AgendaAgenda • EQ: What political, social, and economic factors caused the division between the

North and South?

Warm-Up: What are two main characteristics of the North in the 1800’s and what do you think are two characteristics of Southern society?

MLQ: How can we learn about Antebellum Southern Society by determining important facts and details from an expository reading passage?

Vocabulary Socialite: a socially important person that can influence others Diverse: having a variety or different elements or characteristics Michelle Obama is a leading socialite in American society. I.S.61 has a diverse group of students, which makes the school such a wonderful

place. Work period: Students will:1) In your group read tiered passage2) Answer tiered questions

Share: Share answers Closing: Summary of lesson

H.W. Read Growing Differences Worksheet and Answers Questions

Characteristics Characteristics of the of the

Antebellum Antebellum SouthSouth

Characteristics Characteristics of the of the

Antebellum Antebellum SouthSouth

1.1. Primarily agrarian.Primarily agrarian.

2.2. Economic power shifted from the Economic power shifted from the “upper South” to the “lower South.”“upper South” to the “lower South.”

3.3. ““Cotton Is King!”Cotton Is King!” * 1860 * 1860 5 mil. bales a yr. 5 mil. bales a yr. (57% of total US exports). (57% of total US exports).

4.4. Very slow development of Very slow development of industrialization.industrialization.

5.5. Undeveloped financial system.Undeveloped financial system.

6.6. Inadequate transportation system.Inadequate transportation system.

Southern Society and CultureSouthern Society and Culture

• Southern societySouthern society was made up of many was made up of many different kinds of people, including different kinds of people, including white white plantation owners, yeoman farmers, poor plantation owners, yeoman farmers, poor whites, slaves and free African Americanswhites, slaves and free African Americans. .

• Most of the Most of the economyeconomy was on based was on based farmingfarming and and most farms were smallmost farms were small, , however however large plantation large plantation did exist and did exist and dominated southern societydominated southern society. .

The planter aristocracy - a small percent of The planter aristocracy - a small percent of southern society - controlled the social, political, southern society - controlled the social, political,

and economic power of the southand economic power of the south

• In 1860, 25% of all Southerners owned In 1860, 25% of all Southerners owned slaves.slaves.

• Of that 25%Of that 25%– 52% owned 1-5 slaves52% owned 1-5 slaves– 35% owned 6-9 slaves35% owned 6-9 slaves– 11% owned 20-99 slaves11% owned 20-99 slaves– 1 % owned 100 or more slaves1 % owned 100 or more slaves

• Those who owned 20 or more slaves was Those who owned 20 or more slaves was 3% of the entire white population controlled 3% of the entire white population controlled the social, political, and economic power of the social, political, and economic power of the South.the South.

Southern Society Southern Society (1850)(1850)

Southern Society Southern Society (1850)(1850)““Slavocracy”Slavocracy”

[plantation owners][plantation owners]““Slavocracy”Slavocracy”

[plantation owners][plantation owners]

The “Plain Folk”The “Plain Folk”[white yeoman farmers][white yeoman farmers]The “Plain Folk”The “Plain Folk”

[white yeoman farmers][white yeoman farmers]

6,000,0006,000,000

Black FreemenBlack FreemenBlack FreemenBlack Freemen

Black SlavesBlack Slaves3,200,0003,200,000

Black SlavesBlack Slaves3,200,0003,200,000

250,000250,000

Total US Population Total US Population 23,000,000 23,000,000[9,250,000 in the South = 40%][9,250,000 in the South = 40%]

Southern Southern AgricultureAgricultureSouthern Southern

AgricultureAgriculture

Plantation LifePlantation Life• Few families had plantations Few families had plantations with many slaves, with many slaves,

these owners were very powerful especially in these owners were very powerful especially in politics.politics.

• Male planters were main job was to raise crops and Male planters were main job was to raise crops and supervise the slaves working on the plantation.supervise the slaves working on the plantation.

• These powerful plantation owners These powerful plantation owners showed off their showed off their wealth by living in beautiful mansions and having wealth by living in beautiful mansions and having grand parties. grand parties.

• The wives of plantation owners oversaw the raising The wives of plantation owners oversaw the raising of their children, supervised the slaves working in of their children, supervised the slaves working in the household, and planned social events. the household, and planned social events.

TaraTara – Plantation Reality – Plantation Reality or Myth?or Myth?

TaraTara – Plantation Reality – Plantation Reality or Myth?or Myth?

Hollywood’s Version?Hollywood’s Version?Hollywood’s Version?Hollywood’s Version?

The Southern “Belle”The Southern “Belle”The Southern “Belle”The Southern “Belle”

A Real Georgia A Real Georgia PlantationPlantation

A Real Georgia A Real Georgia PlantationPlantation

Slaves Picking CottonSlaves Picking Cottonon a Mississippi on a Mississippi

PlantationPlantation

Slaves Picking CottonSlaves Picking Cottonon a Mississippi on a Mississippi

PlantationPlantation

A Slave FamilyA Slave FamilyA Slave FamilyA Slave Family

Slaves Slaves posing in posing in front of front of

their cabin their cabin on a on a

Southern Southern plantation.plantation.

Slaves Slaves posing in posing in front of front of

their cabin their cabin on a on a

Southern Southern plantation.plantation.

A Real Mammie & Her A Real Mammie & Her ChargeCharge

A Real Mammie & Her A Real Mammie & Her ChargeCharge

Yeoman Class and Poor White FamiliesYeoman Class and Poor White Families

• Most white southerners were yeoman, Most white southerners were yeoman, owners of small farmers. owners of small farmers.

• Most Yeoman Most Yeoman owned few slaves owned few slaves if they did if they did they they worked along side them worked along side them or none at all.or none at all.

• Most farms were about 100 acres.Most farms were about 100 acres.

• All family members worked whether it was in All family members worked whether it was in the field or in the home.the field or in the home.

• The poorest white southerners The poorest white southerners lived on the lived on the land that could not grow crops, so they land that could not grow crops, so they hunted, fished, raised small gardenshunted, fished, raised small gardens. .

Free African AmericansFree African Americans• Although, most African Americans in the Although, most African Americans in the

south during the early 1800’s were slaves, south during the early 1800’s were slaves, approximately approximately 250,000 free African 250,000 free African Americans lived in the regionAmericans lived in the region. .

• Free African Americans lived in both rural Free African Americans lived in both rural and urban settings, and urban settings, most work as paid most work as paid laborers on farms or plantationslaborers on farms or plantations. .

• Free African Americans Free African Americans faced much faced much discriminationdiscrimination, they could not vote, , they could not vote, travel freely, or hold most jobs. travel freely, or hold most jobs.

Southern Southern PopulationPopulationSouthern Southern

PopulationPopulation

Work Period• Red Group

1) What were the largest and smallest groups of southern society?1) What were the largest and smallest groups of southern society?

2) Which group held the most power and why?2) Which group held the most power and why?

3) What was life like for slaves working on plantations and how did they try to ease 3) What was life like for slaves working on plantations and how did they try to ease their hardships?their hardships?

• Green Group

1) What were some of the duties of domestic slaves?1) What were some of the duties of domestic slaves?

2) What were some of the negative aspects of being a domestic slave?2) What were some of the negative aspects of being a domestic slave?

3) What were some of the positive aspects of being a domestic slave? 3) What were some of the positive aspects of being a domestic slave? • Blue Group

1) How did enslaved Africans gain their freedom?1) How did enslaved Africans gain their freedom?

2) What jobs were available to free African Americans in the south?2) What jobs were available to free African Americans in the south?

3) What type of discrimination did free African Americans face living in the south during 3) What type of discrimination did free African Americans face living in the south during the 1800’s? the 1800’s?

• Skills Task• Vocabulary-Vocabulary- select two unknown vocabulary words and look them up in the select two unknown vocabulary words and look them up in the

dictionary and write two sentences that describe the topic in your reading passagedictionary and write two sentences that describe the topic in your reading passage• Main Idea-Main Idea- Summarize the three most important facts of your reading passageSummarize the three most important facts of your reading passage• Cause and Effect- Cause and Effect- List two causes and their effects from your reading passageList two causes and their effects from your reading passage

AgendaAgenda • EQ: What political, social, and economic factors caused the division between the

North and South?

Warm-Up: Answer questions on quiz worksheet

MLQ: How can we learn about the cruelties of slavery by analyzing poetry?

Vocabulary Atrocity: behavior or an action that is wicked or ruthlessSeason: to make or become mature or experienced The Holocaust was an atrocity.To become a seasoned athlete, you must practice. Work period: Students will:1) In groups analyze the poem “Strange Fruit” 2) Answer tiered questions

Share: Share answers Closing: Summary of lesson and MLQ

H.W. Answer Questions on Slavery Worksheet

Capture and the Middle Capture and the Middle PassagePassage

• After capture, Africans After capture, Africans were packed tightly were packed tightly into slave ships.into slave ships.

• The death rate of the The death rate of the “passengers” was “passengers” was 50%.50%.

Destination, Auction, and Destination, Auction, and SeasoningSeasoning

• Slaves were auctioned off to the highest bidder.Slaves were auctioned off to the highest bidder.

• Slaves were put through a process “seasoning” to Slaves were put through a process “seasoning” to get them ready for work.get them ready for work.

• They learned an European language, were named They learned an European language, were named an European name, and were shown labor an European name, and were shown labor requirements.requirements.

The Beginnings of Slavery in the The Beginnings of Slavery in the United StatesUnited States

• The Portuguese and The Portuguese and Spanish had already Spanish had already brought Africans to South brought Africans to South and Latin America.and Latin America.

• In 1619, the first Africans In 1619, the first Africans were brought to the colony were brought to the colony Jamestown, Virginia by Jamestown, Virginia by the Dutch.the Dutch.

Slave Auction Notice, Slave Auction Notice, 18231823

Slave Auction Notice, Slave Auction Notice, 18231823

Slave Auction: Slave Auction: Charleston, Charleston, SC-1856SC-1856

Slave Auction: Slave Auction: Charleston, Charleston, SC-1856SC-1856

The Ledger of John The Ledger of John WhiteWhite

The Ledger of John The Ledger of John WhiteWhite

Matilda Selby, 9, $400.00 sold to Mr. Covington, St. Louis, $425.00

Brooks Selby, 19, $750.00 Left at Home – Crazy

Fred McAfee, 22, $800.00 Sold to Pepidal,Donaldsonville, $1200.00

Howard Barnett, 25, $750.00 Ranaway. Sold out of jail, $540.00

Harriett Barnett, 17, $550.00 Sold to Davenport and Jones, Lafourche, $900.00

Slave MasterBrands

Slave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave Accoutrements

Slave muzzle

Slave tag, SC

Slave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave Accoutrements

Slave leg irons

Slave shoes

Anti-Slave PamphletAnti-Slave PamphletAnti-Slave PamphletAnti-Slave Pamphlet

Reasons for Using Enslaved Reasons for Using Enslaved African LaborAfrican Labor

• ProximityProximity-It only took 2-6 weeks to get to the -It only took 2-6 weeks to get to the colonies from the Caribbean at first.colonies from the Caribbean at first.

• Experience-Experience-They had previous experience and They had previous experience and knowledge working in sugar and rice production.knowledge working in sugar and rice production.

• Immunity from diseasesImmunity from diseases-Less likely to get sick -Less likely to get sick due to prolonged contact over centuries.due to prolonged contact over centuries.

• Low escape possibilities-Low escape possibilities-They did not know the They did not know the land, had no allies, and were highly visible land, had no allies, and were highly visible because of skin color.because of skin color.

Slaves and WorkSlaves and Work• Most enslaved Africans Americans lived and worked on plantations Most enslaved Africans Americans lived and worked on plantations

in the fields, planting, plowing, and picking crops, such as cotton and in the fields, planting, plowing, and picking crops, such as cotton and tobacco. tobacco.

• Most plantation owners used the gang-labor system, meaning that all Most plantation owners used the gang-labor system, meaning that all slaves worked on the same task at the same time. slaves worked on the same task at the same time.

• Usually, slaves work long hard hours, from sunrise to sunset and Usually, slaves work long hard hours, from sunrise to sunset and usually didn’t get any breaks and lived in poor conditions. usually didn’t get any breaks and lived in poor conditions.

• Slaves were often punished if they could not keep up with the work Slaves were often punished if they could not keep up with the work or disobey their owners in anyway. or disobey their owners in anyway.

• Some slaves worked in the planter’s homes and these slaves had Some slaves worked in the planter’s homes and these slaves had better food, clothing, and shelter.better food, clothing, and shelter.

• Some slaves worked skilled jobs such as blacksmithing or carpentry. Some slaves worked skilled jobs such as blacksmithing or carpentry. Sometimes slaves were allowed to keep some of the money they Sometimes slaves were allowed to keep some of the money they earned, this allowed save up money to buy their freedom. earned, this allowed save up money to buy their freedom.

PunishmentPunishment

• Slaves were often Slaves were often brutally punished for brutally punished for misbehaving.misbehaving.

• Punishments included: Punishments included: whipping, branding, whipping, branding, being sold, gagged being sold, gagged (silence), and other (silence), and other torturous methods torturous methods were used.were used.

Slave CultureSlave Culture• Many African Americans found comfort in their Many African Americans found comfort in their

community and culture. community and culture. • Family was the most important aspect of the Family was the most important aspect of the

slave community. slave community. • African parents keep their heritage alive by telling African parents keep their heritage alive by telling

folktales (stories with a moral) to the children, folktales (stories with a moral) to the children, which helped them cope with the harsh conditions which helped them cope with the harsh conditions of slavery. of slavery.

• Religion also played an important part of the Religion also played an important part of the slave culture. Most slaves were Christian by the slave culture. Most slaves were Christian by the 1800’s. They sang religious song called spirituals. 1800’s. They sang religious song called spirituals.

The Slave AuctionThe Slave AuctionBy Frances Ellen Watkins Harper 1825–1911

The sale began—young girls were there, Defenseless in their wretchedness, Whose stifled sobs of deep despair Revealed their anguish and distress.

And mothers stood, with streaming eyes, And saw their dearest children sold; Unheeded rose their bitter cries, While tyrants bartered them for gold.

And woman, with her love and truth— For these in sable forms may dwell— Gazed on the husband of her youth, With anguish none may paint or tell.

And men, whose sole crime was their hue, The impress of their Maker’s hand, And frail and shrinking children too, Were gathered in that mournful band.

Ye who have laid your loved to rest, And wept above their lifeless clay, Know not the anguish of that breast, Whose loved are rudely torn away.

Ye may not know how desolate Are bosoms rudely forced to part, And how a dull and heavy weight Will press the life-drops from the heart.

Southern trees bear a strange fruit,

Blood on the leaves and blood at the root,

Black body swinging in the Southern breeze,Strange fruit hanging from the poplar trees.Pastoral scene of the

gallant South,The bulging eyes and

the twisted mouth,Scent of magnolia sweet and fresh,

And the sudden smell of burning flesh!

Here is a fruit for the crows to pluck,

For the rain to gather, for the wind to suck,

For the sun to rot, for a tree to drop,

Here is a strange and bitter crop.

Work Period TasksWork Period Tasks• Red GroupRed Group• 1) What is this poem describing?• 2) What are three examples of imagery in the poem?• Green Group• 1) What is the strange fruit Southern trees bear? What verse(s), in what stanza gave

you a clue? • 2) How does this poem illustrate the cruelties that African Slaves faced?• Blue• 1) What is the recurrent word in the poem? What is the recurrent word in the poem? • 2) What happens to the fruit in the third stanza? What happens to the fruit in the third stanza? • 3) The fruit is a metaphor… but what does it stand for? The fruit is a metaphor… but what does it stand for?

Task Questions

Vocabulary: In the verse “Pastoral scene of the gallant South” Define pastoral and Pastoral scene of the gallant South” Define pastoral and gallantgallant

Main Idea: What was the topic of the poem “Strange Fruit”? Usenevidence from the poem to support your answer

Cause and Effect: using the poem, what were some of the causes of slavery and their effects?