Age of ReasonChapter 15

Medieval Times – studied ancients and church traditions

Renaissance – advances in learning

Reformation – challenged the church

Scientific Discoveries

1.) Recognizing the inadequacy of existing knowledge to explain a given question.

2.) Gathering observations in an attempt to find possible answers.

3.) Seeking to find a patter in the observations upon which to base conclusions or theories.

4.) Choosing the most appropriate conclusion to explain the observations.

5.) Verifying the derived conclusion by further observation and experimentation.

The Scientific Method

Scientific method answers “how”, not “why”

Telescopes, microscopes, thermometer, barometer

Calculus, analytical geometry, logarithms, side rule

The Scientific Tools

Increased man’s knowledge of physical world

The Scientific Revolution

Astronomy

Ptolemy

Questioned Earth being center of universe

Geocentric vs Heliocentric

Tried as a heretic

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)

Orbits are elliptical

Click here to watch video

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)

Physics

Discovered pendulums keep time – grandfather clocks

Improved telescopes

Tried as heretic, but recanted

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

Click Here to watch video of how a pendulum clock works!

Astronomy, Physics, Mathematics

“White Light” is a prism of color

Reflecting telescope

Gravity, and orbital gravity

Principia - 1687

Sir Isaac Newton (1642 – 1727)

Click Here to Watch Video on Centrifugal Force

Click here to watch another really cool video!!!

Medicine

On the Fabric of the Human Body

Used cadavers

“Father of Anatomy”

Andreas Vesalius (vuh SAY lee us) (1514-1564)

Name means “better than Celsus”

Believed in using chemicals since bodies are largely chemical in nature.

Wrong in many ways, but made many advances

Paracelsus (PEHR us SEL sus) (1493 – 1541)

“Father of Experimental Biology”

Studied heart and circulatory system

Discovered heart pumps Liver and heart do not make different

bloods Blood is not “consumed” but “circulated”

William Harvey (1578-1657)

Smallpox Vaccination!

Studied milkmaids. If they got cowpox, they did not get smallpox

“Vaccination” comes from “Vaccinia” meaning “Cowpox” in Latin

Edward Jenner (1749-1823)

“Father of Modern Chemistry”

Logical, not fanciful, names for chemicals.

Law of conservation of matter

Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794)(luh VWAH ZEE AY)

Other Contributors

His microscopes x160!

Discovered microbes and bacteria

Anton can Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) (LAY wun hook)

Mercator Projection◦ A way to map earth on a flat surface.

Gerhardus Mercator (1512-1594)

Used to believe in alchemy

Now analyze chemicals for the properties

Chemistry

Law of inverse gas pressure – “Boyle’s Law”

Avid Christian

Robert Boyle (1627-1691)

Discovered Ammonia, oxygen, nitrous oxide (laughing gas), hydrochloric acid, and carbon dioxide

Sodas!

Experimented with electricity because of Benjamin Franklin

Joseph Priestley (1733-1804)

Intellectual AttitudesSection 2

Scientific Method applied to study of man and truth

Intellectual movement known as Enlightenment

Rationalism – reason was only true source of knowledge and truth

Inductive Reasoning

Deductive Reasoning

Forerunners of the Enlightenment Approaches to Learning

Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626) English Philosopher

Novum Organum – criticized old methods for finding conclusions.◦ Hated generalizations◦ Questioned everything◦ Observation and experimentation

Inductive Reasoning – Reasoning from specific cases to a general conclusion

Inductive Reasoning

Rene Descartes (1596-1650) – French Philosopher and mathematician

Man can be deceived by senses….thus observations are inaccurate.

He doubted everything

Deductive Method – Reasoning from General to Specific

“I doubt, therefore I think; I think, therefore I am.”

Deductive Reasoning

Inductive and deductive reasoning were vital elements of the scientific method, helping scientists to understand the natural world. But could these same reasoning processes be applied to the study of man and society? Through reason, could man comprehend the spiritual realm? And what was the relationship between the physical and spiritual worlds? Philosophers of the 17th century sought answers to these questions.

Dualism – “two”

Spiritual and Physical

Cannot reason God, but can reason the physical

Believed only in reason

Descartes

Mathematical deduction to develop ideas

Pantheism

Did not view God as separate from his creation, nor a personal being

Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677)

Empiricism – all knowledge comes through experience

Babies are blank tablets – Tabula Rasa

Rejected original sin, people basically good

John Locke (1632-1704)

Philosophers – thinkers and social reformers

◦ Challenged established values and institutions◦ Religion was restrictive◦ Secular society, religious toleration, freedom of

speech, natural rights of all men◦ Believed in perfectibility

Spokesmen of the Enlightenment

Believed in natural and unalienable rights

Two Treatises of Government – base of government is consent of the governed

John Locke

Saw England as symbol of political freedom

Separation of three powers: the executive, the legislative, and the judicial

The Spirit of Laws

Influenced America

French Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)

Wit and criticism

Fought against religious and political intolerance

Hated organized religion Religion ruled by reason Freedom of the press Attacked arbitrary rule of kings and

nobles….thus kicked out of many countries

Francois-Marie Arouet…Voltaire (1694-1778)

Encyclopedie Favored emotions over reason Ideas about how children should be raised,

but abandoned own children “Father of Romanticism” Sets ground for the Romantic Age Men should do as they please Man is good The Social Contract – favored democracy

Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

Reason over Scripture Believed man not born in sin Deism –

◦ God set the world into motion…then left it

The Religion of the Englightenment

Spiritual AwakeningSection 3

Why did revivals take place?

Pietism

CFW Walther….you don’t need to know this guy

Revivals in Germany

◦ Pia Desideria (“Pious Wishes”)

◦ Collegia pietatis (“assemblies of piety”)

Philipp Spener (SHPAY nur) (1635-1705)

◦ University of Halle

◦ Missions

◦ Persecuted

August Francke (FRAHNG keh)-1663-1727

Moravians – formed through Huss◦ Reestablished 1722◦ John Wesley

Nikolaus von Zinzerdorf (TSIN tsen DORF) – 1700-1760

However….Pietists exalted experience above doctrine

Rampant Immorality

Revivals in England

Oxford Methodists Savannah, GA! Moravian conversion Persecuted What was his daily routine? Methodist had 630 preachers, 175,000

members!

John Wesley (1703-1791)

1.) Broke apathetic attitudes 2.) Domestic reform 3.) Missions 4.) Improved moral condition of England 5.) Restrained social upheaval 6.) Christian education 7.) Sunday schools 8.) Encouraged production of good Christian

literature and music

Outcomes of Wesley’s work:

Anglican minister Came to America 7 times His efforts helped further the Great

Awakening in America

George Whitefield 1714-1770

Puritans

Started strong

Revivals in America

1740-1742 Whitefield and other missionaries

The Great Awakening

Yale

Student and writer

“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” – 1741, Enfield, Connecticut

Jonathan Edwards 1703-1758

“Father of English Hymnody”

Hymns should be doctrinally sound and easily understood

“When I Survey the Wondrous Cross”

Isaac Watts 1674-1748

Charles Wesley

1.) Up to 50,000 New Englanders converted 2.) Over 150 churches established 3.) Mission work, saving Indians 4.) Schools for ministers, Princeton Univ. 5.) Brought different denominations

together

Results of the Great Awakening

Artistic ReflectionSection 4

Mannerism – 16th century◦ Reflected political and social tension of

Reformation◦ Distortion and exaggeration

The Baroque Age in Art

Greek

El Greco (1541-1614)

Varied and captures mood Negative, deformed, theatrical, ornamental Grand, dynamic, heroic, active, sensual,

emotional Began with architecture

Baroque 1600-1750

Roman plazas and colonnades

Giovanni Bernini 1598-1680

Painting, studied High Renaissance Had to have assistants

Peter Paul Rubens 1577-1640

Greatest Dutch painter Gold and warm browns Light and dark Psychological insight into man’s nature Sought to convey a message

Rembrandt van Rijn (van RINE) 1606-1669

“A Pebble” French, interior décor Delicate, feminine, “whispers”

The Rococo Style

Frivolous, decadent, artificial court life

Antoine Watteau (wah TOH) 1684-1721

Emulated the Enlightenment Resembles Greece and Rome

The Neoclassical Age in Art

What styles are American buildings?

The Baroque Age in Music

1.) Polyphony vs Homophony 2.) secular music 3.) opera, ballet, and oratorio 4.) Instrument construction, orchestra 5.) instrument accompanied vocals 6.) Italian musical markings

◦ Staccato, Crescendo, etc.

Traits of Baroque Music

Italian Orfeo – 1607 Click here to listen to a clip from Orfeo

Claudio Monteverdi 1567-1643

“English”, German immigrant Oratorios Messiah Click here to listen to “The Hallelujah Corus”

from Handel’s Messiah.

Performed in Dublin, ◦ attended by George II

George Frederick Handel 1685-1759

composed and conducted for Lutheran church

JJ – Jesu Juva “Jesus help” SDG – Soli Deo Gloria “to the glory of God

alone” Cantatas More works than we ever knew! Click here to listen to a clip from

Passion According to St. Matthew

Johann Sebastian Bach 1685-1750

1750-early 1800s From elaborate to elegance with precision,

clarity, and emotional restraint Reflects Enlightenment Favorite pastime. Piano!

The Classical Age of Music

Austrian “Father of Symphony” Click here to listen to Haydn’s Symphony No

. 94, 'Surprise', 2nd movement

Franz Joseph Haydn (HYE dn) 1732-1809

Composing by 5, performed for royalty at 6 Genius! Fame to an unmarked grave? Click here to listen to

"The Commendatore Scene" from Don Giovanni

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1756-1791

Classical to Romantic Click here to listen to Moonlight Sonata

movement 2

Ludwig van Beethoven 1790-1827

Imitation of Greeks and Romans Rules of Literature

Literature in the Age of Reason

Playwright

Moliere 1622-1673

Age of Reason, Age of Satire! Popular Phrases

Alexander Pope 1688-1744

English Satirist Gulliver’s Travels

Jonathan Swift 1667-1745

Robinson Crusoe

Daniel Defoe

Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

Edward Gibbon 1737-1794