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Ageing, Women and PovertyAgeing, Women and Poverty
Richard LeeteRichard Leete
UN Resident Coordinator for MalaysiaUN Resident Coordinator for Malaysia
UNDP Resident Representative for Malaysia, Singapore and UNDP Resident Representative for Malaysia, Singapore and BruneiBrunei
UNFPA RepresentativeUNFPA Representative
18 December, 200518 December, 2005
KelantanKelantan
Old Age Globally and in Malaysia: Feminisation and Poverty
Global Population Ageing
• Population ageingPopulation ageing is an inevitable is an inevitable consequence of the consequence of the demographic transitiondemographic transition – – the shift from higher to lower levels of the shift from higher to lower levels of mortality and especially lower levels of mortality and especially lower levels of fertilityfertility
• Because Because transition taking place much fastertransition taking place much faster in in developing countries, population ageing is developing countries, population ageing is occurring more rapidlyoccurring more rapidly
• 22//33 of older persons live in developing of older persons live in developing countries – countries – some 400 million personssome 400 million persons, although , although proportions higher in developed countriesproportions higher in developed countries– Women comprise greater proportion of older populations Women comprise greater proportion of older populations
–– disparity increases with advancing agedisparity increases with advancing age
Ageing, Women and Poverty
Old Age Globally and in Malaysia: Feminisation and Poverty
Older Persons, Poverty and Development
• Situation ofSituation of many older persons many older persons living inliving in developing developing countries countries one ofone of extreme poverty extreme poverty
• Traditional family support Traditional family support mechanismsmechanisms eroding eroding– Declining family size, rural to urban migration, Declining family size, rural to urban migration,
declining co-residence and in some countries declining co-residence and in some countries younger family members dying of HIV/AIDSyounger family members dying of HIV/AIDS
• Poverty Poverty experience inexperience in childhood childhood andand adulthood adulthood likely likely toto deepen deepen withwith advancing age – life cycle of poverty advancing age – life cycle of poverty
• Main concerns of older poor Main concerns of older poor – inadequate living – inadequate living conditions, access to health care and social conditions, access to health care and social protection, inter-generational violence and abuseprotection, inter-generational violence and abuse
Ageing, Women and Poverty
Old Age Globally and in Malaysia: Feminisation and Poverty
Increasing Focus on Older Poor
• Large proportions of older persons in Large proportions of older persons in developed developed countriescountries have attracted supportive concern have attracted supportive concern butbut relatively little attention in relatively little attention in developing countriesdeveloping countries
• Past policy focusPast policy focus with rapid population growth with rapid population growth overshadowed population ageingovershadowed population ageing
• Population ageingPopulation ageing increasingly seen as increasingly seen as major major challengechallenge in developing countries especially in developing countries especially where:where:– Social safety nets do not exist, where there is limited Social safety nets do not exist, where there is limited
institutional and human resource capacity to respond institutional and human resource capacity to respond to basic needs of older personsto basic needs of older persons
Ageing, Women and Poverty
Share of Older Persons Varies by State
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Sabah
Kuala Lumpur
Selangor
Sarawak
Johor
Pahang
Kedah
Perak
Negeri Sembilan
Melaka
Terengganu
Pulau Pinang
Kelantan
Perlis
Malaysia
1970 2000
(%)Population aged 60 years and over
Ageing, Women and Poverty
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
Female
Male
Total
1970 2000
(%)
'80 '91
Percentage of total population aged 60 years and over
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Total
Indians
Chinese
Bumiputera Males
Females
(000s)
48% 52%
48% 52%
48% 52%
53%
47%
Older Females Outnumber Males in All Ethnic Groups, 2000
Ageing, Women and Poverty
1
3
19
20
14
67
70
6
10
9
49
29
3
2
64
34
0 20 40 60 80 100
Females
Males
Females
Males
Older personaged
60 and over
(%)
Younger person
aged 25-29
Tertiary
Secondary
Primary
Never attendedschool
Older Malaysian, Especially Women, Lacking Formal Education, 2000
Ageing, Women and Poverty
0
20
40
60
80
100
Males 60-64
Females 60-64
Males 25-29
Females 25-29
(%)
Ma
lays
ia's
lab
ou
r fo
rce
pa
rtic
ipa
tion
ra
tes
1980 '85 '88 '95 '02 2004
Older Malaysians, Especially Women, Have Lower Labour Force Participation Rates
Ageing, Women and Poverty
8 11 9 12
16 8
3516
42 48
11
4
1222
12
13
6
24
13
66
7 5
21 261
2
5
0
20
40
60
80
100
Employed males: Employed females: Employed males: Employed females:
(%)
174,700 62,700 967,200 629,600
Aged 60-64 in 2004 Aged 25-29 in 2004
Professionals, technicians and associate professionals
Legislators, senior officials and managers
Clerical workers
Service workers and shop and market sales workers
Skilled agriculture and fishery workers
Craft and related trade workers, Plant and machine-operators and assemblers
Elementary occupation
Older Malaysian, if Working, Likely to be in Agriculture
Ageing, Women and Poverty
Old Age Globally and in Malaysia: Feminisation and PovertyAgeing, Women and Poverty
0
2
1
2
7
10
4
2
39
24
36
14 84
55
71
50
0 20 40 60 80 100
Females
Males
Kelantan
MalaysiaOlder
personaged
60 and over
(%)
Older personaged 60 and
over in Kelantan
Tertiary
Secondary
Primary
Never attendedschool
Older people in Kelantan, Especially Women, Lacking Formal Education, 2000
Old Age Globally and in Malaysia: Feminisation and Poverty
13
8
4
11
16
16
9
8
48
42
58
48
5
12
9
22
14
13
16
5
5
7
4
5
0 20 40 60 80 100
Kelantan:
Malaysia:
Kelantan:
Malaysia:
(%)
Employed females
aged 60-64 in 2004
Professionals, technicians and associate professionals
Legislators, senior officials and managers
Clerical workers
Service workers and shop and market sales workers
Skilled agriculture and fishery workers
Craft and related trade workers, Plant and machine-operators and assemblers
Elementary occupation
Employed males
aged 60-64 in 2004
174,700
62,700
12,800
5,600
Ageing, Women and Poverty
Older People in Kelantan more likely to be Engaged in Agriculture
Old Age Globally and in Malaysia: Feminisation and Poverty
Conclusion
• Mainstream ageingMainstream ageing issues into multi-sectoral issues into multi-sectoral development processes, with a particular focus on development processes, with a particular focus on older poorolder poor– Out of Malaysia’s 1.5 million older persons, 14 per cent Out of Malaysia’s 1.5 million older persons, 14 per cent
live in poverty, especially womenlive in poverty, especially women
• EnsureEnsure appropriate social services and welfare appropriate social services and welfare coverage for poor and disadvantaged older persons, coverage for poor and disadvantaged older persons, most commonly womenmost commonly women
• PromotePromote intergenerational solidarity with the goal of intergenerational solidarity with the goal of maintaining and improving social cohesion among maintaining and improving social cohesion among generationsgenerations
• ImproveImprove data and research on situation and needs of data and research on situation and needs of older persons in Malaysiaolder persons in Malaysia
Ageing, Women and Poverty