Age of the Reformation IIAge of the Reformation II

Luther and Erasmus:Luther and Erasmus:

The reformation beginsThe reformation begins

MartinMartin

LuderLuder

LudherLudher

LutterLutter

LuttherrLuttherr

LutherLuther

Martin Luther 1483-1546Martin Luther 1483-1546• Born Nov. 10 1483 into a peasant familyBorn Nov. 10 1483 into a peasant family

• The son of a farmer turned miner and a hard The son of a farmer turned miner and a hard working motherworking mother

• Was raised with stern discipline as well as a Was raised with stern discipline as well as a chatechismal educationchatechismal education

• At 14 he supported himself by singing in the At 14 he supported himself by singing in the streetsstreets

• He gained the notice/patronage of Frau Ursula He gained the notice/patronage of Frau Ursula Cota “on account of his hearty singing and Cota “on account of his hearty singing and praying”praying”

Martin Luther 1483-1546Martin Luther 1483-1546• At 18 he enrolled in the University of Erfurt, At 18 he enrolled in the University of Erfurt,

then one of the top universities in Germanythen one of the top universities in Germany

• 1502 Bachelor of Arts, 1505 a Master of Arts 1502 Bachelor of Arts, 1505 a Master of Arts (Ph.D equivalent)(Ph.D equivalent)

• Luther then prepared himself as his father Luther then prepared himself as his father wished to go to Law Schoolwished to go to Law School

• 1505 His friend Alexius died (lightning or duel)1505 His friend Alexius died (lightning or duel)

• July 1505 Caught in a thunderstorm and cried July 1505 Caught in a thunderstorm and cried out to St. Ann, promising monkdom in out to St. Ann, promising monkdom in exchange for rescueexchange for rescue

Martin Luther 1483-1546Martin Luther 1483-1546• July 17, Luther joins an Augustinian Convent July 17, Luther joins an Augustinian Convent

at Erfurtat Erfurt

• He became obsessed with the assurance of his He became obsessed with the assurance of his salvation and constantly aware of his sinsalvation and constantly aware of his sin

• Held strictly to catholic doctrine, including Held strictly to catholic doctrine, including excessive worship of the Virgin Maryexcessive worship of the Virgin Mary

• Confessed at least once a week to the eventual Confessed at least once a week to the eventual annoyance of his confessorannoyance of his confessor

• His mentor Staupitz pointed him towards the His mentor Staupitz pointed him towards the cross and gracecross and grace

Martin Luther 1483-1546Martin Luther 1483-1546• Luther continually pondered the meaning of Luther continually pondered the meaning of

Romans 1:17Romans 1:17

• Was ordained in 1507 and gave his first mass, Was ordained in 1507 and gave his first mass, almost fainting at the altaralmost fainting at the altar

• 1510 Luther made a pilgrimage to Rome1510 Luther made a pilgrimage to Rome

• Arrived hailing “Thrice Holy Rome”Arrived hailing “Thrice Holy Rome”

• He ran to visit all the shrines, and sought the He ran to visit all the shrines, and sought the promised forgiveness in the climbing of the promised forgiveness in the climbing of the Scala Santa on his kneesScala Santa on his knees

Luther in Rome 1510Luther in Rome 1510• He became severely disillusioned with Rome He became severely disillusioned with Rome

due to all its excessesdue to all its excesses

• Speedy masses, irreverent consecration, Speedy masses, irreverent consecration, mockery of honest Christiansmockery of honest Christians

• ““if there was a hell, Rome was built on it”if there was a hell, Rome was built on it”

• ““Rome, once the holiest city is now the worst”Rome, once the holiest city is now the worst”

• Afterwards(1511) Luther moved the the Afterwards(1511) Luther moved the the Augustinian convent of Wittenberg and became Augustinian convent of Wittenberg and became a professora professor

Martin Luther 1483-1546Martin Luther 1483-1546• The building of St. Peter’s Dome was begun in The building of St. Peter’s Dome was begun in

1506 by Pope Julian II using indulgences as a 1506 by Pope Julian II using indulgences as a means to pay for the expenses (it was finally means to pay for the expenses (it was finally completed in 1626)completed in 1626)

• Indulgences were technically the removal of the Indulgences were technically the removal of the temporal consequences of sin, but not a route to temporal consequences of sin, but not a route to salvationsalvation

• Johann Tetzel was the salesman for Johann Tetzel was the salesman for Indulgences in the Wittenberg area Indulgences in the Wittenberg area

Martin Luther 1483-1546Martin Luther 1483-1546• The continual sale of indulgences drove Luther The continual sale of indulgences drove Luther

to write the 95 Thesesto write the 95 Theses

• Oct. 31 1517 Luther posts the Theses on the Oct. 31 1517 Luther posts the Theses on the door of the Wittenberg chapeldoor of the Wittenberg chapel

• The 95 Theses were posted as a challenge to The 95 Theses were posted as a challenge to debate not as a breech with the Churchdebate not as a breech with the Church

The 95 ThesesThe 95 Theses• Luther’s protest against the abuse of Luther’s protest against the abuse of

indulgencesindulgences

• 3 Main points3 Main points

1.1. Indulgences are ineffectiveIndulgences are ineffective

2.2. The Pope is goodThe Pope is good

3.3. Justification by faith in ChristJustification by faith in Christ

Leipzig Disputation 1519Leipzig Disputation 1519• Initial papal reaction was to ignore the ThesesInitial papal reaction was to ignore the Theses

• Many disputes and callings of heretic later Many disputes and callings of heretic later comes the Leipzig Disputationcomes the Leipzig Disputation

• Luther vs. Dr. Eck (Johann Mair)Luther vs. Dr. Eck (Johann Mair)

• In the Leipzig Disputation Luther realized he In the Leipzig Disputation Luther realized he didn’t hold with the authority of the Church or didn’t hold with the authority of the Church or PopePope

• Both claimed victoryBoth claimed victory

• Luther gives up on reform and starts the Luther gives up on reform and starts the ReformationReformation

Luther Attacks 1520Luther Attacks 1520• Luther begins his break with the church by Luther begins his break with the church by

appealing to the German Princes for protectionappealing to the German Princes for protection

• He follows up by writing many vicious anti-He follows up by writing many vicious anti-papal/Roman Catholic workspapal/Roman Catholic works

• Babylonian Captivity of the church being one Babylonian Captivity of the church being one of the chief of his polemics addressingof the chief of his polemics addressing– Universality of the cupUniversality of the cup– Proper communionProper communion– BaptismBaptism– Number of sacraments (Baptism and Bread only)Number of sacraments (Baptism and Bread only)

Martin Luther 1483-1546Martin Luther 1483-1546• Luther is Shortly thereafter given a bull of Luther is Shortly thereafter given a bull of

ExcommunicationExcommunication

• He responds by writing “Against the Bull of He responds by writing “Against the Bull of Antichrist” and calling the pope a heretic then Antichrist” and calling the pope a heretic then burns the Bullburns the Bull

• Luther is now hunted by the papacy as a Luther is now hunted by the papacy as a heretic and flees to various princes for heretic and flees to various princes for protectionprotection

Diet of Worms 1521Diet of Worms 1521• Emperor Charles V calls the Diet of Worms to Emperor Charles V calls the Diet of Worms to

try and settle the issue of Luthertry and settle the issue of Luther

• Jerome Aleander represented the papacyJerome Aleander represented the papacy

• Luther arrives with great pomp and Luther arrives with great pomp and celebrationcelebration

• He is asked to acknowledge his works and He is asked to acknowledge his works and recant themrecant them

• He asks quietly for a day to considerHe asks quietly for a day to consider

Diet of Worms 1521Diet of Worms 1521• He returns the next day and strongly affirms all He returns the next day and strongly affirms all

of his writingsof his writings

• He then proceeds to call both pope and councils He then proceeds to call both pope and councils fallible forever confirming his status as a fallible forever confirming his status as a hereticheretic

• The papists claim victory over Martin but the The papists claim victory over Martin but the promised safe conduct of Charles V is promised safe conduct of Charles V is surprisingly kept and arch-heretic Martin lived surprisingly kept and arch-heretic Martin lived to see another dayto see another day

Peasants War 1523-25Peasants War 1523-25• The Peasants grew tired of being slaves and The Peasants grew tired of being slaves and

wanted better living conditions and some wanted better living conditions and some measure of autonomymeasure of autonomy

• They teamed up with radical protestants and They teamed up with radical protestants and rebelled against the princesrebelled against the princes

• Luther condemned the rebellion and told the Luther condemned the rebellion and told the princes to quash itprinces to quash it

• The princes took his advice and the rebellion The princes took his advice and the rebellion stoppedstopped

Martin Luther 1483-1546Martin Luther 1483-1546• Luther got married to Catharina von BorenLuther got married to Catharina von Boren

• He loved his Katie muchHe loved his Katie much

• He did lots of other reformation stuff like He did lots of other reformation stuff like translating the bibletranslating the bible

• He died in Eisleben in Prussian Saxony Feb. 18, He died in Eisleben in Prussian Saxony Feb. 18, 15461546

• He liked talking about fartsHe liked talking about farts

Desiderius Erasmus1466-1536Desiderius Erasmus1466-1536• Born out of wedlock to a Dutch priest Gerard Born out of wedlock to a Dutch priest Gerard

and a physicians daughter Margaretand a physicians daughter Margaret

• After his mother died his guardians stole his After his mother died his guardians stole his inheritance and forced him into a monasteryinheritance and forced him into a monastery

• 1486-1491 was a monk and became thoroughly 1486-1491 was a monk and became thoroughly disgusted with the institutiondisgusted with the institution

• Obtained a bishops patronage and gained Obtained a bishops patronage and gained liscensce to become a priest and flee the liscensce to become a priest and flee the monasterymonastery

• Studied at the universties of Paris and OrleansStudied at the universties of Paris and Orleans

Desiderius Erasmus1466-1536Desiderius Erasmus1466-1536• He survived mainly by patronage living off of He survived mainly by patronage living off of

the many “gifts” given to him for his clever the many “gifts” given to him for his clever writingwriting

• Studied classics incessantly and was a deep Studied classics incessantly and was a deep thinker, called the father of Christian thinker, called the father of Christian HumanismHumanism

• Wrote prolifically, including many works Wrote prolifically, including many works which criticized monks, priests, and the papacywhich criticized monks, priests, and the papacy

• He was continually in and out of favor with the He was continually in and out of favor with the papacypapacy

Desiderius Erasmus1466-1536Desiderius Erasmus1466-1536• He loved peace, but also morality and wanted He loved peace, but also morality and wanted

true reform within the churchtrue reform within the church

• Lived Latin, he spoke very little of any other Lived Latin, he spoke very little of any other language including his native Dutchlanguage including his native Dutch

• Courted the favor of Pope Leo X, but never Courted the favor of Pope Leo X, but never stopped criticizing the immoral things he didstopped criticizing the immoral things he did

• Took no sides in the Protestant/Catholic debate Took no sides in the Protestant/Catholic debate resulting in him being to Protestant to be resulting in him being to Protestant to be Catholic and too Catholic to be ProtestantCatholic and too Catholic to be Protestant

Desiderius Erasmus1466-1536Desiderius Erasmus1466-1536• Luther and many other reformers looked to Luther and many other reformers looked to

Erasmus for teaching though he conflicted with Erasmus for teaching though he conflicted with Luther oftenLuther often

• Luther was said to have “hatched the egg laid Luther was said to have “hatched the egg laid by Erasmus”by Erasmus”

• Erasmus and Luther debated heatedly over the Erasmus and Luther debated heatedly over the issue of Free Will, neither ever admitting the issue of Free Will, neither ever admitting the other was rightother was right

• He died Feb. 12 1536 without a priest repeating He died Feb. 12 1536 without a priest repeating “O Jesus, have mercy; Lord, deliver me; Lord “O Jesus, have mercy; Lord, deliver me; Lord make an end’ Lord, have mercy upon me!”make an end’ Lord, have mercy upon me!”