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African Trading States. Swahili States, Great Zimbabwe, Mali, and Songhay. Geography. Savannas-vast stretches of grasslands Tropical rain forests- receive over 100 inches of rain a year and include areas of jungle - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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African Trading States
Swahili States, Great
Zimbabwe, Mali, and Songhay
Geography
Savannas-vast stretches of grasslands
Tropical rain forests- receive over 100 inches of rain a year and include areas of jungle
Jungles- dense tangles of plants and trees that grow wherever sunlight reaches
Lakes Lake Chad Lake Victoria-
the source of the Nile in southern Uganda
Lake Victoria
Victoria Falls
Bantu Bantu originated
in west-central Sub-Saharan Africa
Linguists have determined the migration of Sub-Saharan people by following the growth of Bantu
Sub-Saharan Africa
The Power
of Words The history and
culture of Africa has been discovered through oral traditions.
Storytelling, poems, and songs passed by word of mouth.
• End of Aksum kingdom, 700s A.D.
• Major African trading states emerged 700s A.D.
• Gold, ivory, hides, tortoise shells, and imported porcelain and weapons and sold slaves
Where we left off…
The Price of Ivory
Poaching as seen from the air
Swahili• Muslim settlers
from Persia and Arabia
• Swahili emerged in East Africa
• Spoke a Bantu language with Persian and Arabic influences
• Cities: Mogadishu, Pate and MombasaLadysmith Black Mambazo
Trade Emerges• Gold trade went from central Africa to the coast
• Tribes competed for control of the mining and trade of gold
• Shona gained control of trade and mines
• Great Zimbabwe- Shona fortress
African Woman Adorned in Gold
Shona Medici
ne Man
Great Enclosure in Zimbabwe
West Africa• Important to control
trade routes in Sahara (gold, salt)
• Gold-for-salt exchange prominent in West Africa
• Rulers led elaborate ceremonies and administered justice
Salt Caravan
Modest vs. Elaborate
African Christian Kingdoms• Christian
kingdoms of Nubia and Ethiopia resisted Muslim encroachment
• Practiced Coptic version of Christianity
Ghana• Est. 300s A.D. in
Sahel grasslands of Africa
• Converted to Islam in the 10th century
• First great west African empire
• Took part in gold-for-salt trade and developed agriculture on the Niger River
Ghanaian Kings• Powerful and
wealthy• Ghana peaked
around A.D. 1050• Most powerful kings,
Tunka Manin, ruled 1067 A.D.
• Manin led 200,000 warriors
• 1076 Berbers launched jihad into African grasslands (Mali)
Sudanic States
• Effective control of subordinate societies and control of their sovereignty defines an empire
• Ghana, Mali, and Songhay fit that
Mali• Mali, created by Malinke
in 13th century• Agricultural, Islamicized,
and depended on gold reserves
• Juula- Malinke merchants• Sundiata, founder of
Mali’s empire was celebrated by griots, Malian story tellers and Ibn Battuta
Mali• Region was once Ghana
and upper Niger River• Peaked under Mansa
Mūsā in early 1300s• Mansa Mūsā took
pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324
• Mūsā favored education and built a university in Timbuktu => succession dispute
• 1468 A.D. Sonni ‘Alī took over and set up Songhai kingdom
Mansa Mūsā
Sonni ‘Alī
Jenne Mosque in Timbuktu
Present-day Timbuktu
Ancient Mali
Songhai• Sonni ‘Alī expanded the
kingdom extensively• Military, territory,
education, and buildings
• Mohammed I Askia- heir
• Under Askia, Timbuktu became major trading center
• Declined after Askia’s death due to tribal warfare
Niger River