelischer EntwicklungsdienstEvangelisches Werk für Diakonie und Entwicklung e.V.Internationale PersonaldiensteCaroline-Michaelis-Str.110115 [email protected] +49 (0)30 65211 1335
Contacts/ linksWorld University Service (WUS), Deutsches Komitee e.V.Programm Migration für Entwicklung - APA-FörderungGoebenstr. 35 - 65195 WiesbadenTel.: +49 (0) 611 9446051 - Fax: +49 (0) 611 446489E-Mail: [email protected]
References• Becker, G. S. (1962). Investment in human capital: A theoretical analysis. The Journal of
Political Economy, 72(2/2), 9–49.• Boger, Julia (2014): The Job hunt. Return migration and labour market entries of
Cameroonian and Ghanaian graduates from German universities.• Cassarino, J.-P. (2004). Theorising return migration: The conceptual approach to return
migrants revisited. International Journal on Multicultural Societies (IJMS), 6(2), 253–279.• Granovetter, M. (1995). Getting a job: a study of contacts and careers (2nd ed.). Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.• Haas, de H. (2008). Migration and development: A theoretical perspective (IMI Working
Papers). University of Oxford: International Migration Institute. • King, R. (2012). Theories and Typologies of Migration: An Overview and a Primer:
International Migration and Ethnic Relations (Willy Brandt Series of Working Papers No. 3). Malmö: Diversity and Welfare.
• Lin, N., M. Ensel, W., & Vaughn, J. C. (1981). Social resources and strength of ties: Structural factors in occupational status attainment. American Sociological Review, 46(4), 393–405.
• Mincer, J. (1970). The distribution of labor incomes: A survey. Journal of Economic Literature, 8(1), 1–26.
• Portes, A., & Landolt, P. (2000). Social Capital: Promise and pitfalls of its role in development. Journal of Latin American Studies, (32), 529–547.
• Schultz, T. W. (1961). Investment in human capital. The American Economic Review, 51(1), 1–17.
• World Bank (2015): Migration and Development Brief, 24.
