AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK GROUP · as with the Bank’s CSP (2012-2016) for Burkina Faso whose first pillar is “the development of transformative and growth-supporting infrastructure”

PROJECT : REHABILITATION OF THE GOUNGHIN - FADA N’GOURMA -

PIEGA – NIGER BORDER ROAD

COUNTRY : BURKINA FASO

SUMMARY ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA)

Project

Preparation Team

Project Team

Sector Director

Regional Director

Division Manager

M. NDIAYE-DIOP, Transport Engineer, OITC.1

A. KARANGA, Transport Economist, OITC.1

B. YOUGBARE, Infrastructure Specialist, OITC.1/BFFO

A. KERE OUEDRAOGO, BFFO

W. DHOUIBI, Procurement Officer, BFFO

M.A. DIALLO, Senior Financial Management Officer, MLFO/ORPF

M. KINANE, Principal Environmentalist, ONEC.3

H. P. SANON, Socio-Economist, ONEC.3

Amadou OUMAROU

Abdelatif BERNOUSSI

Jean Kizito KABANGUKA

AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK GROUP

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SUMMARY ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA)

Project Name: GOUNGHIN - FADA N’GOURMA - PIEGA – NIGER

BORDER ROAD REHABILITATION PROJECT

Code SAP: P- BF-

DB0-018

Country: BURKINA FASO

Department: OITC Division: OITC-1

1. INTRODUCTION

The project to rehabilitate and pave the Gounghin – Fada N’Gourma – Piéga – Niger border section

of National Road 4 on CU2a Corridor of the WAEMU road network is part of WAEMU Commission’s

Action Plan for Road Infrastructure and Transport (PACITR). The CU2a is also on the Dakar-Niamey

Corridor, a priority of PIDA which seeks to modernize the regional transport infrastructure network

in Africa.

This 218 km road section is in an advanced state of degradation. In accordance with the Bank’s

Integrated Safeguard System (ISS) and national requirements, this project is classified in Category 1.

Accordingly, this summary has been prepared based on AfDB environmental and social assessment

guidelines and procedures for Category 1 projects.

It starts with a presentation of the project description and rationale, followed by the legal and

institutional framework in Burkina Faso. A brief description of the main environmental conditions of

the project area is given for each road section, focusing on its physical, biological and human

components. Variants and alternatives are compared in terms of technical, economic, environmental

and social feasibility. Then follows a presentation of the most significant positive and negative impacts

on the biophysical and human (socio-economic) environments. The next part concerns the

rehabilitation and mitigation measures proposed to boost project benefits and/or prevent, reduce,

mitigate or offset any negative impact, as well as the monitoring programme. The public consultations

held, as well as additional initiatives implemented under the project, are also presented. The document

concludes with a summary of climate change-related risks and the proposed adaptation and mitigation

measures.

2. POLITICAL, LEGAL, ADMINISTRATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Legal Framework of Burkina Faso

Burkina Faso’s legal and regulatory framework on environmental and social issues comprises the

following main instruments:

The Environment Code (Law No. 005/97/ADP of 30 January 1997) which stipulates in

Section 17 that activities likely to have a significant environmental impact shall be

subject to the prior opinion of the Minister in charge of the Environment. The opinion

is issued on the basis of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) or an

Environmental Impact Notice (EIN).

Decree No. 2001-342/PRES/PM/MEE of 17 July 2001 defining the scope, content and

procedure of the EIA and EIN. In accordance with this decree, the project is classified

in Category A (equivalent to AfDB’s Category 1) and is therefore subject to the prior

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conduct of an ESIA. This provision helps to meet the Bank’s Operational Safeguard

(OS-1) requirements;

Law No. 014/96/ADP of 23 May 1996 on agrarian and land reorganization (RAF)

governs expropriation and compensation issues. As regards expropriation, Section 295

stipulates that any holder of real property rights can be obliged to transfer them

“whenever public utility or the general interest so requires, after fair and prior

compensation”. Such expropriation in the public interest must follow the stages

indicated in Section 301, namely: “the declaration of intent to undertake a project in the

public interest; public utility investigation; declaration of public utility; plot

investigation; declaration of transferability and negotiation of transferability.” Section

315 specifies that “expropriation shall only apply to goods and real property rights”. As

regards compensation, Section 310 provides that “failing an amicable agreement,

expropriation shall be pronounced and compensations determined by the expropriation

judge of the place where the property is located”. However, unlike OS-2, this law does

not explicitly demand the preparation of a resettlement or compensation plan

beforehand. In addition to this provision, the Bank’s OS-2 will be applied.

The Forestry Code: Law No. 006/97/ADP/ of 31 January 1997 provides, under Section

50, that the implementation of any major works that require large-scale clearing shall

be subject to prior authorization based on an Environmental Impact Assessment.

Burkina Faso ratified the biodiversity conventions. All these provisions help to meet

the Bank’s OS-3 requirements.

Decree No. 2001-185/PRE/PM/MEE of 7 May 2001 defining the standards norms for

discharging pollutants into the air, water and soil and Decree No. 98

322/PRES/PM/MEE/MIHU/MATS/MEF/MEM/MCC/MCIA of 28 July 1998 laying

down conditions for opening dangerous, insanitary and nuisance-causing

establishments (DINE). In 1998, Burkina Faso adopted the national water policy, with

the overall objective of contributing to sustainable development by providing adequate

solutions to water-related problems. Burkina Faso also ratified conventions related to

POPs, PIPs and other pollutants. These provisions are consistent with OS-4

requirements.

Law No. 028-2008/AN of 13 May 2008 instituting the Burkina Faso Labour Code and

Law No. 23/94/ADP of 9 May 1994 instituting the Public Health Code define, in their

fundamental principles, “the rights and duties inherent in social protection and

promotion of the health of the population and workers”, as well as “the promotion of

environmental sanitation”. The same applies to the national public hygiene policy

(PNHP). These provisions help to meet OS-5 requirements.

Burkina Faso has also adopted provisions governing environmental and social safeguards and climate

change; they include:

the National Adaptation Plan adopted in 2015 based on the results of the analysis of

climate change vulnerability conducted in identified priority sectors (agriculture,

livestock, water, forestry and natural ecosystems, energy, infrastructure, housing,

health, etc.) and climate change scenarios by 2025-2050;

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the COP-21 commitments taken by Burkina Faso (see section on Climate Change);

the National Gender Policy adopted in July 2009.

2.2 International Conventions

The main conventions ratified by Burkina Faso and applicable to the project are: (i) the Convention on

Biodiversity and World Heritage (Nairobi, December 1993) which supplements the Convention on

Biological Diversity (Rio 1992); (ii) the Convention to Combat Desertification in countries seriously

affected by drought and/or desertification (Paris, June 1994); (iii) the Ramsar Convention (1971) on

the protection of wetlands; (iv) the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural

Resources (Algiers, 1968) ; (v) the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

(1992) ; (vi) the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES-1975), amended

at Gaborone (South Africa, 1983); (vii) Bamako Convention on the management of dangerous waste

in Africa (Bamako, 30 January 1991); and (viii) commitments made by Burkina Faso during COP-21

(Paris, 12 December 2015).

2.3 Institutional Framework in Burkina Faso

At the institutional level, the project will involve several categories of actors, such as:

the Ministry of the Environment, Green Economy and Climate Change, through the

National Environmental Assessment Office (BUNEE) and the Department of Green

Economy and Climate Change;

the Ministry of Infrastructure, through the General Directorate of Standardization,

Engineering Studies and Control (DGNETC) and the General Directorate of Road

Infrastructure (DGIR), as well as the Ministry of Territorial Administration,

Decentralization and Internal Security, through the local authorities concerned.

2.4 For the African Development Bank (AfDB)

The Integrated Safeguards System (ISS) through five operational safeguards (OS):

Operational Safeguard 1: Environmental and Social Assessment;

Operational Safeguard 2: Involuntary Resettlement, Land Expropriation, Population

Displacement and Compensation;

Operational Safeguard 3: Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services;

Operational Safeguard 4: Pollution Prevention and Control, Greenhouse Gases,

Hazardous Materials and Efficient Resource Use;

Operational Safeguard 5: Working Conditions, Health and Safety.

Other relevant policies and guidelines remain applicable once triggered under the ISS. The main ones

include:

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the Bank’s Gender Policy (2001);

the Framework for Enhanced Engagement with Civil Society Organizations (2012);

the Disclosure and Access to Information Policy (2012);

the Handbook on Stakeholder Consultation and Participation in Bank Operations

(2001)

the Bank Policy on Population and Implementation Strategy (2002) ;

Environmental and Social Assessment Procedures for African Development Bank’s

Operations (2014).

3. PROJECT RATIONALE AND DESCRIPTION

3.1 Rationale

Although this road section is in an advanced state of degradation, the section from the Niger border to

Niamey is in a very good state. The project falls Pillar 1 of SCADD namely, “Development of

accelerated growth pillars” aimed mainly at constructing and rehabilitating road corridors so as to

facilitate transportation of goods, passenger and agricultural produce.

The Bank’s involvement in the project is also justified by the fact that it is fully consistent with its

2013-2022 Ten-Year Strategy in which infrastructure is one of the priority operational areas, as well

as with the Bank’s CSP (2012-2016) for Burkina Faso whose first pillar is “the development of

transformative and growth-supporting infrastructure”. It is also consistent with the Bank’s Regional

Integration Strategy Paper (RISP, 2011-2015) for West Africa whose first pillar is “the connection of

regional markets”. In addition, the project is consistent with the Bank’s five key priorities since it

reinforces regional integration within WAEMU, improves the movement of goods and people, fosters

human and economic development, improves the living standards of the local population, and

contributes to the transportation of agricultural production and access to productive resources and

markets.

3.2 Project Objectives and Components

The project’s sector goal is to help reinforce regional integration and intra-regional trade in the

WAEMU zone. Its specific objectives are to improve road service levels and the living conditions of

people in the project area (PA).

The project components are as follows:

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COMPONENTS AND SUB-COMPONENTS

COST

ESTIMATES

in CFAF Million

ROAD WORKS 100,542.50

Road works 95,310.00

Works supervision 4,765.50

Implementation of ESMP, including sensitization of the PA population and road users on HIV/AIDS

and environmental preservation 467.00

RELATED ACTIVITIES 7,523.00

Urban and sub-urban roads 1,500.00

Development of related road 2,600.00

Improvement of road safety: construction of surrounding walls, road safety information, sensitization

and training by ONASER 1,000.00

Construction and equipment of women’s centres in Gounghin, Diapango, Fada N'Gourma, Matiacoali

and Kantchari 430.00

Support for women’s and youth socio-economic empowerment (supply of produce processing materials

and equipment, vocational training, association management and technical assistance) 1,500.00

Construction of 30 boreholes along the road 288.00

Control and supervision of related activities 205.00

TRANSPORT FACILITATION 1,200.00

Construction of a fixed weighing station in Nagréongo 1,000.00

Technical, economic, environmental and social study on the construction of PCJs in Mossi Paga 200.00

SUPPORT FOR THE TRANSPORT SECTOR 2,046.00

Road studies 700.00

Cartographic studies 771.00

ONASER study 150.00

Study on river navigability 425.00

PROJECT MANAGEMENT 3,665.00

Accounting and financial audit 100.00

Technical and road safety audit 300.00

Monitoring-evaluation of socio-economic impacts 200.00

Monitoring of ESMP implementation 65.00

FAPE implementation and monitoring of women’s and youth socio-economic empowerment activities 50.00

Operating costs of the executing agency 1,050.00

Technical assistance 400.00

Compensation for economic losses 1,500.00

The total project cost is estimated at UA 162.21 million, which is equivalent to EUR 204.39 million

or CFAF 134.059 billion. The project will be financed by AfDB, JICA, the European Union, WAEMU

and the Government of Burkina Faso.

The figure below shows the project area and various lots.

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Figure 1: Map of Project Area

Figure 2: Presentation of the various Project Lots

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3.3 Current State of the Road

The road section considered for rehabilitation is in an advanced state of degradation, particularly in

towns and villages situated in the project area. This situation affects the local population, especially

their mobility, the development of socio-economic activities, and public health.

3.4 Main Inputs Required

Water: Water will also be widely consumed during this project. Significant volumes are necessary

for concrete-making, optimum compacting of different layers of materials constituting the roadway

and cleaning operations in worksite camps. The possible sites of water supply for the works are the

retaining reservoirs indicated in Table 1 below.

Table 1

Water resource for the works

Location P.K Characteristics Remarks

Baskouré 12 Baskoure reservoir Semi-perennial source

Kabeiga 24 Kabiega reservoir Semi-perennial source

Kolouko 30 Kouloko reservoir Semi-perennial source

Diapangou 60 Diapangou reservoir Semi-perennial source

Fada N'Gourma 80 Fada N'Gourma reservoir Perennial source

Ougarou 150 Ougarou reservoir Semi-perennial source

Naloungou 208 Nalougou reservoir Semi-perennial source

Sampieri 213 Sampieri reservoir Perennial source

Village reservoir 237 Village reservoir Semi-perennial source

TOTAL 9 Water points

Source: Consultant’s survey

Almost all these water sources are semi-perennial, whereas works will require additional water.

Therefore, the contractor will therefore need to construct boreholes that will be handed over to the

local population on completion of works.

Fuel: The operation of worksite equipment and vehicles will require the supply of fuel and lubricants

(oil and grease). Accidental spillage of these products is a source of environmental pollution. The

same applies to waste generated from their use (used oil).

Laterite borrow sites: Borrow sites for lateritic materials likely to be used during the works have been

identified. The project implementation will require the excavation of large borrow areas. For this

project, 36 lateritic gravel borrow zones of average exploitable area of 3.5 ha/borrow have been

identified. In all, about 126 ha will be excavated.

Rock quarries: For this project, six (6) rock quarry zones have been identified. The average exploitable

area is 3.5 ha/per quarry, making a total of 21 ha. Taking into account the results of rock sample tests,

the intrinsic characteristics of quarries at PK 47+900, PK 86+200, PK 102+400 and PK 112+900 are

satisfactory to be used for sand-asphalt mixture and sealing coat. All the six quarries are convenient

for underwater concrete. The Wayen quarry, used for the NR 4 works between Ouagadougou and

Koupela from 2005 to 2007, can also be excavated.

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Table 2

Rock Quarries: Summary of the Results of Rock Samples

PK Nature

47+900 Crushed granite






Sand deposits: Several natural sand deposits were identified in the project area. They consist of

washed round small-grain sand (D max = 2 mm).

Table 3

Summary of sand sites

Yanwega – Bissiga roadAbout 50 km from NR4 in the

Gounghin zone0/5 90 -

PK 116+300 on NR4 On both sides of the road 0/5 95 3.37

Kantchari – Boulmantiagou road At PK4+700 0/5 88 3.59

Labour: Worksite needs in terms of number of workers to be mobilized have not yet been estimated.

Meanwhile, labour-intensive works will be prioritized, especially clearing works, cleaning of

structures, etc. In all, over 3,000 S/H will be created for direct and indirect jobs during project

implementation.

4. DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT ENVIRONMENT

4.1 Definition of Study Zones

The 218 km Gounghin-Fada N’Gourma-Piéga–Niger border road section, the subject of this project,

is part of National Road No. 4 (NR4): Ouagadougou-Koupéla-Fada N’Gourma-Piéga–Niger border.

The project area covers Centre-East Region, whose chieftown is Tenkodogo, and East Region whose

chieftown is Fada N’Gourma.

The main localities crossed in the two regions are: Gounghin, Tibga, Diapangou, Fada N’Gourma,

Piéga, Ougarou, Matiakoali and Kantchari.

The Centre-East Region covers an area of 14,964 km2. In 2013, its population was estimated at

1,384,663 people, 53% of them women, corresponding to a population density of 92.5/km2, which

was above the national average of 65.8/km² the same year. It has 8% of the total population and

occupies 5.3% of the national territory. Since it is one of the regions in Burkina Faso with high

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agricultural potential, the Government, given its concern for the country’s food security, has made

Bagre an economic growth pole. Commercial activity is very developed in this region, and it hosts the

Pouytenga market whose influence is international.

The East Region covers an area of 46,807 km², corresponding to 17.13% of the national territory, for

an estimated population of 1,212,284 inhabitants, with 50.3% women according to RGPH 2006. The

natural growth rate of the East Region is high (3.5%), exceeding the national rate by 0.4 points because

it very often receives immigrants. The region’s economy rests on primary sector activities based

essentially on agro-sylvo-pastoral production. These activities occupy over 96.9% of the labour force.

The embryonic secondary sector is based on handicraft and industry. It comprises handicraft (pottery,

basket-weaving, jewelry design) and functional (carpentry, repairs, sewing etc.) activities, as well as

agro-food industrial units (cotton ginning, production of honey, milk, bread). Handicraft activities are

carried out informally. The tertiary sector, comprising trade and services, is very much present in

towns, with public services and modern markets (Fada, Bogandé, and Diapaga).

Direct impact area: It is defined as the area where the project works have direct environmental and

socio-economic impacts. This chosen area is where all natural resources and PAP’s properties can be

impacted (clearing of vegetation cover and loss of material goods due to rehabilitation works along

the existing road). This impact area also covers borrow zones, quarries, access roads, place for

installation of crushing and coating plants, base camp sites, depots and their immediate surroundings.

Direct and/or extended influence zone: This area, known as the extended influence zone, covers all

the affected sites. Indeed, it concerns the territories in Kouritenga, Gourma and Tapoa (East and

Centre-East Regions) provinces, as well as the entire country and even beyond.

Cumulative impacts zone: A cumulative impact stems from a combination of impacts that the same

project or several projects generate over time and space. For the NR4 project, the cumulative impacts

zone covers direct and extended influence zones.

The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment went through the following stages:

Table 4

Allotment for Road Works

L

Start End km Start End

1 000+000 033+950 33.95 Koupéla Gounghin exit

2 033+950 084+350 50.40 Gounghin exit Fada exit

3 084+350 184+400 100.05 Fada exit Matiakoali exit

4 184+400 251+519 67.12 Sortie Matiakoali Niger border

LotPK Description

Related works were also included in the study and distributed per works lot. Road development works

will require enlargement of the road:

in open country, from 9 metres to 10.20 metres ;

going across urban centres, from 9 metres to 13.80 metres ;

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going across Fada N’Gourma, from 9 metres to 26 metres.

Reinforcement works will mainly consist in putting in place a structure made up of:

a cement-enhanced laterite sub-base;

a base course (reinforcement) in graded aggregate bitumen;

a wearing course in bituminous concrete.

4.2 Physical Environment

Climate

The East and Centre-East regions have a Sudan-type climate. Based on the isohyet distribution for the

1971-2004 period, the mean high rainfall values range between 600 mm and 900 mm in this type of

climate. The physical features of the zone’s climate, such as long sunny periods, very high

temperatures, dry winds and prolonged drought, contribute to intensifying evapotranspiration and

rapid drying up of the surface water. These factors affect human activities in Fada and Koupela towns.

As regards climate change, refer to the section on climate change.

Air Quality

Since there were no baseline data for air quality in the project area, it was agreed to establish the

baseline situation in the towns concerned, especially in and around Fada, which is the main town on

the road section. Provisions have been made for the contractor to undertake COx, NOx, SOx, PPM

2.5 and 10 measurements, as required, with the control mission’s support. The same applies to sound

measurements at relevant crossing points in Fada town.

A trend scenario analysis shows that Burkina Faso’s GHG emissions will continue to grow

significantly. By 2030, the emissions level will have risen five-fold compared to 2007, and by almost

1.6 compared to 2015 (see Table 4 below)

Source: PNA, 2015.

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Geology/Geomorphology and Topography

The East Region is very much dominated by a precambian metamorphic substratum, with mainly

syntectonic granite and basic or neutral Birrimian rocks.

The project area is relatively flat.

Hydrology and Water Resources

The region’s territory is shared by two large river basins: the Niger to the North and the Pendjari (a

tributary of the Oti) to the South. A number of watercourses flow into the Niger River from the South-

West to the North-East; the watercourses are the Sirba, the Goroubi, the Dyamongou and the Tapoa.

Those that flow into the Pendjari basin are: the Ouale, the Singou, the Arly, the Doubolo and the

Kourtiga, from the North-West to the South-East. The East Region has the two hydro-geological zones

of Burkina Faso: the crystalline zone, where the waterflow is weak (2 to 3 m3/h on average) with

exceptional levels of 50 m3/h, and the sedimentary zone in Gobnangou area, with flows of up to several

hundreds of m3/h.

It has: (i) acquifers in lateritic strata that are often unexploited; (ii) groundwater in valley sediments

that are heavily exploited by sumps; (iii) acquifers in indigenous debris caused by rock weathering

whose flow depends on the nature of the parent rock, the form of alteration and the acquifer’s static

level; (iv) the grès Voltaire groundwater, which flows into some ten springs at the foot of Gobnangou

mountain; (v) the Fada N'Gourma rachis in Namounou (Tapoa Province), which is rich in local

perennial groundwater. Groundwater in hard strata and water circulating in cracks and fissures, which

is adequate locally to replenish a borehole, are present virtually everywhere.

On the road section studied, two hundred and fifty-two (252) transversal structures were identified,

corresponding to an average of 1 structure per kilometre. The table below shows the detailled numbers.

Type of Structure Number

Concrete ducts 137

Box culverts 102

RC girder bridges 13

252

A few lateral structures, often built precariously, are used for crossing these ditches in some localities.

Three developed reservoirs were identified on the road section: in Fada N’Gourma (PK 80+150),

Naloungou (PK 207+500) and Sampiéri (PK 212+700). These works are of special interest given the

precarious nature and scarcity of water.

4.3 Biological Environment

Flora

At the phyto-geographic level, the East Region is a transition zone between the Sudan zone to the

South and the Sahel zone to the North. The region comprises tree and bush savannah, gallery forests

along water bodies, and steppe. From one province to the other, there are a few particularities.

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To the North of Komandjari, there is a Sahel South-Sudan-type of vegetation, dominated by bush

savannah whose main wood species are: Combretum nigicans, combretum micranthum, Acacia

seyal and Acacia gourmaensis. Quite often, the graminaceous plants are annual (Loudetia togoensis),

but include a few perennial plants in water-fed depressions, such as Andropogon gayanus.

To the South of Komandjari, in Gourma, Tapoa and Kompienga, the vegetation and flora are of the

South-Sudan type marked by abundant wood species that form dense tree and bush savannahs. This

natural vegetation stands alongside plantations with exotic species, mostly orchards, small woods and

row plantations dating to colonial times along NR4 (shade trees - Khaya senegalensis – planted in

Fada). The orchards mentioned above are mango (manguifera indica) orchards, while the small woods

were planted with three species: Adzadirachta indica (neem), Eucalyptus camaldulensis, and Cassia

siamea.

Fauna

The Centre-East Region has limited faunic potential, unlike the East of Burkina Faso. Indeed, the East

Region has many wildlife reserves and national parks in Gourma, Kompienga, Komandjari and Tapoa

Provinces. The reserves cover 30.43% of the total surface of protected areas, and have 80% of

fauna resources at national level, including Pama (223,000 hectares) and Arly (119,000 hectares)

partial wildlife reserves and Singou (117,394 hectares) full reserve. The reserves occupy 25% of

the territory of Tapoa Province (W. National Park). The categories of wildlife species encountered are:

(i) large land mammals; (ii) reptiles; and (iii) avifauna (several bird species).

Protected Areas

Since the road is located far from classified areas, the project will not affect fauna, especially species

protected by IUCN and the Ministry in charge of the Environment of Burkina Faso. The closest

protected area is over 20 km from the road.

Source: Development and Management Plan of W-2006-2010 Border Biosphere Reserve

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4.4 Human Environment

4.4.1 Population

The East Region covers 46,807 km2 (17.13% of the national territory) with a population

estimated at 1,212,284 people according to RGPH 2006. The region’s natural growth rate (3.5%) is

higher than the national level by 0.4 points because the zone often receives immigrants. The female

population represented 50.93% of the population in 2006. The population structure is marked by a very

high proportion of youths 49% of whom are aged between 0 and 14 years. Persons aged 15 to 64

years represent 48% of the population, while those aged 65 years and above account for only 3%.

4.4.2 Land Organization and Management

In the East Region, urbanization concerns mostly provincial chieftowns, the only urban municipalities.

According to RGPH 2006, the region’s urban population was 76,040 for a total population of

1,209,399 people, representing an urbanization rate of only 6.29%. Compared to the national level

(20.15%), the East Region is marginally urbanized. In 2009, the region’s rate rose to 6.6% as against

22.7% at national level. Only the chieftown of the region has an Urban Development and Planning

Master Plan (SDAU), which was drawn in April 2014. This medium and long-term planning tool is

an institutional framework for defining development guidelines of urban centres. Diabo municipality

has a land use plan. Successive land allotment operations in urban and rural municipalities in the

region have helped enhance the urbanization of the localities concerned.

4.4.3 Customs and Practices

The Gulmacé society is agrarian; consequently, land has special status. Land management practices

in the region are draw heavily on local customs. This predominance of local land customs is mainly

expressed at two levels:

general recognition of the “land rights of the first occupants”, which still confers on

natives the privilege of assuming the function of landlords;

rural land management by lineage, which guarantees that land heritage is preserved and

transferred from one generation to the next. Within this context, the oldest in lineage

assumes the role of heritage manager.

4.4.4 Sacred Sites

There are no sacred sites in the works area. Nevertheless, during extraction activities in borrows and

the creation of deviations, etc., sacred sites or archeological/cultural vestiges could be discovered by

chance.

4.4.5 Socio-cultural Activities

4.4.5.1 Agriculture

Agriculture is the main economic activity in the East region. Red-fed crops are the most important,

and the main crops are sorghum, millet, maize, groundnuts and cotton. In the East Region, like in the

whole country, agriculture still largely depends on rainfall, with wide variability of production from

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year to year. Agriculture is also marked by extensive and still fertile arable land, resulting from the

combined effects of abundant plant cover compared to most regions of the country.

From 2008 to 2013, the East Region accounted for between 7.84% and 11.78% of Burkina Faso’s

national cereals production, or an average of 9.79% for the six-year period under review. Apart from

cereals and cash crops, the region has other crops, in particular cow pea, sweet potatoes and voandzou

as shown in the preceding table. Among these, cow pea is the most important, with proportions of

sown areas varying between 56.20% and 80.34% of the total area covered by these crops.

4.4.5.2 Livestock

Stockbreeding is quite developed in the East Region. It is the region’s second economic activity after

agriculture. Like for the entire country, stockbreeding in the East Region is extensive, with herds

grazing mainly on natural fodder in pasturelands with very little supplementary inputs. The region is a

destination and/or transit zone for numerous herds in transhumance, coming from the Sahel, Centre and

North regions, as well as from Niger and Mali.

According to the results of the National Cattle Herd Survey in Burkina Faso (ENEC II), the East Region

in 2003 occupied the third position in terms of numbers of cattle and sheep reared, and the fourth

position for the rearing of goats. Access and transhumance tracks are mainly located in Gnagna,

Gourma and Tapoa provinces. The largest proportion of the total track length is in Gourma and Gnagna

Provinces, with 59.59% and 34.93% respectively. Indeed, 2,344.5 km of tracks (44.06%) are

demarcated.

4.4.5.3 Other Activities

The East Region’s main industrial plants are the three cotton-ginning units of Gourma Cotton

Company (Société Cotonnière du Gourma - SOCOMA) in Gourma, Kompienga and Tapoa provinces.

Apart from these plants, the region has a few small agro-food industrial units – bakeries, dairy factories

as well as a honey-processing unit. The region’s dairy factories comprise an industrial dairy processor

in Gourma and two semi-industrial dairy processors in Tapoa. There are also small natural drinking

water production units that package water under brand names: ‘Biala’ in Fada and ‘Lantila’ in Tibga.

The largest trading infrastructure are Fada’s central market and cattle market. The latter market is sub-

regional and serves as a meeting place for many economic actors from Burkina Faso and many West

African countries. Although commercial sector actors comprise men, women and youths, trade in the

region is dominated by men, while women and youths are very often in petty trade.

The East Region has one of the largest tourist zones of Burkina Faso. Tourism contributes significantly

to unemployment reduction, local economic development, and urbanization. The region has numerous

tourist sites, including the National Reserve (Arly Park), GOBNANGOU cliffs, the W. Crossborder

Park, Lake Tapoa, the Pama hunting concession, the Sword of King Yendabri, the Grottos of Youbri

and Pama, the Singou Game Ranch, etc.…

The East Region has forty-nine (49) hotels and accommodation facilities, with a total capacity of 571

rooms. Gourma Province (with the region’s chieftown) has the highest number (55.34%) of hotel

rooms in the region.

16

4.4.8 Access to Basic Infrastructure and Services

According to data collected by EICVM 2009 and EMC 2014, access to basic social services in the

project area is as follows:

Access to basic services in less than 30 minutes

2007 2009 2014 Burkina

Faso 2014

Primary school (%) 54.4 59 67.1 77.2

Secondary school

(%)

13.8 17.3 18.7 38.7

Health centre (%) 25.8 38.8 17.7 47.2

Market (%) 56.2 45 34.7 59

Access to electricity, drinking water and sanitation

2009 2014

East

Burkina

Faso

Centre-

East

Burkina

Faso

Lighting with

electricity (%) 6.7 14 7.1 24.4

Drinking water (%) 74.1 72.3 68.4 76.3

Latrine (%) 4.2 9.1 1.9 11.5

The rate of attendance of health units for the past five years, according to DGISS, is

summarized as follows :

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Burkina

2014

56.1 57.9 74.3 78 83 85

The HIV/AIDS prevalence rate in the East Region was 1.7% in 2003 and 0.4% in 2010,

hence slightly lower than the national average.

5. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

The basic engineering study analyzed various scenarios at the economic, environmental and social levels

to determine the best possible alternatives.

5.1 Without-project Option

From an environmental point of view, the option of not rehabilitating the road will have a major negative

impact on the environment due to the continued degradation of the road, which will cause nuisances

(dust, floods in the rainy season). But there will be little or no disturbance of the living environment

(noise) by the works. Furthermore, no existing road vestiges will be demolished. On the whole, the

“without-project” scenario is not consistent with the policy of improvement of urban roads in the main

towns and economic and social development of the country. The “without-project” option also hampers

the development of the project area known for being a development pole since Fada is a major trade hub.

17

This option only exacerbates the poverty of the population of the project area who, it should be noted,

live below the poverty threshold.

5.2 Project Implementation Option

The “with-project” option prioritizes the rehabilitation of the Gounghin-Fada-Kantchari-Niger border

road. The rehabilitation of the road will have significant negative impacts on the environment. The

works will generate dust emissions, noise pollution and vibrations that are offensive to the local

population. With regard to the worksite activities, there could be a risk of soil and water pollution.

Apart from the induced benefits, the road’s rehabilitation will generate a number of negative impacts,

including the displacement of project affected persons and disturbance of trade along the road to be

rehabilitated.

5.3 Route Corrections

The planimetric alternatives (ground view and longitudinal section of the route) were analyzed. They

consist in stepping back the road into zones of controlled constraints and factoring in design and safety

parameters for two reasons: (i) the existence of public utility networks, especially optical fibre, along

the road; and (ii) the complexity of extending hydraulic works. The main advantages of these planimetric

alternatives are: (i) minimal displacements of public utility networks and land expropriations; and (ii)

minimal risk of destabilizing hydraulic works by systematic demolition of intake structures.

5.4 Roadway Structure

The proposed reinforcement solution on all road sections from Koupela to the Niger border is the

following: (i) 5 cm of high-module Class 1 bituminous concrete; (ii) 8 cm of graded bituminous

aggregate; (iii) 20 cm of existing base course in cement-enriched lateritic gravel. To limit possible cracks

rising from lower coats or from soil-cement to upper layers, a geogrid coat will be applied to the soil-

cement.

As regards the quantity of materials needed for the roadway structure, the cumulative exploitable volume

of borrow sites is estimated at 299,450 m3. It was agreed to recycle about 366,324 m3 of materials from

the existing road, as this will help to limit economic as well as environmental and social impacts.

For the Gounghin – Fada – Niger border road section, lateritic gravel borrow sites were analyzed and

some were avoided/will be excluded due to environmental and social issues. This mainly concerns

borrow site No. 15 at PK 60+600, which is in a classified forest. Exploitation of borrow sites situated

in demarcated zones and in the zone that is divided into lots (Borrow site No. 32 at PK 175+850 is in

a subdivided zone) will be subject to the contractor complying with guidelines defined in the

resettlement plan.

5.5 Cross-section Profile

The standard geometric cross-section profiles selected by the FD study are given in the table below.

A few ground view images are given to illustrate these profiles.

18

PT1 PT2 PT3

Largeur plateforme (m) 10.20 13.80 26.00

Largeur chaussée (m) 7.20 9.40 2x7.00

Largeur TPC (m) - - 3.00

Largeur piste cyclable (m) - - 2x2.50

Largeur accotements / trottoirs (m) 2x1.50 2x2.00 2x2.00

Dévers2.5% (en toit

AD)2.5% (en toit) 2.5% (en toit)

Zones d'applicationSection

courante

Diapangou,

Namoungou,

Tanwalbougou,

Ougarou,

Matiakoali et

Kantchari

Fada N'Gourma

19

6. POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION AND IMPROVEMENT MEASURES

6.1 Direct Negative Impacts

6.1.1 Works Site Preparation and Construction Works Phase

6.1.1.1 Biophysical Environment

Impact on Air Quality: Clearance and excavation works, roadway construction and

vehicle movement on the road during the works will generate dust, gas emissions

including carbon (COx), nitrogen (NOx) and sulfur (SOx) oxides and sprays leading to

higher concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The operation of

concrete, crushing and macadam coating plants produces dust, while the surfacing sites

produce smoke likely to contain volatile organic compounds (VOC) and polycyclic

aromatic hydrocarbons (PCAH) that can affect the health of workers and the local

population. Air pollution can also: (i) reduce drivers’ visibility and promote accidents;

and (ii) increase cases of respiratory-track and eye infections among workers and the

exposed local population. These impacts will however be localized given the number

of machines involved and the duration of works. Since the level of traffic and industrial

activities in the project area is quite low, these emissions are not such as can

significantly degrade the surrounding air quality parameter.

Impacts on Soil Structure (compacting, erosion and loss of soil fertility): Soils that

are laid bare can be seriously affected by surface erosion if nothing is done, because

they will have little organic matter and plant cover to slow down runoff. In addition,

the movement of equipment/machinery will contribute to soil compaction, especially

in and around deviation area and access to quarries/borrow sites. This will result in loss

of soil permeability and fertility.

Risk of Physical and Chemical Pollution of Water and Soils: During the works,

dangerous products, like hydrocarbons, lubricants and drained oil, can accidentally or

inadvertently spill on the ground. These products may be transported by water

percolating into the profound soil layers and thus constitute a source of pollution for

groundwater. This risk concerns mostly the bitumen storage zone, coating macadam

plants, base camps and zones where surface water is collected. Furthermore, some

building materials (concrete, whitewash, bitumen, etc.) that come into contact with

infiltration water can be transported to the water table and pollute it. The impacts on

the population’s health can also be serious, given the scarcity of drinking water points

in the villages. The absence of filling stations on a large part of the project area will

force the contractor to store fuel to operate its vehicle/equipment pool. The worksite

will also use grease, engine oil, bitumen for road surfacing, formwork removal

products, and paint for road signs and other uses.

Impact on Water Quantity: The excessive use of reservoirs (road reservoirs) will have

a direct impact on their volume by reducing their water potential, which shortens water

20

retention duration and reduces time of use. There are concerns about their capacity to

supply water to the worksite. Apart from the Fada N’Gourma reservoir, existing

“natural water-points” are inadequate and their capacity will not meet prospective

needs. This will be detrimental to the practice of agriculture, stockbreeding, market

gardening, etc. which are sources of income during dry periods in this region. This

presents a significant quantitative impact/risk in a zone as water-stressed as the project

area. In addition, the works in the two watercourses at the entrance and crossing of Fada

will require by-passes or temporary drying of work areas. The river flow could be

temporarily disrupted. Furthermore, poor management of solid and liquid wastes on the

river bed can disrupt the water flow.

Impacts on Wildlife: Small wildlife will especially be disturbed during the works.

Such disturbance will be temporary and local, and concern mostly noise from

equipment, as well as the presence of labourers and worksite equipment. Workers on

the road rehabilitation site will certainly consume the available wildlife products. This

impact is deemed average since most wildlife have withdrawn further from the road

itinerary and no small wildlife on IUCN’s redlist are present in the project’s direct

impact area.

Impacts on Flora: The project will destroy vegetation cover to develop the road, build

fixed site installations, and develop access roads to borrow zones and quarries. Since

the works will require the opening of new quarries or exploitation of existing ones in

the zone, such exploitation will have negative impacts on air quality, as well as destroy

the vegetation (about 147 ha) and modify the beauty of the landscape. The number of

trees to be felled to widen the road is indicated in the table below.

Table 7: Summary of Number of Trees to be Felled

Heading Lot 1 Lot 2 Lot 3 Lot4 Total

Number of trees 180 714 109 228 1231

6.1.1.2 Human Environment

Expropriation: The road construction project will lead to the economic displacement

of about 715 people as follows : (i) lot-1: 176 persons; (ii) Lot-2: 348 persons; (iii) lot-

3: 176 persons; and (iii) lot-4: 15 persons. The works will affect commercial structures,

including mud houses, sheds with thatched or corrugated iron roofing, metal stands,

etc. (see Summary Resettlement Plan in Annex for more details).

Impact on the Health of Workers and the Local Population: With the arrival of

workers from different backgrounds, the prevalence rate of STD/HIV/AIDS in the

project area will probably increase. The organization of works can generate certain

health risks for workers operating gas-discharging noisy machines (auditory

disturbances). Accidents can occur during the transportation of workers between the

workplace and their residences, and during the use of contusive equipment fall or when

materials fall. If not handled appropriately, solid and liquid wastes from the worksite

and base camps can undermine the people’s quality of life by polluting drinking water

resources.

21

Risk of Conflict: Several types of conflicts can occur: between the project and the

population, or between the employer and the employees, etc. Conflicts can stem from

a number of factors: (i) failure to respect current customs and practices in the new

environment; (ii) non-compliance with compensation procedures, including prior

consultation of affected persons, opening of deviations, access roads to borrow sites

and quarries, etc.; (iii) non-compliance with the conditions of employment of workers

and the supervisor, etc.; (iv) abusive use of surface water resources in the area which

could disrupt other uses by the population.

Risk of fortuitous discovery or desecration/destruction of cultural and

archeological heritage/sacred sites: There are no sacred sites in the direct impact area

of the works. Based on available information, no direct impacts are anticipated on the

cultural or archeological heritage since 99% of the existing road itinerary will be

maintained. However, during extraction works in the borrow areas or opening of

deviations etc., sacred sites or archeological/cultural vestiges could be discovered.

Although low, this risk should be factored in and be subject to special procedures.

6.1.2 Operational Phase


Impacts on Flora and Fauna: With the facility offered by access roads mainly in Fada

and Matiakoali municipalities, people in some large urban centres will be able to more

easily enter the protected areas (Singou and Pama) from the road in search of firewood

and non-timber forest products for energy and other needs.

Impacts of Water Resources and Soils: Friction on the road surface through the grind

of continuous traffic will produce large quantities of fine dust. For carriageways that

are 7.5 metres wide, the pollution load is estimated at 0.66 kg/m². Biological oxygen

demand (BOD) measured in 5 days (BOD5) as a result of the wear and tear is generally

minimal. On the other hand, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) is high for high traffic

zones. Although reliable values over an extended period do not yet exist on the extent

to which these car emissions contribute to pollute rain water effluents in urban areas

and along roads, this risk should be considered. Road wear and tear through friction of

brake-lining and metal parts mainly generate inorganic matter containing significant

amounts of heavy metals such as copper, nickel, chromium and lead. Furthermore,

poorly managed or discarded solid wastes will potentially impact these resources. The

use of road easements for drying and sale of food can have a health risk for the

population concerned.

Impact on the Air: See section on climate change.


Risks of Road Accidents: On completion of the works, road traffic and the movement

of people and goods on this section will be smooth. Higher traffic could become a factor

of recurrent road accidents. The development of rural roads will also help to ease traffic,

thereby increasing risks for the rural population concerned. This risk is average in the

open country, but high in urban centres, especially in and around Fada.

22

Risks for Human Health: The main risks stems from the use of road/shoulder

easements for drying and sale of foodstuffs.

6.2 Direct Positive Impacts

The positive impacts of the road cannot be overemphasized. The project’s main positive impacts could

be summarized as follows: (i) better transport conditions for goods and persons; (ii) accessibility of

the interior and better accessibility to basic socio-economic infrastructure through the construction of

access roads, ramps, etc.; (iii) creation of over 3000 S/H for direct and indirect jobs during the road

construction, operational and maintenance phases; (iv) better living conditions for the population

served by the road and related roads, as well as related works that will benefit especially women and

youths; (v) reduction of erosion through the rehabilitation of some structures; and (v) improved

security around some schools and health centres along the road.

6.4 Cumulative Impacts

6.4.1 Negative Impacts

No significant cumulative impacts are expected on the air, water and soil quality because there is no

industrial project in the zone. The main infrastructure project is the construction of the Koupela-Bitou

road financed by AfDB. However, the simultaneous exploitation of water resources could exacerbate

water stress in some project areas, which will be compounded in Koupela by the cumulative traffic

disturbance.

6.4.2 Positive Impacts

Apart from job creation during the works phase, the local population will subsequently earn higher

incomes. The related works will further create new income-generating activities, which will help to

boost the incomes of the population in the areas concerned, particularly around Koupela municipality.

Lastly, these projects will help open up production areas and facilitate access to socio-economic

infrastructure.

6.5 Mitigation/Improvement/Early Monitoring Measures at this Stage

6.5.1 Normative and Administrative Measures

This concerns ensuring that the project complies with the applicable regulations and administrative

and contractual requirements, in particular:

Compliance with environmental and social regulations: The project should ensure

compliance with national environmental and social regulations in force and relevant

Bank requirements in the works and operational phases. In that regard, the ESIA report

has been submitted to BUNEE for approval. The control mission will also verify all

required documentation before works start, and before the borrow sites, quarries, bases

and others are opened for use, etc.

Compliance with land regulations: Since the project involves economic displacement,

the Resettlement Plan will comply with land laws in force in Burkina Faso and AfDB

requirements. These elements are contained in the Full Resettlement Plan (FRP)

23

prepared as a separate document and which should be implemented before the works

start on the section concerned. The payment of compensation before works start-up

will be required for each lot concerned.

Selection and engagement of contractors: Environmental, Hygiene, Health and Safety

(EHHS) clauses will be included in the bidding documents (BD), require each bidder

to submit an EHHS methodology describing how they intend to meet the EHHS

requirements and goals.

Just, fair and prior compensation of PAPs for properties identified in the FRP. The

budget, comprising all measures adopted under this Plan and the project

implementation and monitoring-evaluation costs, stands at CFAF 309.3 million for

lots-2, 3 and 41. This amount must be paid by the Burkina Faso Government before

works start on the lots concerned.

Each contractor’s commitments and deliverables: The contractor will prepare,

implement and update a Worksite Environmental and Social Management Plan

(WESMP) to be validated by the supervisor (45 days after notification of contract). For

each of the identified sites, the contractor will prepare a Site Environmental Protection

Plan (SEPP) to be attached to the WESMP, which is the contractor’s sole reference

document that details all organizational and technical measures to be implemented to

meet the EHHS requirements. The WESMP will, as a minimum, indicate:

o The environmental and social management system: (i) the contractor’s

environmental and social policy; (ii) human resources assigned to EHHS

management; (iii) actors’ responsibilities in EHHS issues, including the

organizational chart; (iv) internal regulations; (v) applicable system for managing

standards and non-compliance; (vi) documents and reporting;

o Environmental protection plan: (i) protective measures and construction

methods to avoid affecting vegetation, soil, ground water, biological diversity of

animal and plant species, natural drainage and water quality in zones adjoining

the sites; (ii) selection of borrow or excavation sites for materials needed for

construction or sites for depositing excess excavated earth or rubble; (iii)

effluents management plan in accordance with national regulations and

applicable international standards; (iii) works/construction method, minimizing

atmospheric emissions and a related mitigation plan; (iv) construction/works

method, minimizing noise and vibrations and a noise/vibration mitigation plan;

(v) waste management plan (excluding dangerous substances considered in the

EHHS plan); (vi) vegetation clearing and restoration plan; (vii) the borrow sites

and quarries management and rehabilitation plan; (iv) the erosion, drainage and

sedimentation management plan;(v) plan for documenting the state of the sites;

and (v) the conduct of baseline situation studies in and around Fada for relevant

parameters concerning air, water quality, etc.;

o Hygiene, Health and Safety Plan comprising at least: (i) implementation of

measures defined in the plan (frequency of hygiene and safety meetings by site

1 The Koupela-Gounghin section is financed separately by the EU.

24

and type of activity); (ii) operating standards and equipment; (v) permit and

authorization; (vi) management of dangerous substances; (vii) planning of

emergency situations; (vii) on-site care centre, first-aid kit and medical

personnel; (viii) medical follow-up; (ix) hygiene (drinking water, housing

conditions and hygiene of common spaces, feeding, etc.); (x) traffic and signs

management plan.

o Community relations/communication and local jobs: (i) plan to recruit local

labour; (ii) gender mainstreaming action plan ; (iii) plan for managing damage

caused to persons and property, including mechanisms for handling complaints;

(iv) information of local population and road users.

Subsequently, before any activity starts on a new site, the WESMP will be updated, including SEPP

which is submitted to the supervisor within thirty (30) days, unless the supervisor agrees to a different

timeframe.

6.5.2 Construction Phase


Measures for the protection of air quality: The contractor must take appropriate

measures to avoid littering the worksite surroundings, carriageways, road shoulders and

sidewalks with dust, rubble, mud or materials produced by the works. The contractor’s

SEPP and WESMP will contain all these measures, and will be approved by the

supervisor’s control office. Public lighting using lamp posts equipped with solar panels,

as well as similar equipment in administrative buildings, will help to avoid the emission

of 2,200 tonnes of CO2 eq yearly. Lastly, the areas to be planted during this project

(given the number of trees to be felled) will technically contribute to sequestration of

about 1,300 tonnes of CO2 eq per year (assuming that all the planted trees survive).

Protection of water resources and soils: The protection of surface/ground water and

soils from pollution will be mainly by prohibiting any spillage or discharge of waste

water, mud, grouting, hydrocarbons, pollutants of any nature into wells, boreholes,

water tables, water courses, natural springs, gutters or even on the ground.

Consequently, the base camps must be adequately equipped (sceptic pits, adequate fuel

pumps, etc.). To mitigate impacts on watercourses, the following measures should be

applied: (i) prepare a waste management plan; (ii) avoid discharging materials (residual

concrete, rubble, scrap metal, …) and waste into watercourses; (iii) restore the flow of

watercourses at works completion; (iv) protect earth banks by turfing or shaped ripraps;

(v) open deposit zones for fade materials at a distance of at least 100 m; (vi) develop a

concrete area for washing vehicles and machines with hydrocarbons separators; (vii)

construct a covered watertight tank for the storage of hydrocarbons; (viii) install, on the

site, tanks with lids labelled according to the various types of waste; (ix) sign a contract

with a company with an environmental permit to recycle and treat hydrocarbon waste,

filters, irons, batteries and other non-biodegradable waste.

Impact mitigation measures on water quantity: Considering the scarcity of surface

water in the project area during the dry season, it is recommended that provisions be

made for boreholes to meet the needs of road works so as to minimize conflicts of use.

25

The ESMP provides for seven (7) boreholes for Lot 2 and twenty-nine (29) for Lot 3,

making a total of thirty-six (36) boreholes to be constructed in certain localities crossed

by the project. These boreholes are part of the contractor’s contract. The minimum

technical characteristics to be observed (depth, diameter, flow, location) must be

indicated before publication of BDs to ensure that the said boreholes match the set

objectives. Furthermore, a water quality analysis on relevant parameters will be

conducted before the start of works, mainly in and around Fada town. A corresponding

provision should be specified in the contract. This will allow for adequate monitoring

of water quality during the works and two years after the commissioning.

Impact mitigation measures on flora: To mitigate the impacts of extraction sites on

the landscape, it is necessary to: (i) select work points not visible from the road, and

progressively scour the site as exploitation progresses; (ii) limit and direct exploitation

to obtain “hollow-tooth” exploitation; develop approaches to quarries (entrance to the

site, access road) with inputs in topsoil and plantations. To limit the destruction of

existing vegetation, the contractors’ contracts must specify as follows: (i) limit the

felling of trees to the barest minimum on the various worksites; (ii) place felled wood

at the disposal of the local population as firewood to limit the pressure on wood

resources; (iii) rehabilitate degraded spaces (works base/living base, borrow sites,

quarries and others) on completion of works; (iv) make up for degraded areas by

replanting mangrove zones. The Contracting Authority will finance a reforestation

programme to be associated with the project to offset the project’s impact on the

vegetation. The total number of trees to be planted is 8,200 trees. In addition, green

spaces are envisaged in each municipality, including groves.

Impact mitigation measures on fauna: To limit intensification of poaching, the

following measures are recommended: (i) include in the worksite internal regulations

that workers should not consume or transport bush meat and that defaulters will be

punished; (ii) sensitize staff and the local population on wildlife protection; (iii)

prohibit the sale of bush meat to food sellers on the site.


Compensation: Monitoring of FRP implementation and operation of the disputes

settlement committee. Since submission of evidence of compensation is a condition

precedent to start-up of works on this section, it is important to ensure optimum FRP

implementation.

Access for the local population and heritage sustainability: Develop final access for

the local population for constructions at the top or bottom of earth banks, and

ramps/secondary roads;

Sensitization on road safety and environmental protection: This activity will be

entrusted to an NGO or other specialized structures. It will be undertaken preferably

one month before works start-up, throughout the construction period, and one month

after completion of construction works. The local population, employees and road users

will be sensitized on: (i) health issues (STI/HIV-AIDS, malaria, dangers of drying

foodstuffs on the road and the use of filter screens) ; (ii) road safety and protection of

26

road heritage; (iii) environmental protection, treating themes such as deforestation,

management of tree plants, the fight against bushfires, etc. ;

Preventive health, safety and hygiene measures: To guarantee the safety of its

workers, the local population and road users, the contractor is required to submit an

HSH plan on appropriate precautions for any risk of accident: road accidents, fire,

explosions, poor handling of worksite equipment, etc.

Measures to protect the cultural heritage: If monuments, ruins, vestiges of houses or

ancient sepulchers, inscriptions or generally objects of interest on pre-history, history,

art or archeology are discovered during the works, the Contractor must immediately

declare same to the competent administrative authorities (services in charge of cultural

heritage) for the procedures to follow. The Contractor must take appropriate measures

to prevent workers or any other persons from removing or damaging these objects; it

must also notify the supervisor of any discovery and carry out instructions on how to

dispose of them.

6.5.3 Operational Phase of the Road

Road Safety Measures: Special attention will be paid to the development of crossing

points in towns and villages which are dangerous points for road users and the local

population (signs, speed bumps, 2m-wide pavements, widening of roadbed shoulders,

parking lanes in villages, protection of school rights, etc.). Six (6) standard cross-

sectional profiles have been proposed to cover constraints due to existing bridges that

will not be widened, and the 25m reduction of the allotment’s residual right of way at

Fada N’Gourma between PK 80+250 and PK 83+700. Furthermore, the local

population and road users will be sensitized on road safety before the commissioning

of the road.

Measures for protecting the population’s health: The municipalities concerned were

sensitized during project preparation and appraisal. They were urged to develop, to the

extent possible, zones dedicated to commercial activities outside road easements. The

sensitization to be carried out during this project should cover themes relating to

minimum protective measures for sale of food by the side of the road.

7. RESIDUAL IMPACTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK MANAGEMENT

7.1 Residual Negative Effects

No medium or high residual negative impacts are expected after implementation of the mitigation

measures. Negative residual impacts are minor, and will not require special measures.

7.2 Environmental Risk

Environmental risks will mainly concern the accidental spillage of hydrocarbons, bituminous or

explosive products, and other substances used in road construction. The measures concern:

sensitization and training of site workers and ad hoc teams on rapid intervention techniques in case of

disaster; safety measures for dangerous or risky zones; sensitization of the local population on the

prevention of health hazards; and road safety. All these measures will be detailed in documents to be

27

submitted by the contractor and approved by the control office before the works start-up. The measures

include: (i) the waste management plan; (ii) site protection measures and implementation programme;

(vii) methods of avoiding and reducing pollution, fire, and road accidents; (viii) health infrastructure

and the population’s access in case of emergency; and (ix) worksite regulations governing

environmental protection and security.

The operation of concrete, crushing and macadam coating plants produces dust, while the coating sites

produce smoke likely to contain volatile organic compounds (VOC) and polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbons (PCAH) which can hurt the health of workers and the local population. As such, various

authorizations must be obtained from the Ministry of Energy, Quarries and Mines to ensure

compliance with the standards.

8. MONITORING PROGRAMME AND INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES

8.1 Objectives and Content of Supervision

The aim of environmental supervision is to ensure effective implementation of environmental

measures. Its main objectives are to : (i) ensure compliance with the laws, regulations and strategies

in force within the government services involved; (ii) respond to governmental directives on guidelines

for preparing the environmental and social assessment report; (iii) present an environmental

assessment in case of appearance of impacts not foreseen by the ESIA, and propose appropriate

solutions; (iv) enable the developer to respond promptly to failure of a proposed mitigation measure

or any unforeseen environmental disruption; (v) apply sanctions and penalties as specified in the

various contracts between the developer and third parties.

To ensure good environmental supervision of the project, the stages to follow are: (i) preparation of

the supervision programme; (ii) definition of operations to be supervised; (iii) identification and

location of sites to be supervised; and (iv) preparation of an inventory and comprehension of the

environmental measures proposed in the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) report.

8.2 Operations requiring Supervision

The operations that will require environmental supervision include:

compliance with the worksite environmental regulations;

the presence of mobile and/or fixed signs at sensitive spots (works areas and population

centres, etc.);

control of the management of fade materials depots (slush, excavated materials, etc.);

exploitation and rehabilitation of borrow sites, as well as worksite installations;

compliance with STI/HIV/AIDS prevention measures;

compensation paid for damaged properties and crops;

the wearing by staff of appropriate individual protective gear;

the recovery of used oil and all other dangerous waste; and

noise and surface water quality in and around Fada.

28

8.3 Supervision and Monitoring Actors

Contractor’s EHHS Officer: Each contractor’s EHHS officer will be in charge of implementing

certain measures, but s/he remains the first EHHS supervision actor. Indeed, they primarily supervise

several other measures to be implemented generally by the field superintendent and other garage

supervisors.

EHHS Officer of the Control Mission: The environmental officers of control missions will be the

main agents of environmental supervision. Their role will be to ensure proper implementation of

environmental measures. To succeed, they must work closely with their correspondents in the works

enterprises.

Project Implementation Unit in the Ministry of Infrastructure: Environmental supervision will be

conducted by the project implementation unit through monthly field visits and/or monthly meetings.

The unit will also be responsible for receiving and verifying quarterly reports produced by the Control

Mission before submission to BUNEE and AfDB.

During the Bank’s preparation and appraisal mission, it was agreed to conclude a protocol agreement

with BUNEE to ensure ESMP implementation monitoring throughout the project duration, as well as

2 years after completion of the project.

Local Population: The role of the local population in environmental supervision is to ensure that all

the envisaged environmental and social measures are properly implemented. To ensure that the project

does not degrade the living environment, the local population should be involved in environmental

and social supervision. To the extent possible, they should report lapses in connection with any

envisaged measures that are not properly implemented.

8.2 Supervision Tools

To succeed in their duties, the environmental officers of control missions need to design appropriate

environmental supervision tools, in particular: (i) the environmental identification form (EIF); (ii) the

indicators form; (iii) the EHHS management chart; (iv) the preventive actions form; (v) sensitization

meeting reports; (vi) the environmental non-compliance form; (vii) the monitoring form; and (viii)

correspondence.

8.5 Reports

Quarterly environmental and social supervision reports will be prepared by the control mission’s

environmental officers. These reports, which summarize their activities and the difficulties

encountered, will be submitted to AfDB. A model report was provided by AfDB alongside lessons

learned from the implementation of other road projects.

9. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISSEMINATION

Public consultation in Burkina Faso is governed by Decree No. 2015-1187/PRES-

TRANS/PM/MERH/MADT/MME/MS/MARHASA/MRA/MICA/ MHU/MIDT/MCT under Chapter

III- Section 1- Paragraph 2- from Article 19 to 27. Consequently, the stakeholders were consulted

during the conduct and validation of the ESIA, ESMP and FRP, as stipulated by the said decree.

29

9.1 Public Consultation during the Conduct of Studies

Thirteen (13) public consultation sessions were held from 22 to 28 June 2016 with the whole

population along the project route, as well as with the project affected persons. The meeting venues

were Zaogo, Gounghin, Kabeiga, Seguem, Dagbili, Bskoure, Fada, Kantchari, Matiacoali,

Kouloungou, Diapangou, Tilonti and Maoda. The meetings were attended by chairpersons of special

delegations, secretaries-general of municipalities, rural development committees, the inhabitants,

farmers, stockbreeders, environmental services, and municipal councillors.

The persons affected by the CU2a Road Rehabilitation and Improvement Project actively participated

in public consultations in the various localities. An individual survey was conducted among the PAPs

to collect data concerning them, their concerns and expectations. They expressed their wishes and

fears about the ongoing project, mainly in reports attached as Annex to the FRP.

The form of compensation most wished for is financial compensation to enable PAPs to re-start similar

activities in other sites of their choice or proposed by the municipal authorities.

These public working sessions and meetings sought mainly to: (i) inform national, regional and local

authorities and the local population about the programme under study; (ii) obtain their views, concerns

and expectations on the programme; (iii) inform them of the programme’s negative impacts and obtain

their views on proposed mitigation and improvement measures; and (iv) elicit their support for

meaningful involvement and real ownership of the programme.

The reports of these consultations are attached as Annex of ESIA reports.

9.4 Results of Public Consultations on the ESIA

The concerns raised by the participants include: (i) the durability of the road; (ii) compensations; (iii)

the lack of drinking water for the population; (iv) insufficient and obsolete health and school

infrastructure; (v) difficulties in transporting agricultural produce with the inaccessibility of

agricultural production basins; (vi) the poor state of farm-to-market roads; (vii) insufficient marketing

infrastructure of the local market; and (viii) youth unemployment.

A good number of these concerns and expectations were reflected in the design of the road and related

works/measures to be developed by the programme. Apart from the road, they involve: (i)

development works of 5 km of urban roads in the main towns crossed; (ii) the construction of one (1)

market; (iii) the construction of ten (10) equipped boreholes; (iv) the construction of one (1) equipped

multi-purpose women’s and youth empowerment centre and supply of kits to women’s groups for the

processing of agricultural produce.

9.5 Future Consultations

Decree No. 2015-1187/PRES-TRANS/PM/MERH/MADT/MME/MS/MARHASA/MRA/MICA/

MHU/MIDT/MCT in its Chapter III- Section 1- Paragraph 2- from Article19 to Article 27 defines the

terms and conditions for conducting an environmental and social impact assessment, as well as

methods of public participation during the study implementation phase. Unfortunately, nothing is said

about public participation during the project implementation phase. Nevertheless, the participatory

approach and public consultation process will continue during the project study and implementation

phases, especially during: (i) the update of the resettlement plan before compensation; (ii) installation

30

of the worksite and start-up of works; and (iii) establishment of the baseline situation and monitoring-

evaluation of project impacts. These consultations will facilitate the implementation of measures

outlined in the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). Provisions are also made in the

contractor’s contract to facilitate communication with the local population during project

management.

The participation of the population will consist in: (i) collaborating with the team charged with

identifying properties to be compensated; (ii) participating in sensitization meetings; (iii) using the

complaints management mechanisms; (iv) reporting all cases of environmental non-compliance

observed during the works; (v) establishing environmental and road protection committees; and (vii)

participating in road maintenance works through the environmental and road protection committees.

This summary ESIA and that of the FRP will be posted to the Bank’s website.

9.5 Dissemination of ESIA Reports at National Level

The terms of reference of the study were approved by BUNEE. The ESIA, ESMP and FRP reports

were submitted to BUNEE for validation. Public hearings were organized by BUNEE, and reports

made available within the project area and at central level. To that end, BUNEE dispatched a letter to

the General Directorate of Road Infrastructure (DGIR).

10. SUMMARY COSTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT

PLAN

The table below presents the summary costs of the project’s environmental and social measures broken

down as follows:

(i) CFAF 467 million for measures to be implemented by the contractor and NGOs during

the works;

(ii) CFAF 309 million for implementation and monitoring of the resettlement plan;

(iii) CFAF 5.276 billion for related works (improvement measures); and

(iv) CFAF 64 million for monitoring of RSMP implementation.

Table 7

Summary Costs of Environmental and Social Measures

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MEASURES Lot-1 Lot-2 Lot-3 Lot-4 Total Cost (CFAF)

Reflection in Works/Contractor and NGO Amount Amount Amount Amount Amount

Environmental and social management system (Human and logistic resources and

equipment dedicated to EHHS management)

96,000,000

Human resources assigned to EHHS management

24,000,000

24,000,000

24,000,000

24,000,000

96,000,000

Preparation and update of documentation (plans, internal regulations, maps), inspection

reports.

Included in EHHS

team’s salary

Included in EHHS team’s salary



Environmental Protection Plan

178,900,000.00

Sensitization and training of contractor’s staff on environmental protection, and the cultural/archeological heritage

Included in EHHS

team’s salary

Included in EHHS

team’s salary

Included in EHHS

team’s salary Included in EHHS team’s salary

Exploitation of groundwater resources (including water quality analysis)

Included in worksite

installation costs (excluding those

earmarked for

related works)



earmarked for related

works)



earmarked for related

works)

Included in

worksite installation

costs

(excluding

those

earmarked for

related works)

Included in the boreholes construction

cost

Provision for establishing the baseline situation on relevant sites in and around Fada

4,800,000.00

7,200,000.00

12,000,000.00

9,600,000

33,600,000.00

Plan to mitigate on-site emissions in the air

Included in the

deviation roads

development and maintenance price

Included in the

deviation roads


Included in the

deviation roads


Included in

the deviation

roads development

and

maintenance price

Included in the

deviation roads


Wastes management plan

Included in the price

of areas for use by the contractor

Included in the price of

areas for use by the

contractor

Included in the price

of areas for use by the

contractor

Included in

the price of


contractor

Included in the price of


contractor

Reforestation/Tree-plantation plan 25,000,000.00

20,000,000.00

20,000,000.00

20,000,000.00

85,000,000.00

Borrow sites management and rehabilitation plan

5,400,000.00

18,000,000.00

21,000,000.00

15,900,000.00

60,300,000.00

Quarries management and rehabilitation plan 4,000,000.00

4,000,000.00

4,000,000.00

4,000,000.00

16,000,000.00

Hygiene and safety plan

99,200,000.00

32

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MEASURES Lot-1 Lot-2 Lot-3 Lot-4 Total Cost (CFAF)

Provision for a contract with corporate nurse and doctor for periodic on-site medical follow-up

4,800,000.00

6,000,000.00

4,800,000.00 9600000

25,200,000.00

Provision for primary care and first-aid products, etc. on the worksite (excluding those

in base camps)

5,000,000.00

5,000,000.00

5,000,000.00

5,000,000.00

20,000,000.00

Preparation and implementation of a specific contract for the management of dangerous

waste by a specialized contractor

10,000,000.00

20,000,000.00

12,000,000.00

12,000,000.00

54,000,000.00

Traffic management and signage plan

Included in the

deviation roads

development and

maintenance price

Included in the deviation roads

development and

maintenance price

Included in the deviation roads

development and

maintenance price

Included in the deviation

roads

development and

maintenance

price

-

Relations/communication with communities/population/users

131,000,000.00

Communication and information management plan for the local population and road

users

6,000,000.00

6,000,000.00

6,000,000.00

6,000,000.00

24,000,000.00

Sacrifices, protection of sacred sites, etc.

2,000,000.00

4,000,000.00

2,500,000.00

2,500,000.00

11,000,000.00

Sensitization of the population on road safety, HIV/AIDS and environmental protection

24,000,000.00

24,000,000.00

24,000,000.00

24,000,000.00

96,000,000.00

Related works 5,276,500,000.00

Urban roads 1,500,000,000

Women’s centre 430,000,000

Related road works 2,600,000,000

Fence 458,500,000

Borehole 288,000,000

Institutional support/Capacity building

24,000,000.00

Capacity building for PIU members 3,000,000.00

3,000,000.00

3,000,000.00

3,000,000.00

12,000,000.00

Capacity building for members of ESMP monitoring committee at local level

3,000,000.00

3,000,000.00

3,000,000.00

3,000,000.00

12,000,000.00

Implementation of resettlement plan

Cost of FRP implementation, including monitoring (a provision of 1,500 million is

made) 78,642,918 230,736,747

309379665

Monitoring of ESMP implementation 64,800,000.00

Monitoring by the project implementation unit 7200000 7200000 7200000 7200000

28,800,000.00

Monitoring by BUNEE including provision for monitoring 2 years after completion of works 9000000 9000000 9000000 9000000

36,000,000.00

33

11. CLIMATE CHANGE

11.1 Main Challenges

At national level

Projections of water resources show a decrease in annual water volumes in two of the four basins in

Burkina Faso, but an increase in the two other basins. In 2050, water volumes will fall sharply below

the 1961-1990 normal level on all basins in Burkina Faso. In particular, a 68.9% drop will be observed

for the Comoé, 73% for the Mouhoun, 29.9% for the Nakanbe, and 41.4% for the Niger.

The commitment of Burkina Faso is based on three scenarios: (i) a first unconditional scenario aimed

at reducing GHG emissions by 7,808 Gg yearly in 2030, or 6.6% in relation to BaU, for ongoing

investments of USD 1.125 billion; (ii) a conditional hybrid scenario aimed at reducing GHG emissions

by 11.6%, corresponding to 13,766 Gg per year in 2030 for investments of USD 756,032,667; (iii) a

third adaptation scenario aimed particularly at restoring and developing 5.055 million ha of degraded

lands by 2030, corresponding to 55% of the current total degraded land surfaces in the country. These

adaptation projects will also help to reduce GHG emissions by 43,707Gg of CO2, or 36.95% in relation

to BaU, for a total investment of USD 5,804,949,915.

In the project area

Based on the vulnerability analysis conducted by the Bank’s Climate Safeguard System, the project

has been classified in Category 2. The main relevant characteristics of vulnerability in the project

area are summarized as follows:

1. The structures located in population centres where longitudinal gutters are to be

provided (Diapangou, Fada N'Gourma, Namoungou, Tanwalbougou, Piéga, Ougarou,

Matiakoli and Kantchari) have very shallow inverts, which does not allow for good

containment of runoff;

2. Certain portions of the road are particularly vulnerable to regressive erosion from rain

water flowing in the gutter walls (example of portions situated between PK 210+200

and 210+600 on the right) ;

3. The road section has many areas where the road slope is very high (over 2.00 m); as

such, embankments that are maintained or planned are exposed to gully erosion.

Greenhouse gas emissions: Improving the state of the road will not generate greater additional traffic,

which implies a negligible increase of greenhouse gas emissions that will remain the same as in the

“without project” scenario.

11.2 Adaptation

The project took these challenges into account in the design of hydraulic structures. Specifically, the

sizing of hydraulic and drainage works reflected the following parameters:

1. For better sizing and better upstream anchoring of ditch inverts, it is necessary to

reconstruct these structures to adapt to the projected flow of water in gutters;

34

2. There are plans to pave exposed slopes with shaped stones.

3. Provisions are made for kerbs and descents to the right of these passages to preserve

the slopes against the identified risks. It is proposed that the slope be increased to 2H1V

on the wider downstream end of the Naloungou and Sampiéri dams dykes to make them

more stable.

11.3 Mitigation

The construction of the road will help to increase average traffic speed compared to the “without

project” situation, leading to smoother traffic flow and generally lower emission ratios than at current

speeds (atmospheric emission ratios are generally inversely proportional to traffic speeds).

Furthermore, the road works in and around Fada will help to further ease bi-directional traffic flow.

To offset losses linked to carbon sequestration potential due to the felling of 1,231 trees on the road

and the destruction of vegetation cover on 147 ha for borrow pits and quarries, there are plans for: (i)

compensatory reforestation/rehabilitation with about 8,200 trees; (ii) the rehabilitation of borrow areas

and quarries after exploitation; (iii) in view of the species in the Sahel-Sudan ecosystem, the trees to

be planted in this project (considering the number of trees to be felled) will in principle help in the

sequestration of about 1,300 tons of CO2 eq per year (assuming that all the trees planted survive).

Furthermore, the project envisages the electrification of some sections of the road using solar-powered

lamp posts, as well as certain DGIR administrative buildings: (i) public lighting: 3,961 solar panels

each of 60 watts, making a total of 238 kW; (ii) administrative buildings : 600 panels with unit power

of 250 watts, making a total of 150 kW.

These solar installations will help to prevent emissions of about 2,200 tons eq CO2 per year.

12. INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY AND ENHANCEMENT PLAN

Considering the project’s scope and the arrival of new staff in the unit in charge of environmental

issues of the Ministry of Infrastructure, there are provisions to strengthen the capacity of the unit staff,

especially in monitoring. The capacity building will concern themes linked to the environmental and

social monitoring of road projects.

13. CONCLUSION

As presented in this study, the project will have negative environmental and social impacts that should

be mitigated or optimized, as appropriate. The project’s probable negative impacts during the works

and operational phases are generally of average to high importance. If the proposed measures and

recommendations made above are taken into account, this will allow for smooth integration of the

various project components into their bio-physical and human environments, and this will guarantee

the project’s sustainability from the environmental, social and climatic points of view.

35

14. REFERENCES AND CONTACTS

References

ESIA REPORT ON THE STUDIES UPDATE AND DESIGN OF BDs FOR ROAD

REHABILITATION AND REINFORCEMENT WORKS ON THE KOUPELA – GOUNGHIN –

FADA N’GOURMA – NIGER BORDER (252 KM) – BURKINA FASO SECTION OF NATIONAL

ROAD No. 4 (COMMUNITY ROAD CU2a), June 2016, ACE Ingénieurs Conseil & ACIT

GEOTECHNIQUE, 126 PAGES.

ESMP REPORT ON THE STUDIES UPDATE AND DESIGN OF BDs FOR REHABILITATION

AND REINFORCEMENT WORKS ON NATIONAL ROAD No. 4 (COMMUNTY ROAD CU2a) :

KOUPELA – GOUNGHIN – FADA N’GOURMA – NIGER BORDER (252 KM) – BURKINA

FASO, May 2016, ACE Ingénieurs Conseil & ACIT GEOTECHNIQUE, 71 PAGES.

DESCRIPTIVE MEMO OF ENGINEERING STUDIES REVIEW OF THE STUDIES UPDATE

AND DESIGN OF BDs FOR REHABILITATION AND REINFORCEMENT WORKS ON

NATIONAL ROAD No. 4 (COMMUNTY ROAD CU2a) : KOUPELA – GOUNGHIN – FADA

N’GOURMA – NIGER BORDER (252 KM) – BURKINA FASO, June 2016, ACE Ingénieurs

Conseil & ACIT GEOTECHNIQUE, 47 PAGES

For more information, please contact:

For the Ministry of Infrastructure

Mrs. Aicha NABARE TOURE, Director-General of Standardization, Engineering Studies and

Control (DGNETC) email. [email protected]

Mr. Jacques BASSAN BALE, Director of Studies, DGNETC, [email protected]

For AfDB

Mr. Barnabé YOUGBARE, Infrastructure Specialist, Email : [email protected]

Mr. Modeste KINANE, Principal Environmentalist, Email : [email protected]

Mr. Pierre Hassan SANON, Social Development Specialist, Email : [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]




Documents

AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK GROUP · as with the Bank’s CSP (2012-2016) for Burkina Faso whose first pillar is “the development of transformative and growth-supporting infrastructure”