Agenda:1. Review quiz on multi-modal syntactical elements. You

may not use your notes.

2. Complete syntax notes (elements specific to persuasion); you will need sticky notes, pages 71/73.

3. Preview Puritan sermon, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” with context, medium, and purpose for reading/annotating’ Read sermon for homework.

4. Jigsaw with “7 Deadly Sins” article

5. Comparison of universal subject (sin) and how term has changed

6. Thesis statement review

7. Begin topic sentences and body paragraphs for “Sinners”

Rhetoric & The Art of Persuasionwith “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” by J. Edwards, a Puritan sermon

Rhetoric is The Art of Persuasion: Note: Argument is

different than Persuasion.

The GOAL of PERSUASION is to to

convince the reader or listener to adopt a

particular opinion or to perform a certain action

Syntax: Rhetorical Category…elements for persuasion, the creation of appeals and connection to the Rhetorical Triangle to understand reliability, authenticity and purpose.

Scope & Sequence: Syntax

Multi-Model

4 basic sentence types

Coordination

Subordination

Loose & Periodic Sentences

Parallel structure

Inverted syntax

Repetition

Rhetorical questions

Persuasion:

Subordination

Anaphora

Antithesis

Inductive and Deductive logic and organization

RQ & Simple Sentences

Active versus Passive Voice

Understatement

Rhetorical Questions & S. S.

Restatement versus Repetition

SubordinationComplex Sentences

A Basic Definition

independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses

always has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which

Subordinate Conjunctions

after although as because before even though if, even if in order that once provided that

since so [that implied], so

that than that though unless when, whenever where, wherever,

whereas whether while

Use a comma if you subordinate the first of the two clauses.

Subordinate clause + ,

+

main clause.

Cat hair clung to Marvin’s pant legs. He still got the job.Even though cat hair clung to Marvin’s pant legs, he still got the job.

The first clause is

less important.

The second clause has more

emphasis because its thought is complete.

Use no punctuation if you subordinate the second of the two clauses.

Marvin smiled at his success. Cat hair wafted in his wake.Marvin smiled at his success as cat hair wafted in his wake.

Main clause + Ø

+

subordinate clause.

Now the first clause is the

most important.

The second clause has less

emphasis because its thought is

incomplete.

Subordinating conjunction

subject verb

SubordinationPurpose

Emphasizes one idea and subordinates another idea

The clause following the subordinator will be less important

Used in argument

Tone academic or pretentious, sarcastic

Can show train of thought or existential thinking

Show high emotion or lack of emotion

Effect

Increase ethos appealShowing awareness of the opposition

Why does the speaker want ethos appeal?

Discuss why subject being emphasized appeals to audience

How emphasis supports the claim of text

• Subordination gives less attention to one idea so that the other has emphasis.

• Use subordinate conjunctions, such as because, even though, and when.

Subordination, Example & Purpose

Marvin tried to clean his suit. He was late to the interview.Since Marvin tried to clean his suit, he was late to the interview.

I’m sorry.

Coordination versus Subordination

writer places concepts or people or objects on an equal level and joins them with conjunctions or punctuation (semi-colon)

The writer states the more important idea in an independent clause (a group of words with a subject and a verb that express a complete idea)

and the less important idea in a dependent clause

RepetitionDiction versus Syntax

Repetition: the simple repeating of a word or phrase, with no particular

placement of the words.

Consider the subject; what is being repeated as it will be emphasizing the subject (diction)

May draw attention to what comes after it (syntactical) or begin a transition or structure organization

Emphasis of ideas

Building of momentum

Refocusing of reader to subsequent important ideas

Adds conviction to what is being said; is really effective in speeches

Desperation (tone)

AnaphoraA Paralleling Repetition

A Definition & Examplethe same beginning of successive independent clauses

"We shall go on to the end, we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender.”

Winston Churchill, speech to the House of Commons, June 4,1940

Purpose/Effect of Anaphora:

Building toward a “climax” (increases suspense; increases the speaker’s priority and/or purpose)

Creates a strong emotional effect (state the emotion!)

Emphasis of ideas What idea is being repeated and emphasized?Draws attention the clause that comes after repeated element

Adds rhythm or cadence – meant to rally an audience

Persuade, motivate, inspire audience to do xyz

Rhetorical Questions…and simple sentences for persuasive effect

Interrogative Sentence

Asks a question that expects or requires an answer from the audience

Rhetorical Question

Makes a questioning statement that does not expect an answer

Put this in commentary!

Rhetorical Questions & Persuasion

When followed with a simple sentence, speaker creates ethos appeal

The nature of a RQ is that it cannot be answeredBut the speaker is able to answer this question

Tone – knowledgeable and credible, fearless leader

Purpose/Effect of Rhetorical Questions

Purpose

Question intended to make a point – consider subject of the question

Reflection

Contemplation

Existential thinking

Confusion

Effects

How does subject identify the intended audience?

How does the common tones connect to subject?

Antithesisjuxtaposed parallel structure underscoring universal subjects

Antithesis Definition

Figure of balance in which two contrasting ideas are intentionally juxtaposed through parallel structure to express a statement of truth.

Look for striking phrases that balance two related but opposing statements in order to reveal a truth…

“To err is human, to forgive divine.”That's one small step for [a] man; one giant leap for mankind."

Antithesis ExampleJohn F. Kennedy

"We observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of freedom, symbolizing an end as well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change."

Purpose/Effect for Antithesis

examine pros and cons of a subject under discussion (ethos)

helps to bring forth judgment on that particular subject

conveys meaning more vividly than ordinary speech (via contrast)

places emphasis on ideas (via contrast/juxtaposition and the similar structure)

underscores the main message, universal subject or truth

Active versus Passive VoiceCan be with Point of View, Syntax, or Diction Rhetorical Categories

Active Voice

A sentence is in the active voice…

when the subject does the acting instead of being the recipient of the acting/action

Passive Voice

The subject does not act

The subject is acted upon

Always uses an is verb & a past participle

Basic ExamplesPassive

The portfolio piece was prepared by the student.

There was also found two of their [the Indians’] houses covered with mats, and sundry of their implements in then, but the people were run away and could not be seen.

Active

The student prepared the portfolio piece.

How would you rewrite the second example (from “Plymouth) using active voice?

Purpose/Effect of Each Voice:

Passive

Often used in bureaucratic or political prose – why?

Gentler, more diplomatic approach, cowardly?

Emphasizes what was found, not who did the finding

Can be pedantic and wordy sounding – confusing to audience? (speech)

Hides who was responsible for the action

Strengthens the degree of objectivity

Active

Natural diction

The subject is front and center, as is what its doing

Often uses stronger verbs because emphasis is on verbs

Clearly defined actor and action

More forceful, greater clarity

Rhetorical Triangle, Persuasion, Syntax & AppealsBringing the Pieces Together, slowly

Audience & DevicesWhen trying to persuade someone to do something, the writer must choose specific devices that appeal/move his/her audience; all attempts to persuade must consider audience

Choose subjects to emphasize that are important to subject or audience

Audience includes:knowledge of audience’s valuesopportune timingproper fit with situation

Appealing to AudienceThe Persuasive Appeals: logos, ethos, pathos

Logos Appeal

Logos Appeal

argument based on evidence such as facts, statistics, testimonies, logical reasoning (inductive/deductive)

demonstrates a speakers expertise on a subject by providing evidence to support her claim.

Inductive Reasoning/Logic/Organizatio

n (131)Reasoning that begins with a specific details or subjects and moves toward a generalization (reasoning/logic).

Organization: piece begins with a specific subject, audience, focus and moves to a wider audience or subject.

Inductive Logic Examples

If he did his homework (specific), then the whole class has done their homework (general).

My cat is easy to take care of (specific), therefore all cats must be easy to take care of (general).

DeductiveReasoning/Logic/Organization (131)

Reasoning that starts with a general observation and moves to a specific conclusion.

Organization: piece begins with a general subject, focus or wide audience, and moves to a narrower audience or subject.

Deductive Basic Examples

If the class is going on a fieldtrip (general), then Eric must be going, too (specific).

The law says you must wear a helmet when riding a bike (general). Therefore, Cody must be wearing a helmet when he rides a bike (specific).

Deductive Logic ExamplesSyllogism: A=B, B=C,

THEN C=AExample: 1. All students (A) go to school (B). 2. You (C)

are astudent (A). 3. Therefore, you (C) go to school (B).

Example:  When people hurry, inefficiency and poor communication are the results.  Under current conditions clubs must hurry at lunch time meetings.  Therefore, lunch period should be lengthened to allow for better club meetings.

Example: You need to pass OC. to graduate. You need to do your

informative and persuasive speech to pass OC. Therefore, you must

do your persuasive and informative speech to graduate.

Common Devices that Create Logos Appeal:

Statistics, facts

Allusions

Jargon (diction)

Inductive and deductive logicSyllogistic structures

Expert opinions or testimonies

Acknowledgment of the oppositionSubordination, counterargument

Ethos Appeal

Ethos Appealevoking ethos

Aristotle defined ethos as an appeal character that demonstrates a speaker is trustworthy

Convinces audience that speaker is fair, honest, well-informed; audience wants sense of right/wrong and honesty so that your subject is well received.

Common Devices that Create Ethos Appeal:

Levels of diction: how a writer/speaker chooses words to address a particular audience

Appearing humble, down to earth

Employing humor

Allusions: alluding to cultural, religious, literary values held by the audience

Collective Pronouns (unity)

Rhetorical questions followed by simple sentences

Pathos Appeal

Pathos Appeal

…a way a speaker engages the audience to illicit an emotional response, be it nostalgia, anger, compassion, etc.

Evoking Pathos is important for a speaker to establish a bond between himself and his audience.

Common Devices that Create Pathos Appeal:

NOTE: In commentary, always state what emotion the speaker is evoking (purpose) and the effect is why/how this emotion appeals to the specific audience and for what ultimate purpose, which is to persuade __ to do __.

Emphatic, connotative diction

Imagery, metaphors, similes, motifs

Repetition and anaphora (unity, momentum, rallying tone)

Commentary for Pathos:Fear as motivation

Physiological needs

Safety needs/sense of belonging

Safety & sense of security, belongingness

Patriotism and unity

Self-esteem, people need to like themselves and feel valued

Motivation – look for incentive for the audience to do something (purpose of persuasion)

“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”

J. Edwards: A Puritan SermonA Study in syntax, R.T., topic sentences and body

paragraphsReflection of universal subject (sin) in archaic and

modern text

“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”A Puritan sermon delivered in 1741

Learning TargetsIdentify and designate purpose of identified devices

Infer universal subjects emergent throughout text

Compare “sin” as UI with representation in article; is the article’s explanation applicable, here, and are the devices you inferred connect to sin evident in the sermon?

Connect with the universal subjects in order to help generate subsequent universal truths (also will become a conclusion later)

Review thesis statement writing

Connect devices, with appeals, with rhetorical triangle

Essential Questions (page 123)

How do the devices create appeals and ultimately help to convey the message?

How does syntax function in the understanding of a work on a deeper level?

How are the different parts of the triangle working together to achieve his message and the overall purpose?

Notice, we’re adding the layer … of the appeals!

Page 114 offers information about Jonathon Edwards…

Who was Edwards?

SPEAKER CONTEXT

• Stern, zealous preacher

• Brilliant, thoughtful,

• complicated

• Religious revival,

• “Great Awakening”

Edwards: The Speaker

Did not hesitate to accuse members by name of relapsing into sin. (Reading improper books!)

His strictness proved too much for his congregation- they fired him.

He relocated to Massachusetts, became President of Princeton, died of smallpox inoculation…

Edwards straddled 2 ages…

The Modern, secular world that believed in Reason and Learning, the value of independent intellect, and the power of human will.

The other believed in the lowliness of human beings in relation to God’s majesty and man’s inability to achieve salvation through his own efforts.

For Edwards,

Science, Reason,

and Observation

of the physical

world confirmed

his deeply

spiritual vision of

a universe filled

with God’s

presence.

Science proved

God…

Context: The Great Awakening

Edwards central to the onset of movement

Great Awakening began at a time when the old Puritan religion was declining.

Churches began allowing “unregenerate” Christians into their congregations (unsaved, but good people).

Sermon captures the religious fervor of The Great Awakening

MediumPuritan sermon speech

The preacher first examined a passage from the Bible and explained it to the congregation.Then he used logic to explain the teaching, or lesson of the passage.Finally, he would inject emotion into the sermon by relating the text to the lives and behavior of his listeners. Purpose: provide religious instruction

Figurative Language in the Sermon

Purpose (general): Edwards’s belief in eternal damnation is literal, he uses figures of speech to compare God’s wrath to ordinary, everyday things that his listeners to relate to and understand. (symbol, extended metaphor…)

Attempted to define the individual.

A Purpose for Reading &

After Reading Discussion StartersCompare to Other Texts – CONTEXT

Assessment Task Blueprint #2General History, Of Plymouth Plantation, 7 Deadly Sins article, Upon Spider Catching a Fly

The Rhetorical Triangle Discussion (page 123)Identification and explanation of the parts of the rhetorical triangleHow are the different parts of the triangle working together to achieve his message and the overall purpose?Adding the layer … of the appeals!

Identification & explication of devices: syntactical, imagery, metaphor, symbol/motif (metaphysical)

Purpose of device (tone and what appeal is created)Note: the devices create an appeal

Effect of device

Rhetorical DevicesSyntactical Element

Parallel structure, anaphora

Juxtaposition, Antithesis

Repetition

Rhetorical questions with simple sentences

Coordination versus Subordination

Inductive and deductive logic/organization

Loose/periodic sentences

Inverted syntax

Active/Passive voice

Other Devices

Imagery

Simile/metaphor

Metaphysical symbolism

Motif

Allusion

Diction tone

Devices create an

appeal (or tone in

the case of diction)

which are EFFECTS

and purpose;

the reason they are

needed can equate

to effect.

Shift (tone) and/or contrast,universal subjects

To analyze, consider:1. The rhetorical devices used and appropriate modifiers.

2. Tone created.

3. Appeal created and how the appeal is created.

4. How these elements evoke a response in audience, and infer, then, who the audience must be.

5. What is the purpose of the device? Why did the author choose this specific device?

6. What effect does it elicit on the reader? What do we learn about the persona/perspective of speaker?

7. What is the purpose for including this, and the purpose for the overall piece?

8. How does it support a shift/contrast or message?

9. Universal subjects connected to device?

10. Reflection of time period and/or other texts from same or different time period?

The Rhetorical ThesisRevisited

The Thesis Statement for Rhetorical Analysis

Topic (medium, author, title)

Tonal shift (must have tone words + subject)

Contrast (keep in parallel structure, state subjects)

Purpose verb

3 directions with clear modifiers

Blended quote that supports the abstract, NOT used as examples, and no personal pronouns

A universal truth that extends the contrast, supports a shift, and answers the 5 W’s

Student Model 1 from Plymouth:

In “Of Plymouth Plantation” the author shifts from perilous exploration of unknown territory to misery during a starving time to progression in productivity and collaboration and uses biblical allusions, condemnatory diction and connective syntax to prove that no matter what endeavor you encounter, even in “the time of most distress” you will be guided through it by the “hand of God.”

Student Model 2 from Plymouth:

In William Bradford’s first hand account, Bradford shifts from intense “fell upon their knees and blessed the God of Heaven” gratitude to “sharp and violent” conflict to “profitable” peace using biblical allusions, periodic sentences, and straight forward imagery to prove that ultimate faith in “God’s good providence” can conquer the most difficult of situations.

Peer Review Thesis StatementsAre all logistical elements accounted for?

Could you ask “so what” to the thesis statement? In other words, could this thesis statement be more specific?

Can you identify an opposing argument to the U.T.?

Do the quotes support the abstract ideas and are they seamless?

Can you see a parallel between shift/contrast and the universal truth?

Are the directions clear, modified appropriately and are there 3 rhetorical categories represented?

Can you clearly envision where the essay will go?

Can you think of a “worldly” connection to the universal truth and/or contrast?

Pre-Writing the Body ParagraphRhetorical Analysis Graphic Organizer

staging a shift from focus on ideas to focus on writing

CONTEXT

Revisiting example discussed with group.

Devic

e

iden

tified

and

d

iscu

ssed w

ith

gro

up Independently finding a 2nd

example of device and outlining analysis

Revisiting example discussed with group (the other direction)…

Devic

e

iden

tified

and

d

iscu

ssed w

ith

gro

up Independently finding a 2nd

example of device and outlining analysis

Assignment/Goals:

1. Complete analysis from

yesterday’s class: two

examples of direction

with appropriate

purpose and effect;

consider you must

connect back to thesis

UT.2. Complete same

procedure for the other

direction. (Note: if you

did syntax, now do fig.

lang., and vice-versa)

3. USE YOUR NOTES.

Topic Sentences and Body Paragraphs: Rhetorical Analysisstaging a shift from focus on ideas to focus on writing

The Elements of the Topic Sentence

Topic

Direction

Claim

Universal Idea

* These elements should seem similar to the thesis components (but now with a twist)!

Step 1: Begin with a solid thesis (p.17)

Gary Soto’s autobiographical essay, in which he shifts from innocence to experience, uses simplistic diction, Biblical allusions, and contrasting imagery to prove that “sweet, gold-colored, sticky” guilt seems to haunt those who sin with “faraway messages” of blame.

Step 2: Borrow the “Topics” from the Thesis’s Directions

Thesis

Gary Soto’s autobiographical essay, in which he shifts from innocence to experience, uses

simplistic diction, Biblical allusions, and contrasting imagery to prove that “sweet, gold-colored, sticky” guilt seems to haunt those who

sin with “faraway messages” of blame.

Topic Sentence

Topic: Biblical allusions (This is the first direction.)

Note: Directions on page 21, biblical = modifier

Step 3: Add the Direction(s)

The “directions” of the topic sentence are the examples you will use as evidence.

Soto’s Biblical allusions, such as the squirrel nailing itself to the tree and Adam and Eve and the apple, . . .

Note:

1. Use two directions

(examples)

2. Examples must

function differently

within the passage.

3. Consider choosing

based on connection

to shift/contrast.

Step 4: Add the Claim

Choose an appropriate verb that links what the directions do in relation to the universal idea.

Soto’s Biblical allusions, such as the squirrel nailing itself to the tree and Adam and Eve and the apple, underscore

Note:1. List of verbs on page 21.2. Should parallel or mirror the ‘definition’ or purpose of your device.3. Consider PURPOSE (persuasion), too.4. Appeals can also become “examples”.

Step 5: Add the Universal Idea (Again)

Add the universal idea to the topic sentence.

CAUTION: To keep the universal idea from becoming redundant throughout the essay, develop synonyms.

Soto’s Biblical allusions, such as the squirrel nailing itself to the tree and Adam and Eve sinning because of the apple, underscore the disgrace associated with sin.

.

Note:

1. Consider the 3-

word, sophomoric

UT.

2. Also, consider

mixing with purpose

if there is one

(persuasion there

will be one)

Writing the Body ParagraphA Basic Lecture on Organization and Structure

1. Write the topic sentence.

2. Integrate Textual Evidencea. Change personal pronounsb. Shorten complex sentences/coordinated syntax to focus on subjectc. Closest tenet to a summary statementd. Blend with purpose (definition) of device

3. Commentary 1: PURPOSE

a. Why does this writer choose this particular strategy to create his or her message?b. How does the writer use this strategy to make meaning?c. Why does the writer use this particular strategy and this particular example?d. Focus on WHY the device specifically was chosen.e. Appeals? Tone?

4. Commentary 2: EFFECT

a. Because the writer used this rhetorical strategy, how/why does the use influence one or

more of the following: Speaker, Reader, Message, Purpose, UT

b. Why is the appeal created – to persuade who of what?

c. Why is the tone important? (Connect to audience) d. How does this contribute to the universal truth?

A Note About CommentaryIf you are talking about what the text says, you are summarizing.

If you are talking about how the text makes meaning, you are analyzing.

5. Transition Sentence (Optional)

a. Tone/Tonal Shiftb. Effect of shiftc. Highlight movement/chronology

6. Integrate Textual Evidence #2a. Change personal pronounsb. Shorten complex sentences/coordinated syntax to focus on subjectc. Closest tenet to a summary statementd. Blend with purpose (definition) of device

7. Commentary 1: PURPOSE

a. Why does this writer choose this particular strategy to create his or her message?b. How does the writer use this strategy to make meaning?c. Why does the writer use this particular strategy and this particular example?d. Focus on WHY the device specifically was chosen.e. Appeals? Tone?

8. Commentary 2: EFFECT

a. Because the writer used this rhetorical strategy, how/why does the use influence one or

more of the following: Speaker, Reader, Message, Purpose, UT

b. Why is the appeal created – to persuade who of what?

c. Why is the tone important? (Connect to audience) d. How does this contribute to the universal truth?

9. Clinchera. How do these examples (of the SAME device)

work in tandem to create the overall universal truth?

Body Paragraph At-A-Glance

1. Topic Sentence

2. Textual example/evidence #1

3. Purpose for Evidence 1

4. Effect for Evidence 1

5. Transition Sentence (accounting for tonal shift)

6. Textual example/evidence #2

7. Purpose for Evidence 2

8. Effect for Evidence 2

9. Clincher Sentence (transition to following paragraph and how device works as a whole)