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African Civilizations, 1500 African Civilizations, 1500 BC-700 ADBC-700 AD
African cultures adapt to harsh African cultures adapt to harsh environments, spread through environments, spread through
major migrations, and establish major migrations, and establish powerful kingdoms.powerful kingdoms.
Diverse Societies in AfricaDiverse Societies in Africa
African peoples develop African peoples develop diverse societies as they diverse societies as they
adapt to varied environmentsadapt to varied environments
Africa TodayAfrica Today
Population: 900 million (14% of world’s total)Population: 900 million (14% of world’s total) Percent of population under age 25: 71%Percent of population under age 25: 71% Most populated nation: NigeriaMost populated nation: Nigeria Number of spoken languages: 2,000Number of spoken languages: 2,000 Number of Muslims: 358 millionNumber of Muslims: 358 million Number of Christians: 410 millionNumber of Christians: 410 million Percent of population dependent on agriculture for a Percent of population dependent on agriculture for a
living: 66%living: 66% Average income: 50% live on less than $1 a dayAverage income: 50% live on less than $1 a day Average life expectancy: 46 in Sub-Saharan Africa; 67 in Average life expectancy: 46 in Sub-Saharan Africa; 67 in
North AfricaNorth Africa Most common cause of death: AidsMost common cause of death: Aids Literacy rates (15 years and older): 60%Literacy rates (15 years and older): 60%
A Land of Geographic A Land of Geographic ContrastsContrasts
Geography of AfricaGeography of Africa 1. 21. 2ndnd Largest continent Largest continent 2. 1/52. 1/5thth of Earth’s land surface of Earth’s land surface 3. 4,600 miles from east to west and 3. 4,600 miles from east to west and
5,000 miles from north to south5,000 miles from north to south 4. 1/34. 1/3rdrd of Africa is desert of Africa is desert 5. Few harbors or ports or inlets5. Few harbors or ports or inlets 6. Mostly a plateau6. Mostly a plateau
Geography contGeography cont
Tallest mountain: Tallest mountain: KilimanjaroKilimanjaro
Largest lake: VictoriaLargest lake: Victoria
Mountains to the Mountains to the northwest: Atlasnorthwest: Atlas
Rivers: Congo, Niger, Nile, Rivers: Congo, Niger, Nile, ZambeziZambezi
Borders: Atlantic Ocean, Borders: Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Red Sea, Mediterranean SeaMediterranean Sea
Waterfalls and RapidsWaterfalls and Rapids
Because Africa is mostly a plateau, Because Africa is mostly a plateau, there are many waterfalls on the there are many waterfalls on the escarpments. escarpments.
What is the effect on Africans?What is the effect on Africans? Navigation is impossible to and from Navigation is impossible to and from
the coast; isolated groups the coast; isolated groups
inlandinland
DesertsDeserts
Sahara to the Sahara to the north; size of north; size of United StatesUnited States
SahelSahel
Definition: The African region along the Definition: The African region along the southern border of the Sahara (in the southern border of the Sahara (in the Savanna)Savanna)
The area is quickly becoming part of the The area is quickly becoming part of the desert (desertification)desert (desertification)
What problems might the expansion of the What problems might the expansion of the Sahara cause?Sahara cause?
Push people off the land, crowd people into Push people off the land, crowd people into smaller livable areas, limit food productionsmaller livable areas, limit food production
ClimateClimate
Deserts contDeserts cont
Kalahari to the southKalahari to the south
What is the effect of the What is the effect of the deserts on Africans?deserts on Africans?
Too hostile for people to liveToo hostile for people to live Hampered movementHampered movement
RainforestsRainforests
Found near central part of continent; Found near central part of continent; Covers about 5% of AfricaCovers about 5% of Africa
Mahogany and Teak treesMahogany and Teak trees
Mediterranean coastal areasMediterranean coastal areas
Located along NW coastal area of Located along NW coastal area of Africa and the southern tip of the Africa and the southern tip of the continentcontinent
Effect on Africans:Effect on Africans: Mild climate/fertile land/supported Mild climate/fertile land/supported
large populationlarge population
Tsetse flyTsetse fly
Found in rain forestFound in rain forest Effect on Africans:Effect on Africans: Caused sleeping sicknessCaused sleeping sickness Prevented use of draft animals in farming Prevented use of draft animals in farming
near rainforests; prevented invaders from near rainforests; prevented invaders from colonizing fly infected areascolonizing fly infected areas
Other DiseasesOther Diseases
Malaria caused by the mosquitoMalaria caused by the mosquito Ebola: Ebola: Found only in Africa; Kills people within a week of Found only in Africa; Kills people within a week of
contracting the virus; no cure; internal and external contracting the virus; no cure; internal and external bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea; can be spread through bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea; can be spread through touching blood or secretions of an infected persontouching blood or secretions of an infected person
First emerged in 1976 and 17 outbreaks since thenFirst emerged in 1976 and 17 outbreaks since then ““Because of its lethality, the virus has been Because of its lethality, the virus has been
considered a potential bio-weapon threat.”considered a potential bio-weapon threat.” In 2005 Ebola virus traced to fruit batsIn 2005 Ebola virus traced to fruit bats
SavannasSavannas
Grassy plains; Most of the Grassy plains; Most of the people of Africa today live people of Africa today live in the savanna areasin the savanna areas
Effect on Africans:Effect on Africans: Supported abundant Supported abundant
farming and herders; led to farming and herders; led to permanent settlements; permanent settlements; healthier lives and healthier lives and increased birthratesincreased birthrates
Savannas cont.Savannas cont.
Welcoming LandsWelcoming Lands
Northern coast and southern tip of Northern coast and southern tip of Africa have Mediterranean climatesAfrica have Mediterranean climates
Savannas, or grasslands, cover Savannas, or grasslands, cover almost half of Africaalmost half of Africa
Early Humans Adapt to Their Early Humans Adapt to Their EnvironmentsEnvironments
Nomadic LifestyleNomadic Lifestyle Earliest people are nomadic Earliest people are nomadic
hunter-gatherers; then hunter-gatherers; then domesticated animalsdomesticated animals
Herders drive animals to find Herders drive animals to find water, graze pastureswater, graze pastures
Agriculture develops by 6000 Agriculture develops by 6000 BCBC
People settle down in People settle down in permanent settlements; more permanent settlements; more food from farming; people live food from farming; people live longer; increased birthrate; longer; increased birthrate; specialization of workers; specialization of workers; governments develop governments develop
As the Sahara dried up, As the Sahara dried up, farmers move to West Africa farmers move to West Africa or Nile Valleyor Nile Valley
Early Societies in AfricaEarly Societies in Africa
Three similarities:Three similarities: 1. Societies organized by family groups1. Societies organized by family groups Extended familiesExtended families Clans-families with common ancestorsClans-families with common ancestors 2. Local Religions2. Local Religions
Animism-belief in spiritsAnimism-belief in spirits 3. Keeping a History3. Keeping a History History, literature, culture passed on by History, literature, culture passed on by storytellers, called griots (Few African storytellers, called griots (Few African
societies have written languagessocieties have written languages
West and South AfricaWest and South Africa
San of the Kalahari Desert:San of the Kalahari Desert: Hunter-gatherersHunter-gatherers Use resources of natural Use resources of natural
environmentenvironment
People of Djenne-DjenoPeople of Djenne-Djeno
Oldest known city south of the Oldest known city south of the SaharaSahara
250 BC-1400 AD (abandoned)250 BC-1400 AD (abandoned) 50,000 people on tributary of 50,000 people on tributary of
Niger RiverNiger River Fishermen, grew rice, herded Fishermen, grew rice, herded
cattlecattle Reed huts at first; then mud Reed huts at first; then mud
bricksbricks Prosperous through trade on Prosperous through trade on
Niger and camel routesNiger and camel routes
What are some possible What are some possible reasons that Djenne-Djeno was reasons that Djenne-Djeno was
abandoned?abandoned? DroughtDrought FamineFamine WarWar
NokNok
500 BC-200 AD500 BC-200 AD West Africa earliest known cultureWest Africa earliest known culture Made iron tools and weapons (First in West Africa Made iron tools and weapons (First in West Africa
to smelt iron)to smelt iron) Present day NigeriaPresent day Nigeria More than 150 Nok figurinesMore than 150 Nok figurines have been excavated have been excavated Clay heads; many areClay heads; many are 4’ tall; human figures are4’ tall; human figures are abstract; hairstyles still commonabstract; hairstyles still common in Nigeriain Nigeria
Nok Cont.Nok Cont.