Age of JacksonAge of Jackson

Unit IIICUnit IIIC

AP United States HistoryAP United States History

Jacksonian DemocracyJacksonian Democracy

Rise of the “common man”Rise of the “common man” Among white male society, equal opportunity was Among white male society, equal opportunity was

evidentevident Universal male suffrageUniversal male suffrage Change from caucuses to conventionsChange from caucuses to conventions Selection of electors chosen more by votersSelection of electors chosen more by voters Increase in local and state electionsIncrease in local and state elections Rise of third partiesRise of third parties Spoils system -> patronage, loyaltySpoils system -> patronage, loyalty FUNDAMENTAL QUESTION: Compare/contrast FUNDAMENTAL QUESTION: Compare/contrast

Jeffersonian Democracy and Jacksonian Jeffersonian Democracy and Jacksonian Democracy.Democracy.

D-R Split and Election of 1824D-R Split and Election of 1824

With no opposition and sectional and political With no opposition and sectional and political differences, Dem-Reps split updifferences, Dem-Reps split up

Election of 1824 has four candidates, including Election of 1824 has four candidates, including John Quincy Adams and Andrew JacksonJohn Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson

““Corrupt Bargain”Corrupt Bargain” House chose Adams over Jackson despite Jackson House chose Adams over Jackson despite Jackson

earning popular voteearning popular vote

Split among National Republicans and Jackonian Split among National Republicans and Jackonian DemocratsDemocrats

Election of 1824Election of 1824

John Quincy Adams (1825-1829)John Quincy Adams (1825-1829) Son of Federalist John AdamsSon of Federalist John Adams National Republican who favored National Republican who favored

strong central government and strong central government and federal programsfederal programs

Most of his proposals rejected by Most of his proposals rejected by a pro-Jackson Congressa pro-Jackson Congress

Alienated the South and WestAlienated the South and West Tariff of 1828 aka Tariff of Tariff of 1828 aka Tariff of

AbominationsAbominations High protective tariffHigh protective tariff Encourage northern industries; Encourage northern industries;

Southern agriculture sufferedSouthern agriculture suffered

Election of 1828Election of 1828

During Quincy During Quincy Adams’s presidency, Adams’s presidency, Jackson built a Jackson built a popular coalition, popular coalition, especially in the especially in the West and SouthWest and South

Political campaigns Political campaigns on national levelson national levels Jackson’s wifeJackson’s wife Coffin HandbillCoffin Handbill

Large turnoutLarge turnout Jackson soundly Jackson soundly

defeats Adamsdefeats Adams

““Old Hickory”Old Hickory”

Unlike the previous Unlike the previous presidentspresidents

War hero and example War hero and example of common man of common man successsuccess

Practiced the spoils Practiced the spoils systemsystem

Took office promising Took office promising a strong executivea strong executive

Endorsed states’ rightsEndorsed states’ rights

Andrew Jackson (1829-1837)Andrew Jackson (1829-1837)

Vetoed more bills by Vetoed more bills by Congress than all Congress than all predecessorspredecessors

““Kitchen Cabinet”Kitchen Cabinet” Peggy EatonPeggy Eaton Major IssuesMajor Issues

Native RemovalNative Removal Nullification CrisisNullification Crisis Bank of the United StatesBank of the United States

Jackson and Native RemovalJackson and Native Removal Jackson encouraged settlement in Jackson encouraged settlement in

Native landsNative lands Benefits white Americans to exploit Benefits white Americans to exploit

resources, Deep South wanted resources, Deep South wanted fertile land for cottonfertile land for cotton

Indian Removal Act (1830)Indian Removal Act (1830) Negotiate with Native tribes for Negotiate with Native tribes for

removal west to lands west of the removal west to lands west of the MississippiMississippi

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)(1831) Determined Native tribes not to be Determined Native tribes not to be

“foreign states” but as “domestic “foreign states” but as “domestic dependent nations” dependent nations”

Worcester v. Georgia Worcester v. Georgia (1832)(1832) Determined sovereignty of Native Determined sovereignty of Native

tribes therefore not subject to state tribes therefore not subject to state lawslaws

Apocryphal: “John Marshall had Apocryphal: “John Marshall had made his decision. Now let him made his decision. Now let him enforce it!” - Andrew Jacksonenforce it!” - Andrew Jackson

Trail of TearsTrail of Tears Many died from exposure, disease, Many died from exposure, disease,

starvationstarvation 60,000 removed; 15,000 died60,000 removed; 15,000 died

Jackson and the Nullification CrisisJackson and the Nullification Crisis Tariff of Abominations (1828)Tariff of Abominations (1828) South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828)South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828)

Inspired by Virginia and Kentucky ResolutionsInspired by Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions State could nullify federal law or possibly secede if necessaryState could nullify federal law or possibly secede if necessary

Webster-Haynes Debates (1830)Webster-Haynes Debates (1830) Senator Robert Hayne (SC) promotes nullification and states’ rightsSenator Robert Hayne (SC) promotes nullification and states’ rights Daniel Webster responds with supremacy of U.S. Constitution, Daniel Webster responds with supremacy of U.S. Constitution,

nullification/secession is treason; “Liberty and Union, now and nullification/secession is treason; “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!”forever, one and inseparable!”

Jefferson Day Dinner (1830)Jefferson Day Dinner (1830) Andrew Jackson: “Our federal Union: It must be preserved.”Andrew Jackson: “Our federal Union: It must be preserved.” John C. Calhoun: “The Union: Next to our Liberty, the most dear.”John C. Calhoun: “The Union: Next to our Liberty, the most dear.”

Tariff of 1832Tariff of 1832 Ordinance of Nullification (1832)Ordinance of Nullification (1832)

South Carolina passes nullification of Tariffs of 1828/1832South Carolina passes nullification of Tariffs of 1828/1832 Prepares military build up in preparationPrepares military build up in preparation

Force Bill (1833)Force Bill (1833) Jackson requests and granted authorization from Congress Jackson requests and granted authorization from Congress

to lead federal military to crush nullifiersto lead federal military to crush nullifiers Tariff of 1833Tariff of 1833

Henry Clay negotiates compromise to gradually lower tariff Henry Clay negotiates compromise to gradually lower tariff rates to 1816 levelsrates to 1816 levels

Jackson and the EconomyJackson and the Economy Jackson and the BankJackson and the Bank

Jackson believed Bank of U.S. as Jackson believed Bank of U.S. as unconstitutionalunconstitutional

Nicholas Biddle ran bank Nicholas Biddle ran bank effectively but “suspiciously”effectively but “suspiciously”

Bank supported by Henry Clay Bank supported by Henry Clay and Daniel Websterand Daniel Webster

Jackson denied Bank’s charterJackson denied Bank’s charter Considered a private monopolyConsidered a private monopoly A force against the common manA force against the common man Transferred funds to state banks Transferred funds to state banks

aka “pet banks”aka “pet banks” Specie Circular (1836)Specie Circular (1836)

Purchase of federal lands by gold Purchase of federal lands by gold and silver rather than bank notesand silver rather than bank notes

Panic of 1837Panic of 1837 Land speculation and price Land speculation and price

decreasedecrease Hard currency led to devalue of Hard currency led to devalue of

paper money and inflationpaper money and inflation Denial of Bank charterDenial of Bank charter Banks closed; unemployment Banks closed; unemployment

increased; depression for next five increased; depression for next five yearsyears

Second Party SystemSecond Party System American political period from 1828 to 1854 of relatively American political period from 1828 to 1854 of relatively

even party lineseven party lines National political campaigns and spoils system galvanize National political campaigns and spoils system galvanize

political partiespolitical parties Split of D-R’s leads to National Republicans and Jacksonian Split of D-R’s leads to National Republicans and Jacksonian

Democrats leads to Democrats vs. WhigsDemocrats leads to Democrats vs. Whigs Rise of third partiesRise of third parties Democrats: states’ rights, laissez-faire and free trade; equal Democrats: states’ rights, laissez-faire and free trade; equal

opportunity; South and West; working class – Andrew opportunity; South and West; working class – Andrew Jackson, Martin van BurenJackson, Martin van Buren

Whigs: American System; tariffs; strong federal government; Whigs: American System; tariffs; strong federal government; social conservatives; New England, Northerners; upper and social conservatives; New England, Northerners; upper and middle class professionals – Henry Claymiddle class professionals – Henry Clay

Anti-Masonic Party: issue party concerned about Anti-Masonic Party: issue party concerned about Freemasons, promoted economic nationalism and social Freemasons, promoted economic nationalism and social conservatism; introduced party conventionsconservatism; introduced party conventions

Liberty Party: abolitionist partyLiberty Party: abolitionist party Free Soil Party: anti-slavery party in latter yearsFree Soil Party: anti-slavery party in latter years

The End of Jacksonian DemocracyThe End of Jacksonian Democracy

Panic of 1837 and Martin van Buren’s presidency Panic of 1837 and Martin van Buren’s presidency drifted support toward Whigsdrifted support toward Whigs

Whigs nominated William Henry Harrison, a war Whigs nominated William Henry Harrison, a war hero and depicted common manhero and depicted common man

Whigs win presidency, but Harrison dies in officeWhigs win presidency, but Harrison dies in office John Tyler, a Whig, favors more Democratic John Tyler, a Whig, favors more Democratic

issuesissues The nation enters period of expansion and slaveryThe nation enters period of expansion and slavery