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African Utility Week
Cape Town 14 March 2011
Capacity Building Workshop –
Implementing WC/WDM Projects:
Programme Fundamentals
Workshop Agenda
1. Welcome and Introductions
2. Objective of Workshop
3. WC/WDM and NRW Reduction Basics
4. Institutional Approaches and Interventions
5. Technical Approaches and Interventions
6. Performance Management and KPI’s
7. Implementing WC/WDM and NRW: Case Studies
8. Challenges to Local Government and DWA
9. General Discussion
Objective of Workshop
1. Provide some background theory
2. Present some ideas on practically implementing theory
3. Table some lessons learned
4. See what is happening in the Province
5. Discuss challenges
6. Knowledge transfer to DWAF officials – more informed Clients
WC/WDM and NRW Reduction Basics
• WC/WDM framework diagram
• IWA Water Balance
• Terminology
• Programme Workflow
• Strategy Design and Implementation
• Approaches to Real Losses
• Approaches to Apparent Losses
ELEMENTS OF WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT
SUPPLY SIDE MANAGEMENT
The goal of supply side
management is to ensure
that the supply can meet the
demand for water
DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENTThe goal of demand side management is to ensure that the demand for
water is kept to an economical and socially acceptable minimum
Management of Water Resources and
Capacity Assessments
Resource Assessments
• catchment yield predictions
• groundwater yield predictions
• recycling of treated water
• EIA’s
• sourceworks planning
• catchment monitoring, demand
forecasting, etc
Protection of Resources
• usage & effluent control legis.
• bulk water utility control legis.
Provision of Sourceworks
• large dam construction
• water diversion works
• water treatment plants
• ground water extraction plants
• bulk water distribution & storage
Consumer Conservation
& Education Measures
WSA Financial &
Administrative
Management Measures
Distribution & Operational
Management Measures
Consumption Survey &
Analysis
• ID of key consumer sectors
Consumer Awareness &
Education
• use of public media
• school education
Consumption Control
• water saving devices
• regulation of fittings &
appliances
• grey water recycling
• punitive tariff structure
• local supply restriction
• regulation of consumption
• consumer installation
maintenance
Bulk Water Purchases/Meter
Monitoring/Consumer Meter
Audits
• meter accuracy checking
• consumer registration check
Re-instatement/Upgrading of
Income Recovery Systems
• reinstatement strategies
• social surveys
• community involvement
• meter reading systems
• billing systems
• financial systems
• debt recovery
Tariff Structuring
• lifeline tariffs
• stepped tariff structures
Quality of Service Management
• customer complaints control
• definition of service levels
• quality of service monitoring
• public relations management
System Information
Annual Water Audits
System Design Standards
Reactive Leak Repairs
• leak & burst
reporting/detection systems
• reaction time monitoring
• valve maintenance
Active Leak Detection & Repair
• establishment of DMA’s
• leak detection and repair
Water Pressure Management
• ID of pressure zones
• pressure control planning
• installation of pressure control
devices
Distribution System
Maintenance
• mains replacement program
• mains, valves, meters, reservoir
control equipment inspection and
rehabilitation
IWA Standard Water Balance
System Input
Volumem3/year
Authorised Consumption
m3/year
Billed Authorised Consumption
m3/year
Billed Metered Consumption
Revenue Waterm3/year
Billed Unmetered Consumption
Unbilled Authorised Consumption
m3/year
Unbilled, Metered Consumption
Non-Revenue Water
m3/year
Unbilled Unmetered Consumption
Water Lossesm3/year
Apparent Lossesm3/year
Illegal Connections
Metering Inaccuracies
Real Lossesm3/year
Mains Leaks
Reservoir Overflows
Service Connection Leaks
Free Basic Water
Non-Indigent
Consumption
Standard Definitions for International Use:
System Input Volume
The volume of water input to a transmission system or a
distribution system
Authorised Consumption
The volume of metered and/or unmetered water taken by
registered customers, the water supplier and others who are
implicitly or explicitly authorised to do so by the water supplier,
for domestic, commercial and industrial purposes. It includes
water exported.
Water Losses
The water losses of a system are calculated as:
Water Losses = System Input Volume – Authorised Consumption
Water losses can be considered as a total volume for the
whole system, or for partial systems such as raw water mains,
transmission or distribution. Water losses consist of Real and
Apparent losses, and are effectively identical to the previous
IWA definition of Unaccounted-for Water.
Real Losses
Physical water losses from a pressurised system, up to the
point of consumer metering. The volume lost through all types
of leaks, bursts and overflows depends on frequencies, flow
rates and average durations of individual leaks
Apparent Losses
Consist of unauthorised consumption (theft or illegal use), and
all types of inaccuracies associated with bulk metering and
customer metering. Under-registration of bulk meters, and
over-registration of customer meters, leads to under-estimation
of real losses. Over-registration of bulk meters, and under-
registration of customer meters, leads to over-estimation of
real losses
Non-Revenue Water
The difference between the System Input Volume and Billed
Authorised Consumption
NRW Programme Implementation Workflow
Preparation
&
prioritisation
Real loss reduction
Apparent loss reduction
Infrastructure Assessment &
Upgrade
Meeting &
sustaining
NRW target
levels
System maintenance
Quality Assurance
Financial Management
Programme Management
Monitoring & Evaluation
Billed Volume improvements
Consumer Education and Awareness
IDP
• National Water Act• National Water
Regulations• WC/WDM framework• International best practice
WSDP
Influenced by
Informed by
Non-Revenue Water Reduction Strategy
ImplementationSTRATEGIC
FOCUSOPERATIONAL FOCUS
TARGETS
Key Result Areas (KRA’s)
Key Performance Measures (KPM’s)
Key Performance Indicators (KPI’s)
Quality Assurance
Monitoring and Evaluation
Financial Management
Resource Management
Consumer Education and Awareness
Key NRW Document
Monitored By Examples
Strategic Master Plan
(5-year)
Client / Auditor
•Target NRW % by Volume •Target ILI•100% metered connection•All bulk meters installed•100% record drawings on GIS
NRW Reduction Work Plan
(3-year)
Client / NRW Consultant
•Average supply zone pressure•NRW reduction to date (volume and financial)•IWA indicators
NRW Reduction Intervention Plan
(1-year)
Client / NRW Consultant
•№ new pressure zones created•№ bulk meters installed•Length of mains replaced•Length of mains surveyed (leak detection)•№ leaks repaired
4-Component Approach to Reducing Real Losses
• Infrastructure replacement (including rezoning + replacing connections)
• Reservoir overflows (including response time)
• Reservoir integrity (leaks)
• Response time to pipe breaks
• Rezoning (to tighter pressure zones)
• Advanced pressure management (optimising existing + controllers)
• Leak detection – connections
• Leak detection – mains
• Losses on unmetered & illegal connections (formal & informal)
4-Component Approach to Reducing
Apparent Losses• Meter all connections
• Remove all illegal connections
• Meter replacement programme
• Meter verification on large meters
• Sprinkler connections – ID & meter
• Low volume connections (on-site storage/Class D)
• Meter reader audit/accuracy
• Data handling/integrity checks
• Correct meter sizing (bulk consumers) & installation
Technical Approaches and
Interventions
• System Optimisation Model
• IWA Key Performance Indicators
• Master Planning and Modelling Principles
• Impact of Interventions on Water Balances
• Strategic Planning Considerations
• Influence, Impact and Dependency Models
Phase 1
“System Assessment”
• System knowledge• Water balance
• Key Performance Indicators• Identify problems• Quantify problems• Target Setting
• Identify cost-effective intervention
• Prioritise intervention
Phase 2
“System Optimisation”
Minimise LossesApparent Loss Control:• Meter Testing & Calibration
• Bulk Meter AMR• Database integrity• Field verification
• Enhanced Customer Billing Systems
Maximise Income:• Correct Consumer Meter
Selection & Sizing• Meter Maintenance & Replacement• Automatic Meter Reading (AMR)
• Consumption control • Illegal connection management
• Cost recovery
System Optimisation Model: Minimise Losses
Real Loss Control:• Review of Service Supply Standards
• Optimal Zoning• Pressure Management
• Leak Detection and Repair• Reservoir Control• Energy Management
• Key component maintenance• Materials management
Billing Systems
Maximise Financial Efficiency
Maximise Operational Efficiency
IWA Key Performance Indicators
Water
ResourcesOperational Financial
Level 1
PI
Level 2
PI
Level 3
PI
Inefficiency of use
of water
resources (%)
Water Losses
(m3/service
connection/year)
Real Losses
(litres/service
connection/day)
Non-Revenue
Water by volume
(%)
Apparent Losses
(litres/service
connection/year)
Infrastructure
Leakage Index (-)
Non-Revenue
Water by cost (%)
Master Planning and Modelling Principles:
• Theoretical maximum impact on NRW volumes
• System attrition (natural rate of rise of leakage)
• Institutional constraints
• Budget constraints
• Recovery/Gain factors per intervention
• Time frames
• Cost-effectiveness
Infrastructure Improvements
• Ensure all baseline meters are installed
• Install/upgrade district meter installations
• Ensure/create distinct & discrete supply zones
• Create new pressure supply zones (20-60m
/30-80m)
• On-line flow/pressure monitoring system
• Reservoir repair
Revenue/Billed Volume Improvements
• Meter all connections
• Meter all recreational facilities/institutional use
• Housing developments (housing bulk vs individual)
• Institutional controls (Water Services & Construction)
• Meters not in billing database
• Illegal connections....
• Leaks on private property?
How do we decrease NRW volumes?
1. Decrease Real Losses – decrease System
Input Volume (Water Demand Management)
2. Decrease Apparent Losses – decrease System
Input Volume + Increase Billing (Water
Demand Management + Water
Conservation)
3. Increase (Billed) Metered Consumption – do
not affect System Input Volume (?)
System Input
Volumem3/year
Authorised Consumption
m3/year
Billed Authorised Consumption
m3/year
Billed Metered Consumption
Revenue Waterm3/year
Billed Unmetered Consumption
Unbilled Authorised Consumption
m3/year
Unbilled, Metered Consumption
Non-Revenue Water
m3/year
Unbilled Unmetered Consumption
Water Lossesm3/year
Apparent Lossesm3/year
Illegal Connections
Metering Inaccuracies
Real Lossesm3/year
Mains Leaks
Reservoir Overflows
Service Connection Leaks
Seeing it in action…..
System Input
Volumem3/year
Authorised Consumption
m3/year
Billed Authorised Consumption
m3/year
Billed Metered Consumption
Revenue Waterm3/year
Billed Unmetered Consumption
Unbilled Authorised Consumption
m3/year
Unbilled, Metered Consumption
Non-Revenue Water
m3/year
Unbilled Unmetered Consumption
Water Lossesm3/year
Apparent Lossesm3/year
Illegal Connections
Metering Inaccuracies
Real Lossesm3/year
Mains Leaks
Reservoir Overflows
Service Connection Leaks
1.2.3.
System Input
Volumem3/year
Authorised Consumption
m3/year
Billed Authorised Consumption
m3/year
Billed Metered Consumption
Revenue Waterm3/year
Billed Unmetered Consumption
Unbilled Authorised Consumption
m3/year
Unbilled, Metered Consumption
Non-Revenue Water
m3/year
Unbilled Unmetered Consumption
Water Lossesm3/year
Apparent Lossesm3/year
Illegal Connections
Metering Inaccuracies
Real Lossesm3/year
Mains Leaks
Reservoir Overflows
Service Connection Leaks
System Input
Volumem3/year
Authorised Consumption
m3/year
Billed Authorised Consumption
m3/year
Billed Metered Consumption
Revenue Waterm3/year
Billed Unmetered Consumption
Unbilled Authorised Consumption
m3/year
Unbilled, Metered Consumption
Non-Revenue Water
m3/year
Unbilled Unmetered Consumption
Water Lossesm3/year
Apparent Lossesm3/year
Illegal Connections
Metering Inaccuracies
Real Lossesm3/year
Mains Leaks
Reservoir Overflows
Service Connection Leaks
Strategic Planning Concepts Informing
NRW Reduction
1. Available interventions
2. Extending asset lifespan
3. Economic level of intervention
4. Active leak detection
5. Sustainable leak detection
Strategic Planning Concepts Informing NRW
Reduction – Available Interventions
• Infrastructure replacement
• Pressure management (rezoning)
• PRV Maintenance
• Active leak detection and repair
• Reservoir overflows (including response time)
• Reservoir integrity (leaks)
• Advanced pressure management (optimising existing + controllers)
• Retrofitting/internal plumbing repair?
Strategic Planning Concepts Informing NRW
Reduction – Extending Asset Lifespan
Asset Age (years)
Ra
te o
f d
ete
rio
rati
on
or
con
dit
ion
or
lev
el
of
lea
ka
ge
20 30
Design life
Service life
Strategic Planning Concepts Informing NRW
Reduction – Extending Asset Lifespan
Asset Age (years)
Ra
te o
f d
ete
rio
rati
on
Pressure management
extends life of asset
Active leak detection
and repair extends
life of asset
Asset
replacement
*Economic level
of intervention
*ICF tests
Strategic Planning Concepts Informing NRW
Reduction – Decreasing Asset Lifespan
Asset Age (years)
Ra
te o
f d
ete
rio
rati
on
Asset
replacement
Operational
mismanagement
and neglect
Incorrect
expenditure
Loss of
institutional
knowledge
Poor quality
of construction/
installation
Strategic Planning Concepts Informing NRW
Reduction – Extending Asset Lifespan
Asset Age (years)
Exp
en
dit
ure
20 30
Capex
(actual)
Opex
(actual)Opex
(budget)
Strategic Planning Concepts Informing NRW
Reduction – Leak Repair
event
awareness
location
repair
Time (days/weeks/months)
Lea
k v
olu
me
cannot control can control
how long?
how
accurate?
how well?
Strategic Planning Concepts Informing NRW
Reduction – Active Leak Detection
Asset Age (years)
Ra
te o
f d
ete
rio
rati
on
Leak detection carried
out here…
…. is quite
different to leak
detection carried
out here…
Strategic Planning Concepts Informing NRW
Reduction – Leak RepairN
um
be
r o
f le
ak
s/
Lea
k v
olu
me
Leak detection surveys
1 2 3 4
Visible leaksNon-visible leaks
Where to stop?
Economic level of intervention?
Strategic Planning Concepts Informing NRW
Reduction – Intervention Priority
Real Loss
Reduction
Intervention
Preferred Priority
Implementation
Order
Relative Benefit
Ranking
Relevant Cost
Ranking
Relevant
Implementation
Time Ranking
Pressure
Management
1 1 1 1
Active Leak
Detection
2 3 2 2
Speed &
Quality of
Repair
3 4 3 3
Mains
rehabilitation/
replacement
4 2 4 4
Strategic Planning Concepts Informing NRW
Reduction – Sub-Optimal Mains Replacement
Strategic Planning Concepts Informing NRW
Reduction – Sub-Optimal Mains ReplacementM
inim
um
Nig
ht
Flo
w (
m3
/hr)
/
Re
al
Loss
Vo
lum
es
Time
High MNF/ real loss
identified and prioritised
for replacement
Mains replacement programme rolls out:
proving, design, replacement, O&M, handover
of targeted, assumed problematic pipe size and material
You think you’re heading here
….. BUT
During construction, O&M and recommissioning:
1.Wastage and (lack of) QC increases leakage volumes
2.Pressure in system increases
3.Excess and abnormal strain put on adjacent infrastructure
4.Overall (and assumed temporary) increase in losses
Replaced infrastructure put back into commission:
1.Losses remain at same levels before replacement or
2.Higher than before replacement
3.Improved system pressure forces other weak points to fail
4.Other real loss reduction interventions will still be necessary
5.An already expensive intervention becomes more expensive
You might end up here…..
Examples of Institutional Assessment
1. "Impact" refers to the impact of other areas
of operation/activity on NRW
targets/activities
2. "Influence" refers to what influence NRW has
on other areas of operation/activity
3. "Dependency" refers to the reliance of NRW
activities on external roleplayers to achieve
NRW targets
0
1
2
3
4
5
Head: Water & Sanitation
Exco
Councillors
Customer Services
Technical Support
Operations
Special Projects
Communications
Umgeni Water
Engineering & Data Services
Design
Planning
Rural Operations
Construction
Water Services
Water Services: Technical
Education & Liaison
Area Managers
Housing
Control Valves
eThekwini Water & Sanitation - Strategic NRW Master Plan
Impact of Other Areas of Operation on NRW Targets/Activities
Baseline Impact Target +5 years
0
1
2
3
4
5
Head: Water & Sanitation
Exco
Councillors
Customer Services
Technical Support
Operations
Special Projects
Communications
Umgeni Water
Engineering & Data Services
Design
Planning
Rural Operations
Construction
Water Services
Water Services: Technical
Education & Liaison
Area Managers
Housing
Control Valves
eThekwini Water & Sanitation - Strategic NRW Master Plan
Influence of NRW on Other Areas of Operation
Baseline Influence Target +5 years Influence
0
1
2
3
4
5
Head: Water & Sanitation
Exco
Councillors
Customer Services
Technical Support
Operations
Special Projects
Communications
Umgeni Water
Engineering & Data Services
Design
Planning
Rural Operations
Construction
Water Services
Water Services: Technical
Education & Liaison
Area Managers
Housing
Control Valves
eThekwini Water & Sanitation - Strategic NRW Master Plan
Dependency of NRW on Other Areas of Operation
Baseline Dependency Target +5 years Dependency