After Chengzus death in 1424, Chinas new emperor decided that
foreign trade was too expensive. The rest of the world seemed to
demand Chinas products more than China sought theirs. The emperor
and his advisors agreed that the nation's money should go to
strengthening the military rather than to finance commercial
voyages. China entered a period of isolation from the rest of the
world.China entered a period of isolation from the rest of the
world. While private merchants continued to trade along routs like
the Silk Road, China never again financed large voyages like those
undertaken by Zheng He. Slide 2 In the early 1800s China decided to
allow trade on a limited basis. They created the Canton System. The
Canton System only allowed Europeans to trade in the Chinese city
of Canton. China intended to limit trade and protect the Chinese
people from what they viewed as Europes negative influence. The
Canton System allowed Europeans to bring new products from their
colonies in the Western Hemisphere. These products included squash,
corn, sweet potatoes and tobacco. Chinese and Indian consumers like
the new products. They bought and planted many of the new foods.
Meanwhile, luxury items like tobacco became very popular. The
system proved profitable. Both Chinese merchants and European
trades got very rich. Slide 3 The Chinese smoked opium for hundreds
of years before the Europeans arrived. Opium us a drug made from
poppy plants. It is very strong and addictive. Today, these same
opium poppies are used to make drugs like morphine (an addictive
pain killer) and heroin. Originally, the Chinese used opium
predominantly as a medicine. However, as its use increased, many
became addicted and used it as a recreation drug (drug just for
getting high). When Europeans arrived, they began shipping
increased amounts of opium into the country. More and more people
became addicted. Even after the China outlawed the product, British
smugglers continued supplying it to Chinese citizens. Slide 4 In
the 1840s, Great Britain and China went to war over the opium
trade. Due to superior weapons, the British defeated the Chinese
relatively easily. Britain's victory in the Opium War meant the end
of the Canton system. It also resulted in China having to lease the
port city of Hong Kong to the British. Slide 5 Hong Kong was an
important center of trade in Eastern Asia. Whoever controlled Hong
Kong controlled much of the trade and wealth coming in and out of
China. Britain used its new power to impose trade policies that
allowed British traders to grow rich while China made little money.
As Britain's influence increased and more opium arrived from India,
Chinas government grew weaker and its people poorer. Japan
eventually surpassed China as the most prosperous and modern nation
in Eastern Asia. Slide 6 The Chinese government now only existed on
paper, not in reality The foreigners could do anything they wanted
to China as they only had to follow their own laws. Foreign goods
were now cheaper than Chinese goods were China was carved up into
spheres of influence which is where one nation claims there part of
China for their special privileges. Slide 7 The Chinese Republic
was set up in 1911 when it got rid of the dynasty type of rule in
China. The first ruler was Dr. Sun; the Father of the Chinese
Revolution For years Dr. Sun spread the idea that the Chinese
people should have a government of the people, by the people, and
for the people In 1912, he set up the Kuomintang. Kuomintang The
movement founded by Sun Yat-Sen to make China a modern democratic
republic. It is now a part of the Republic of China, located on the
island of Taiwan Slide 8 During the late 19 th century and into the
20 th century, China grew very unstable. Poverty and starvation led
to unrest among many of Chinas peasants. In 1912, a revolution
replaced the emperor with a Chinese republic. China was divided
from 1916 to 1926 when Chiang Kai-shek took over and united most of
China. His only nemesis was Mao Zedong and the Communist Slide 9
Slide 10 In ___________ the Chinese people revolted against the
emperor that they blamed for _____________________? 1911 Not
protecting them Slide 11 Chinese Warlords, 1920s Yuan Shi-kai Slide
12 China in 1924 Slide 13 Chiang Kai-shek Becomes President of
Nationalist China, 1928 Slide 14 Slide 15 The Long March Slide 16
There was not one Long March, but several, as various Communist
armies in the south escaped to the north and west. The Communists,
under the eventual command of Mao Zedong, escaped in a circling
retreat to the west and north, which reportedly traversed some
12,500 kilometers (8,000 miles) over 370 days. The Long March began
the ascent to power of Mao Zedong, whose leadership during the
retreat gained him the support of the members of the party. Slide
17 Mao Zedong As a Young Revolutionary (Mao Tse-tung) Slide 18
Survivors of the March Slide 19 Mao With His Children, 1930s Slide
20 Japan tries to invade China In an effort to rebuff a Japanese
invasion in 1937, Chiang collaborated with Mao Zedong and his army.
After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the United States helped to fund
Chiang and his government. Slide 21 Slide 22 The Peoples Liberation
Army, 1949 Slide 23 The Communist Victory Slide 24 Taiwan: The
Republic of China Slide 25 Jiang Jieshu (1887- 1975) (Chiang
Kai-shek) Slide 26 The Peoples Republic of China Slide 27 Reasons
for the Communists Success Mao won support of peasants land Mao won
support of women Maos army used guerilla war tactics Many saw the
Nationalist government as corrupt Many felt that the Nationalists
allowed foreigners to dominate China. Slide 28 Slide 29 Great Leap
Forward, 1958 Set up a command economy which is what? 5 year plan
to increase agriculture and industry Communes e Groups of people
who live and work together e Property held in common e Had
production quotas Failed due to poor quality of products, poor
weather hurt agriculture Millions of Chinese starved during this
period due to improper economic planning. Slide 30 Communist China
Under Mao Industrialized China Increased literacy Class privileges
ended Rural Chinese received health care One-party dictatorship
Denied people basic rights and freedoms --> Inner Mongolia,
Tibet Slide 31 Mao, Panchen Lama, Dalai Lama in Beijing, 1954 Tibet
--> an autonomous area. Tibet revolts against Chinese
Government. Dalai Lama fled in the late 1950s to India. Slide 32
Communist governments officially do not allow religion for fear of
rebellion. Slide 33 Slide 34 A Campaign Against the FOUR OLDS Old
Thoughts Old Culture Old Customs Old Habits To Rebel Is Good! Slide
35 Communist China Under Mao Designed to renew revolutionary spirit
and establish a more equitable society Mao wanted to put
intellectuals in their place Schools shut down students revolted
Red Guards students who attacked professors, government officials,
factory managers Slide 36 The first group of people to call
themselves "Red Guards" in China were a group of students at the
high school attached to Tsinghua University, led by Zhang Chengzhi;
they used the name to sign two big- character posters issued on 29
May and 2 June 1966. The group chose the name "The Red Guards" to
create an image of a mass student movement. Soon afterwards, the
news of the movements reached Mao Zedong, which organized "work
teams" across schools and replaced school administrations. Soon
afterwards, students all over Beijing were calling themselves "Red
Guards". Red Guards (1) Slide 37 A Red Guard Slide 38 During the
Cultural Revolution, the Red Guards traveled throughout China,
going to schools, universities, and institutions, spreading the
teachings of Mao. Many were violent and oppressive to those who
went against the teachings of Mao or criticized him. The role of
Red Guard was mainly to attack the "Four Olds" of society, old
ideas, cultures, manners, and customs of China at the time. The Red
Guards ransacked museums and destroyed old books and works of art
throughout China. Many famous temples, shrines, and other heritage
sites were destroyed. In total, 4,922 out of 6,843 were destroyed.
Red Guards (2) Slide 39 Red Guards March to Canton Slide 40 China
under Mao Mao launched the Cultural Revolution in 1966 as a
response to threats to his power from fellow CCP members. The
Cultural Revolution created chaos throughout China, creating
violence and driving many people to suicide. When Mao was informed
of this issue, he allegedly commented: People who try to commit
suicidedon't attempt to save them! China is such a populous nation,
it is not as if we cannot do without a few people. Mao declared the
Cultural Revolution finished in 1969, but most historians cite Maos
death in 1976 as the true end of the Revolution. A Cultural
Revolution poster featuring Mao as the never-setting sun. Slide 41
Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun. People, not
weapons, are decisive in waging war. The proletariat must forge
military strategy and tactics which can bring into play its
particular advantages, by unleashing and relying upon the
initiative and enthusiasm of the revolutionary masses. He insisted
on the need to lead the masses in carrying out revolutionary
transformations and to develop these politically, economically and
culturally in the service of advancing revolutionary warfare. What
Mao taught Beginnings of Cultural Revolution Slide 42 Re-education
was demanded to intellectuals; who finished high school education
or even lower school education. They were usually sent to country
side where they were educated to live as peasants or low class
people. Re-education Slide 43 Any books including Chinese, western
or any Asian books that weren't about the communism and Mao Zedong
Nor any items that was linked or related to western culture. Banned
Items Slide 44 Public Humiliation Trials Pull hair Force to drink
water/ other liquids Kneel in broken shards of glass Have your
alleged crimes called out to while kneeling in front of an audience
Public beating Stoning Hanging Slide 45 The Little Red Book (1) The
Little Red Book also known as Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong
has been published by the government of the Peoples Republic of
China since 1964. It is a collection of quotations excerpted from
Mao Zedong's past speeches and publications. 900 million copies of
The Little Red Book have been sold, second only to The Bible which
has been around much longer. It was essentially an unofficial
requirement for every Chinese citizen to own, to read, and to carry
it at all times during the Cultural Revolution. The punishment for
failing to produce the book upon being asked would range from being
beaten by Red Guards to being given years of hard-labor
imprisonment. Studying the book was required in schools, as well as
at workplaces. Workplaces have specified reading sessions during
working hours for workers to study the book. Slide 46 The reddest,
reddest, red sun in our heart, Chairman Mao, and us together
Zhejiang Workers, Farmers and Soldiers Art Academy collective, 1968
Maos Little Red Book Slide 47 Propaganda Poster Slide 48 Go among
the workers, peasants and soldiers, and into the thick of struggle!
1967-1972 Slide 49 Cultural Revolution Propaganda Beat our common
enemy -reformer like Liu Shao qi! Mao is great and he says
revolutionary committee is good! Mao was seen like a god The
posters show political adversaries crushed by giant workers. The
smiling image of Mao overshadows all, hovering above crowds
carrying red flags and Little Red Books. Hundreds of thousands of
copies of posters were distributed. Slide 50 Slide 51 Slide 52 Deng
Xiaoping (1905- 1997) Slide 53 De-Maoization Agriculture Industry
Science Defense Agriculture Industry Science Defense The 4
Modernizations Progress in: Class struggle was no longer the
central focus! Slide 54 Gap Between Rich & Poor Deng: If you
open a window, some flies naturally get in! Slide 55 Tiananmen
Square, 1989 More democracy! Slide 56 Tiananmen Square, 1989
Student activist, Wang Dan, Beijing University Slide 57 Tiananmen
Square, 1989 DemocracyOur Common Ideal! Slide 58 Tiananmen Square,
1989 The Goddess of Democracy Slide 59 Tiananmen Square, 1989 The
Government Clamps Down Slide 60 Tiananmen Square, 1989 One Lone
Mans Protest Slide 61 Tiananmen Square, 1989 The Massacre: The
Peoples Army Moves In Slide 62 Tiananmen Square, 1989 The Army
Looks for Dissidents Slide 63 Tiananmen Square, 1989 Student
Leaders Are Arrested Slide 64 Tiananmen Square, 1989 The
Reestablishment of Order Slide 65 China Today Slide 66 Agriculture
More people work as farmers than any other job in China. With only
10% of their land being arable, they are still the leading
producers of rice, corn, wheat and potatoes. Slide 67 Economic Boom
China has seen a huge pay-off in allowing foreign investment and
companies to enter the country. Slide 68 Good Economics = ? Many
young farmers are moving to the cities to find work. Increase in
urbanization, and pollution. Government still controls many aspects
of peoples lives. Number of children, access to internet,
newspapers, television. Slide 69 Chinas Environment
Industrialization and urbanization is causing major pollution
problems. With all of the building, the Chinese have been cutting
their forest without planting new trees They burn coal to supply
electricity trying to switch over to hydropower by building the
Three Gorge Dam on the Yangtze River. The dam will be the largest
hydropower station and dam in the world, with a 1.2 mile stretch of
concrete and a 370 mile-long reservoir. It will produce as much
power as 15 coal burning plants.
