Agenda

• Coriolis Flow Meter Theory of Operation

• Bunkering

• Marine Fuel Management

• Viscosity

• Questions

Coriolis Flowmeter Technology

Direct mass measurement is insensitive to fluid properties such as:•Temperature•Pressure•Density

2

The same amount of fluid (1 Tonne) looks like 2.7% (~$18) difference with volumetric measurement

1000L 1027L

1 Tonne $654

1 Tonne.$654

Bunkers sold on mass but measured by inferred volumeBunkers sold on mass but measured by inferred volume

$54,000 difference on a 3000 Tonne bunker

Source: Bunkerworld, April 28th

22 °C (40°F) Change

Theory of Operation

• The Coriolis effect is an inertia force.• In 1835, Gustave-Gaspard de Coriolis showed that this inertia force must be taken

into consideration if the simple Newton’s Law of Motion of bodies are to be used in a rotating frame of reference.

Gasparde de Coriolis

Coriolis Effect: The original path is deflected westward by the rotation of the planet

Typical Components of a Coriolis Meter

Theory of Operation – Mass Flow

• In a Coriolis meter, the inertial force is provided by vibrating the flow tubes. The tube twist or angle of deflection from the vibration plane is measured and converted into a mass flow measurement.

Micro Motion ConfidentialPage 5

Theory of Operation – Mass Flow

• Process fluid enters the sensor and flow is split with half the flow through each tube. The sensor flow tubes are vibrated in opposition to each other by energizing a drive coil. Tubes are oscillated at their natural frequency.

• Magnet and coil assemblies, called pick-offs, are mounted on the flow tubes. As each coil moves through the uniform magnetic field of the adjacent magnet it creates a voltage in the form of a sine wave.

Micro Motion ConfidentialPage 6

Theory of Operation – Mass Flow

• During a no flow condition, there is no Coriolis effect and the sine waves are in phase with each other.

• When fluid is moving through the sensor's tubes, Coriolis forces are induced causing the flow tubes to twist in opposition to each other. The time difference between the sine waves is measured and is called Delta-T which is directly proportional to the mass flow rate.

Theory of Operation – Mass Flow

• The Flow Calibration Factor consists of 10 characters, including two decimal points.– The first five digits are the flow calibration factor. This calibration factor, multiplied by

a given Delta-T, yields mass flow rate in grams/sec.– The last three digits are a temperature coefficient for the sensor tube material. This

coefficient compensates for the effect of temperature on tube rigidity (% change in rigidity per 100°C).

Three wire platinum RTD measures tube temperature on inlet side of sensor

– Accurate to +/- 1.0oC

– Available as additional process variable

RTD

Applies to liquid and gas, and is linear throughout the entire range of the meter

Micro Motion ConfidentialPage 8

Theory of Operation - Density

Theory of Operation -Temperature

Coriolis Multi-Variable Capability

On-LineDensity

Temperature

Direct MassFlow

Three process variables measured independently

Coriolis Technology Multi-Variable Measurement Capability

• Density-dependant variables are also available as either;– Standard Curves (Brix, API, HFCS, etc)– Customer-specific Curves (% Mass, % Volume, Alcohol, etc)

Mass Flow

Temperature

Density

Volume Flow

SpecificGravity

Net Solids

% SolidsBy Mass

% SolidsBy Volume

Temperature

Mass Flow

Degrees API Degrees Baume Degrees Brix Degrees Plato

% Solids % Mass % Black Liquor Concentration

Specific Gravity Alcohol % HFCS SCFM

Theory of Operation - Volume

• Volumetric Flow is a calculated variable.

• Volume can be referenced to standard temperature using the temperature input.

• Coriolis meters are preferred for volume measurements.– Low pressure drop– Wide turndown– High accuracy– High degree of linearity

Density

Flow MassFlow Volume

Coriolis Sensor Geometries

• All Geometries are not created equal• Design trade-offs are made for such things as;

– Flow sensitivity & turndown– Density accuracy– Fluid S.G. range (gas/liquid)– Materials of construction– Temperature effects– Drainability and Cleanability– Pressure limits

Why Coriolis – Volume Measurement

• Coriolis meters are unaffected by flow profiles, and provide higher turndown than a typical velocity-based volumetric meters

42 D 6 D

Flow conditioner Orifice plate, Vortex or Turbine

No straight run No Reynolds # Limits No parts to wear out Limits leak points/fugitive emissions Lower life cycle costs Low installed costs

Marine Industry Applications

• Fuel Bunkering

• Engine Fuel Control

• Fuel Viscosity

Pleasure CruiseCargo Ship

Navy Supply

Platform

Benefits of a 1% Measurement Improvement

• Bunker fuel represents 50-70% of total ship operating expense

Example: Large container ship-7,750 TEU– Summer 2010 $455/tn*200tn/day*200 days operating = $18.2M– Winter 2011 bunkers $655tn*200tn/day*300 days operating = $39.3M– Next summer ????

• What does a 1% measurement improvement mean to you? – Last summer $182K potential savings– Now $393K potential savings– Reduced billing discrepancies

The technology is here today that can benefit suppliers, barge operators and shipping companies