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-!_ …zAb v]nÚ, …cGtfIf/LÚ /…;'8f]s'Ú sf] ;dfwfg k7fpgsf] nfluklqsf sl6ª ug'{kg]{ ePsfn] pQm:tDesf k5fl8kl§, cGo n]vx¿ geO{lj1fkg k|sflzt ul/P klqsf sf6\gcln sd dfof nfUYof] .

-@_ k'/:sf/ ljh]tfn] lzIfs sf]sfof{nodf cfP/ k'/:sf/ lng'kg]{ lgod/x]5 . w]/} 6f9fsf ljh]tfnfO{ cfkm"n]kfpg] /sdaf6 ToxfF cfP/ kms{g klgk'Ub}g . To;}n] ljh]tfsf] 7]ufgfdfk'/:sf/ k7fOlbg] Joj:yf ul/g' /fd|f]xf]nf .

cflbTo cfrfo{, >L k|ultzLn pdflj,sIff–!), ‰f=/f= @ af]xf]/]6f/, l;Gw'nL

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lz Ifs k'; @)^% 5

Joj:yfkg x:tfGt/0f ug'{cl3○

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ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg ;d'bfodf x:tfGt/0f ug]{ k|lqmofl;4fGttM /fd|f] ePklg Jofjxfl/s lx;fan] eg] To;nfO{/fd|f] eGg] cfwf/x¿ lgdf{0f x'g;s]sf 5}gg\ . Psk6ssf]cleefjs ;w}Fe/L cleefjs /lx/xg ;Sb}g . gofFcleefjsnfO{ k'/fgf] cleefjsn] u/]sf] lg0f{o unt nfu]klg ha/h:tL dfGg} kg]{ sfg"gL afWotf l;h{gf ug'{ s]k|hftflGqs k4lt;Fu d]n vfG5 < ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof a9\b}uPkl5 yk lzIfssf] b/aGbL ;d'bfon] cfˆg} vr{df wfGg;Snf < ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg kIf x:tfGt/0f u/]kl5ljBfnosf] z}lIfs, cfly{s Ifdtf ‰g} ?U0f ePdf To;sflhDd]jf/ kIfnfO{ sfg"gL sf/afxL ug{ ;lsG5 < o:tfljifodf cleefjs tyf lzIfsx¿jf6 k6sk6s p7]sfcfjfhx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] 5}g .

;/sf/L kIfjf6 bfaL ul/P ljk/Ltdf]/ª lhNnfdf ;d'bfodf x:tfGt/0fu l / Ps f s ] x L ckj f b a f x ]ss fljBfnox¿sf] z}lIfs cj:yf cToGtsdhf]/ 5 . To:tf ljBfnoeGbf 6f9fk/LIff s]Gb| /fvL lr6 rf]g{ glbOFbf P;=Pn=;L= k/LIffkmncToGt lg/fzfhgs kfOPsf] 5 . csf]{tkm{, ljgf k|lt:kwf{To:tf ljBfnodf cfˆgf dflg; lgo'Qm ug{ gSsnLcleefjs aGg] / Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf k'Ug] dfgl;stfklg plQs} b]lvPsf] 5 . of]Uotf gk'u]sf lzIfs klglj=Jo=;=df rfs8L k'¥ofPs} e/df k|=c=df lgo'lQm ePsf5g\ / of]Uotf k'Ug] lzIfsx¿nfO{ 6'n'6'n' x]g{ afWokfl/Psf] 5 . o:tf] unt k|j[lQ /f]Sg] k|efjsf/L sfg"gL;+oGq / sfof{Gjog kIfsf] k"0f{tM cefj 5 .

o:tf] oyfy{tfsf] a]jf:tf u/L x:tfGt/0f k|lqmofnfO{lg/Gt/tf lbFbf of]Uo lzIfsx¿ kfvf nfUg] / gftfjfb,s[kfjfb, 3";jfbn] k|>o kfpg] b]lvG5 . t;y{ ;fFRr}ljBfnosf] z}lIfs u'0f:t/ psf:g ljBfnodf of] k|of]uul/g vf]lhPsf] xf] eg] ;j{k|yd lzIfsx¿nfO{ klg ljZjf;dflng] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ul/g'kb{5 . lj=Jo=;= df lzIfsk|ltlglwsf] ;ª\Vofdf j[l4 u/L ;d'bfo / lzIfssf] cg'kftldnfpg'kb{5 . /fd|f] sfd ug]{ ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt:jtM bf]xf]l/g] u/L ltgsf] ;dofjlw Ps jif{eGbf a9Ltf]lsg'x'Fb}g . lj=Jo=;=df /x]sf JolQmx¿sf] gft]bf/n]lzIfssf] lgo'lQmdf k|lt:kwf{ u/]df lgikIf 5gf]6 ;ldltu7g x'g'kb{5 . hfnL k|df0fkq wf/s lzIfsnfO{ sf/afxLug{ OGsf/ ug]{ Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf kbflwsf/LnfO{ sfg"gLb08sf] Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 . gSsnL cleefjs aGg] k|j[lQlg?T;flxt u/L cfˆgf Psf;uf]nsf 5f]/f5f]/L, a'xf/L,gfltgfltgL cflb lgoldt ¿kdf k9\g] ljBfyL{sf] dfq

cleefjs aGg kfpg] Aoj:yf x'g'kb{5 . gSsnL cleefjsaGg] / agfpg] b'j}nfO{ b08 lbg] / To:tf] sfo{ t'?Gt}ab/ x'g] Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 .

lghL ljBfnosf] k/LIffkmn;Fu t'ngf u/]/ lzIfssf]t]hf]aw ug]{ sfd klg /f]lsg'k5{ . Pp6f ;fdfGo lghLljBfnosf !))) hgf ljBfyL{sf] dfl;s ?=!%)) nfO{!@ dlxgfn] u'0fg ug]{ xf] eg] jflif{s ?=! s/f]8 *) nfvp7\5 . of] /sd bzcf]6f ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf] jflif{sah]6 a/fa/ x'G5 . lghL ljBfnosf cleefjsx¿sf] nufgLljBfnodf dfq} geO{ pgLx?n] ljBfno aflx/ klg dxFufkf7\ok':ts, l6lkmg-vfhf_, 6\o";g, sfkL–snd, o'lgkmd{cflbdf klg plQs} vr{ ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . ;fd'bflos

ljBfnosf afnaflnsfx¿n] To:tf] cj;/ slxNo} kfPsfx'Fb}gg\ . To:tf] ljifd kl/l:yltdf klg ;fd'bflos ljBfnosfafnaflnsfx¿ klg ljlzi6 / k|yd >]0fLdf pQL0f{ x'g' rfgr'g]s'/f xf]Og . of] kIfnfO{ ;a}n] oyf]lrt Wofg lbg} k5{ .

jiff+}{sf] k9fO / lzIfs ;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIff pQL0f{u/]/ dfq lzIfs x'g ;lsG5 . o;/L lgo'Qm ePsflzIfsnfO{ cfˆgf] :jfy{ cg's"n gePdf xflh/ ug{ glbg],hflu/ vf/]h ug]{h:tf clwsf/x¿ lj=Jo=;=nfO{ lbg] u/Lsfg"gL k|fjwfg /fv]/ ljBfnox? ;d'bfodf x:tfGt/0fubf{ lzIfsx¿ To;sf] lj?4df plqg' :jfefljs b]lvG5 .lsgeg] g]kfnL ;dfhdf ;a} dflg;x¿ c;n, lzlIft /ljj]szLn 5}gg\ . ;fdflhs ljs[ltsf] ljuljuL a9\bf]5 . /fhgLlts bnx¿df dfq xf]Og w]/} 7fpFsf] lj=Jo=;=dfklg ckl7t / u'08fubL{ ug]{x¿sf] jr{:j sfod x'Fb}uPsf] 5 . o:tf] c;xh cj:yfdf ljBfno Joj:yfkgkIf x:tfGt/0f ug]{ xf] eg] lzIfsn] lj=Jo=;=sf]] :jfy{cg's"n cfr/0f gu/]df p;sf]] hflu/ hf]lvddf gkg]{s'/} 5}g . t;y{ o:tf] unt / cg'lrt sfo{ x'g glbgsfg"gL k|fjwfg :k:6 / ls6fgLsf ;fy cfpg'kb{5 .lzIfsx¿sf] hflu/} hf]lvddf kfg]{ clwsf/x¿ ;d'bfonfO{x:tfGt/0f ubf{ a9L ;fjwfgL ckgfpg'kb{5 . To;f] ubf{ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg kIf x:tfGt/0f k|lqmofdf lzIfsnfO{klg cfslif{t ug{ ;lsG5 .

v'zL/fh uf}td, lzIfs>L hgtf gd'gf pRr df=lj=, lj/f6gu/

w]/} ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf ckl7t / u'08fubL{ug]{sf] jr{:j sfod 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ljBfno Joj:yfkgx:tfGt/0f ubf{ ;ldltsf]] :jfy{ cg's"n cfr/0f gug{]lzIfssf] hflu/ hf]lvddf kg{] lglZrt 5 .

lz Ifs k'; @)^%6

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5 . tYofÍdf plNnlvt ljBfno v'Ng],k9fO x'g] / gx'g] tYofÍ xfd|f] ;dfhdfhuhfx]/ 5 . t;y{, lzIffsf o:tfplN‰Psf ;d:ofnfO{ s;/L lg/fs/0fug]{ egL Pp6f gofF ;f]rsf] ljsf;x'g' h?/L 5 . …ljBfno zflGt If]qÚxf] eGg] 3f]fif0ffnfO{ ;a} txn] ;xof]uk'¥ofpg' k¥of] . o;eGbf afx]s lzIffIf]qdf plrt d"NofÍgsf] Joj:yf u/Lb08–;hfo / k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yfug'{kb{5 . k'/:sf/ ul/dfdo / b08–;hfo klg plrt lsl;dsf] x'g'kb{5 .labf glng] lzIfsnfO{ 5'§} ljsNksf]Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ .

@)^% dª\l;/sf] cÍdf …cab]lvlzIfs lgoldt ¿kdf x/]s dlxgfsf]klxnf] ;ftf ahf/df pknAw x'g]5Ú eGg]jfSo k9]kl5 ca o;n] ljutdf h:tf]cfFvf lrDnFb}g eGg] ljZjf; hfu]sf] 5 .

lzIfs df yk ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdflzIffsf /f]rs k|;Ëx¿, l;sfO;DaGwLgofF–gofF tl/sfx¿, ljz]if vfnsf;+:d/0f Pj+ cg'ej tyf ljZjsf dxfg\JolQmx¿sf] l;sfOsf dxŒjk"0f{ If0fx¿/ lzIff;Fu ;DalGwt hLjgLx¿;d]t;dfj]z ePdf c‰ /f]rs / k|efjsf/Lx'g]5 . To:t} g]kfnsf] b'u{d If]q /zx/L e]udf eO/x]sf] lzIffsf] cj:yfsf]t'ngfTds cWoog Pj+ k|To]s cÍdfljsl;t b]zx¿sf] lzIffsf] Oltxf;,lzIff k|0ffnL Pj+ ToxfFsf lzIfs,ljBfyL{x¿sf] wf/0ff / xfnsf] lzIffsf]cj:yf;DaGwL hfgsf/L k|sflzt ePdflzIfs dfl;s yk pkof]uL aGg]5 eGg]ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 .

/fd;'Gb/ b]phf>L uËfb]jL dflj, /ljcf]kL–&, sfe|]

lzIff / dfcf]jfbLlzIfs sf] @)^% c;f]h cÍdf k|sflzts'nrGb| uf}tdsf] …ljrf/Ú n] s]xL n]VgafWo agfof] . b]zdf sDo'lgi6 zf;glelqPkl5 xfdLsxfF klg z}lIfs ;'wf/sf]ck]Iff ub}{ uf}tdn] gf]a]n k'/:sf/ ljh]tfcdTo{ ;]gsf] syg pNn]v ug'{ePsf]/x]5, æs}og\ v/fa sfdx¿ u/]/ ePklg ha sDo'lgi6 kf6L{x¿ ;Qfdf k'u]sf5g\, ltgn] cfwf/e"t lzIff / :jf:Yodf;a}lt/ ;'wf/ NofPsf 5g\ . ¿;, rLg,leotgfd, So"af, lgs/fu'cf cflb b]zdfo:t} ePsf] 5 .Æ

cf]xf] Û xfd|f] b]zdf klg o:t} eOlbPs:tf] x'GYof] Û t/ o:tf] ;f]rfO dgsf]n8\8' £o";Fu vfg';/x ePsf] 5 . ef/tsf]aËfndf tL; jif {b ] lv ;'wf/jfbLsDo'lgi6n] zf;g ubf{ ToxfFsf lzIfsx¿sDo'lgi6 kf6L{df cfj4 eP/ k"0f{sfnLgsfo{stf{ ag]sf sf/0f lzIffsf] ljhf]ueP‰} F g ]kfndf klg …lzIfsnfO {dfcf]jfbLs/0fÚ u/]/ /fhgLlts c/fhstfkm}nfpg] sfd eO/x]sf] 5 . dfcf]jfbLleqk;]/ …qmflGtsf/LÚ eO;s]kl5 s;}n] 5'gg;Sg] ePsf x'Fbf …qmflGtsf/LÚ lzIfsaGg] xf]8 g} rn]sf] 5 . …;'/lIft 3]/fÚleq a:g kfPkl5 pgLx¿n] dgnfUbLug]{ g} eP . t/ lzIfssf] sfd /fhgLlt-To;df klg lx+;|s_df gnfuL bQlrQeP/ k9fpg' g} xf] . cfzf u/f}F, l9nf]rfF8f]o:tf] ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; x'g] g} 5 .sdnf /fhe08f/L, P]+;]n'vs{–#, vf]6fª

;'‰ffjdfly ;'‰ffjlzIfs sf] cf7f}F cÍdf k|sflzt lzIfso'lgog / z}lIfs u0ftflGqs d~rn]k|wfgdGqLnfO{ a'‰fPsf …;'‰fjkqÚ sf;jfndf lgDg k|ltlqmof / ;'‰fj k|]if0fub{5' .

!= lzIffdf nufgL a9fpg], gofFb/aGbL l;h{gf u/L Psåf/ k|0ffnLåf/flzIfs lgo'lQm, ;d'bfodf ljBfnox:tfGt/0f /f]Sg], ljBfnodf Go"gtd @@)lbg k9fO x'g}kg]{, ljBfno / b/aGbLsf]:yfoL :jLs[lt, åGåkLl8t lzIfsnfO{/fxt, kbf]Gglt, ljz]if ;'ljwf;lxt:j]lR5s cjsfz cflb jt{dfgsf

cfjZostf / ug}{kg]{ sfo{x¿ x'g\ .@= lzIffnfO{ df}lns clwsf/ /

/fHosf] bfloTj elgP tfklg lghL If]qaf6lzIff lng]lbg] sfo{nfO{ gsfg{ ;lsGg .lzIff sxfF, s;/L lng] eGg] :j]lR5sclwsf/ klg xf] . t;y{ lzIffdf lghLIf]qsf] of]ubfgnfO{ ;Ddfg ug'{kb{5 .

#= c:yfoL lzIfsx¿nfO{ ;fdfGok|lqmofåf/f :yfoL ug{' lzIff If]qdf /fd|f]Ifdtfsf gjk|j]zLsf lglDt 9f]sf aGbug'{ xf] . clxn];Dd k|foM c:yfoLlzIfsx? lagf k/LIff eg;'g, gftf,bafa / b]vfj6L k|lqmof k"/f u/]/ lgo'lQmePsf 5g\ . clxn];Dd lzIffsf] u'0f:t/;'w|g glbg] Tof] g} Pp6f kIf xf] .

$= k|cÙ k|frfo{ h]i7tf / ;]jfsfnLglg/Gt/tfsf cfwf/df lgo'Qm ug'{dfgl;s / zf/Ll/s ¿kn] cIfdnfO{lg/Gt/tf lbg] k'/fgf] ;+:s[lt xf] .

% pko'{Qm ;d:of ;dfwfgsf lgldQlgDg Joj:yf ul/P /fd|f] x'g]5M

-s_ ;/sf/L ljBfnonfO{ klg lghLljBfnodf h:t} ;'ljwf, z}lIfshgzlQm, jftfj/0f, Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/NofP/ k|lt:kwL{ t'Nofpg'k5{ .

-v_ c:yfoL lzIfssf ;d:of;Daf]wg ug{ k/fbzL{, lgikIf /k|lt:kwf{Tds k/LIff rfF8f]eGbf rfF8f]lzIff cfof]un] u/fpg'kb{5 . pQL0f{ x'gg;s]sf c:yfoL lzIfsnfO{ /fxtcg'bfgsf] Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 .

-u_ k|cÙ k|frfo{sf] lgo'lQm Ifdtf/ k"0f{ k|lt:kwL{sf cfwf/df u/fOg'kb{5 .

o'j/fh ;'g'jf/hfnkf lgdflj, jfsl;nf, vf]6fª

zlQmsf k'hf/L@)^% c;f]hsf] lzIfs df k|bLkg]kfnsf] …ljrf/Ú -lzIfssf ;Ë7gM lxhf]/ cfh_ oyfy{ nfUof] . t/ oxL s'/foltv]/ xfdLsxfF eO/x]5, Tof] klghah{:tL 9Ëaf6 . lzIfsx¿, Pp6f vf;/fhgLlts kf6L{ tyf ;d"xsf] uf]6L ag]/;fdflhs c/fhstfsf ;+jfxs x'g'lgZro g} cfTd3ftL s'/f xf] .

6foGb| >]i7, lzIfs>L ;u/dfyf hgtf pdflj, cf]vn9'Ëf

lz Ifs k'; @)^% 7

ultljlw

g]kfn lzIfs o'lgog / g]kfn z}lIfsu0ftflGqs d~rn] lzIff / z}lIfsIf]qsf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ k|wfgdGqLsf]cWoIftfdf zlQm;DkGg lzIff–cfof]uu7g ug]{ dfu u/]sf 5g\ . & dª\l;/dfk|wfgdGqL k'iksdn bfxfnnfO{ a'‰fOPsf]tLga'Fb] dfukqdf kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df;du| z}lIfs of]hgf, gLlt tyf sfo{qmdto u/L sfof{Gjogsf] l;kmfl/; ug{To:tf] cfof]u h?/L ePsf] pNn]vul/Psf] 5 . xf], cfof]udf lzIff, cy{,:yfgLo ljsf;, lj1fgk|ljlw tyfjftfj/0f, sfg"g tyf GofodGqL, /fli6«oo f ] h g f c f o f ] us f pk f W o I f ,ljZjljBfnosf pks'nklt, lzIffljb\,lzIfs, ljBfno sd{rf/L, ljBfyL{ /cljefjssf] ;+:yfut k|ltlglwTju/fOg'kg]{ k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . cfof]usf]l;kmfl/; b'O{ jif {leq sfof{Gjogul/g'kg]{ o'lgog / d~rsf] dfu 5 .

To;}u/L, lzIffsf ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu

zlQm;DkGg lzIff cfof]usf] dfu;/sf/n] ljleGg ;dodf u/]sf ;xdlt/ ;D‰f}tf sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflulzIffdGqL jf ;lrjsf] ;+of]hsTjdf;D‰f}tf sfof{Gjog sfo{bn u7g ug]{dfu ul/Psf] 5 . To:tf] sfo{bndfklg cy{, :yfgLo ljsf;, lj1fg k|ljlwtyf jftfj/0f, sfg"g tyf GofodGqL,/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf pkfWoIf,ljZjljBfnosf pks'nklt, lzIffljb\,lzIfs, ljBfno sd{rf/L, ljBfyL{ /cleefjssf] ;+:yfut k|ltlglwTju/fOg'kg] { dfu ul/Psf] 5 . %sflQsdf o'lgog / d~rn] ;/sf/nfO{lbPsf] !& a'Fb] ;'‰fjkq k|wfgdGqLbfxfnn] To;sf ] ef ] lnkN6 a:g]dlGqkl/ifbdf k]z ug]{ cfZjf;glbPsf eP k lg To; af/ ] d fdlxgf lbg laTbf;Dd ;/sf/n] s'g}lg0f{o gu/]sf]df ;d]t o'lgog /d~rn] k|wfgdGqLsf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fPsf5g\ .

sfe|] o'lgogdfgofF g]t[Tjg]kfn lzIfs o'lgog sfe|]sf]lhNnf clwj]zg & dª\l;/dfw'lnv]ndf ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .clwj]zgsf] pb\3f6g ub}{o'lgogsf cWoIf s]zjk|;fbe§/fO{n] b]zdf pTs[i6 :s"n,pTs[i6 lzIfs / pTs[i6ljZjljBfno tof/ gu/LgofF g]kfn lgdf{0f ug]{;/sf/L nIo k"/f x'g g;Sg]atfP . cljw]zgn] cWoIfdfgf/fo0fk|;fb ltdN;]gf,pkfWoIfx¿df hfgsLb]jLltdN;]gf, p4j af]nv],r]tk|;fb zdf{, ;x;lrjdflgd{nfb]jL kf}8]n /sf]iffWoIfdf /fdk|;fb /]UdLnfO{rog u/]sf] 5 .

kl/of]hgfn] ubf{a}7s ;¥of]cfpFbf] r}tdf x'g] !) cf}F /fli6«o dxflwj]zg af/]5nkmn ug{ % / ^ dª\l;/df x]6f+}8fdf 8flsPsf]g]kfn /fli6«o lzIfs ;Ë7gsf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf]a}7s !# / !$ k';;Ddsf nflu ;/]sf] 5 .;Ë7gåf/f ;~rflnt dlxnf kl/of]hgfsf] sfdsf]rfksf sf/0f s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7s ;fg'{ k/]sf]hfgsf/L cWoIf xL/fk|;fb g]kfnn] lbP .

;Ë7gn] /fli6«o dxflwj]zgnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/lhNnf zfvfsf] clwj]zgnfO{ eg] tLa|tf lbPsf]5 . cWoIf g]kfnsf cg';f/ clxn];Dd ?kGb]xL,h'Dnf / x'Dnfsf] clwj]zg ;lsPsf] 5 . To;}u/Lg]kfn lzIfs ;+3;Fusf] ;f‰]bf/Ldf ;~rflnt;+o'Qm / dlxnf kl/of]hgf cGtu{t ;Ë7gn] $/ % dª\l;/df 8f]6Ldf, ! / @ dª\l;/df;'v]{tdfÙ !!, !@ / !# dª\l;/df dgfª /d':tfªdf lzIfsx¿sf] g]t[Tj ljsf; tflnd /dlxnf lzIfssf] clwsf/af/] sfo{zfnf ;DkGgu/]sf] 5 .

otf clvn g]kfn lzIfs ;Ë7gsf cWoIfu'0f/fh nf]xgLn] ;/sf/;Fu ljutdf ePsf ;xdltsfof{Gjog ug{ Pj+ lzIff / lzIfssf ;d:of;dfwfg u/fpg PsLs[t cfGbf]ng ug]{ tof/L u/]sf]bfaL u/]sf 5g\ . nf]xgLsf] egfO 5, ædfcf]jfbLsf]g]t[Tjdf ag]sf] clxn]sf] ;/sf/n] klg lzIfssfcfjfh ;'g]g, d~r / o'lgogdf cfa4 !# j6f;+:yf ;f‰f ynf]df cfPsf 5f}+, ca cfˆgf dfu k"/fu/fpg PsLs[t cfGbf]ng u5f}{+, cfGbf]ngsf] :j?krflxF kl5 to x'G5 .Æ t/ ;+3 / ;Ë7gsfkbflwsf/Ln] ;+o'Qm cfGbf]ng ug]{ nf]xgLsf] sygsf]k'li6 u/]sf 5}gg\ .

g]kfn lzIfs ;+3sf ljleGg lhNnf zfvfn]clwj]zg;Fu} gofF g]t[Tj rog u/]sf 5g\ . ;+3sfs]Gb|Lo sfof{no ;lrj ljb'/k|;fb clwsf/Lsfcg';f/ ;+3sf] /f]Nkf zfvfsf] clwj]zg !dª\l;/df ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . clwj]zgn]zflnu|fd s];Lsf] cWoIftfdf @! ;b:oLo lhNnfsfo{ ;ldlt rog u/]sf] 5 . To:t} ;+3sf] h'Dnfzfvfn] % dª\l;/df clwj]zg u/L bLksgfycfrfo{sf] cWoIftfdf @! ;b:oLo sfo{;ldlt u7gu/]sf] 5 .

lz Ifs k'; @)^%8

l/kf]6{afa'/fd ljZjsdf{

lzIfssf ;+3–;+:yfkl/of]hgfsf] rfkdf

kfn lzIfs o'lgog Ps jif{cl3b]lv 8]lg;o'lgog ckm l6r;{ -8LPnPkm_ sf] cfly{s

;xof]udf ;~rflnt …HjfOG6 k|f]h]S6 km/ lbSofkl;6L ljlN8ª ckm l6r/ o'lgog ckm g]kfnÚgfdsf] tLgjif]{ kl/of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{df Jo:t5 . of] kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ug{ 8LPnPkmn]o'lgognfO{ ?=&$ nfv cg'bfg lbPsf] 5 . of]dª\l;/;Dddf o'lgogn] ?=!$ nfv *! xhf/vr{ u/]/ ljleGg 7fpFdf tflnd, cGt/lqmof /uf]i7Lx¿ rnfO;s]sf] 5 .

g]kfn lzIfs o'lgogdf cfj4 g]kfn lzIfs;+3 / g]kfn /fli6«o lzIfs ;Ë7g w]/} klxn]b]lvg} ljb]zL bftfx¿sf] cfly{s cg'bfg ;xof]udf

g] ljleGg vfnsf kl/of]hgfx¿ ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf5g\ . kl5Nnf] ;dodf, tL b'j} ;+:yfn] ;+o'Qm ¿kdfbftfx¿sf] cg'bfgdf kl/of]hgfx¿ ;~rfng ub}{cfPsf 5g\ . u'0f:t/Lo lzIff / dlxnf lzIff;DaGwLb'O{ j6f bL3{sfnLg kl/of]hgf rnfO/x]sf 5g\ .;g\ !((% df z'? ePsf oL kl/of]hgfsf nflugj]{lhog lzIfs o'lgogn] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf vr{ ug]{u/L jif{sf] cf};t $) xhf/ cd]l/sL 8n/ -‰08}?=#@ nfv_ pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 .

kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ ;jfndf lzIfssf;+:yfx¿n] vf;} dfkb08 agfPsf] kfOFb}g . lzIfso'lgogn] Plzof kmfp08]zgsf] ?=$@ nfv cg'bfgdf;+ljwfg;ef r'gfj ko{j]If0f kl/of]hgf ;~rfng

tl:a/ ;f}hGoM g]kfn lzIfs o'lgog

Ps 5nkmndf ;xefuL8fF8Lu'/fF;] dflj, l;Gw'nLsflzIfs gf/fo0f 9sfn .

lz Ifs k'; @)^% 9

u/]sf] lyof] eg] ;+3 / ;Ë7gn] PrcfO{eL P8\;;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ Ph's]zg OG6/g]zgn;Fuxfn} ?=!% nfvsf] ;D‰f}tf u/]sf 5g\ . ;+3 /;Ë7gn] @)%^ b]lv )%* ;Dd ;+o'Qm ¿kdfljZj >d ;Ë7g -cfO{Pncf]_ sf] ?=$% nfvcg'bfgdf afn>d pGd"ng;DaGwL kl/of]hgf;~rfng u/]sf lyP .

lzIfs o'lgogn] 8LPnPkmsf] cfly{s ;xof]udfw'lnv]n, kf]v/f, bfdg / hgsk'/df cfof]lhtsfo{zfnfdf k|fKt ;'‰fjsf cfwf/df lzIfssf] g]t[Tjljsf;;DaGwL ;|f]t k'l:tsf k|sfzg u/]sf] 5 .To:t} o'lgogsf kbflwsf/Lsf] n]vg ;Lk ljsf;ug{ !) b]lv !$ c;f]h;Dd nlntk'/df n]vgsfo{zfnf / #) sflQsb]lv @ dª\l;/;Ddhgsk'/df g]t[Tj ljsf; tflnd cfof]hgf ul/Psf]lyof] .

o'lgogn] g]kfn hfkfg ;dGjo kl/ifb\sf]cg'bfgdf …5fqj[lQ kl/of]hgfÚ klg ;~rfngul//x]sf] 5 . r}t @)^$ b]lv ;~rflnt pQmkl/of]hgf cGtu{t :s"n txsf %) hgf ljBfyL{nfO{5fqj[lQ k|bfg ug]{ / yk $) hgf ljBfyL{nfO{hfkfgL efiff k|lzIf0f lbg] pNn]v 5Ù t/ 5fqj[lQsf]/sd / ljt/0f cjlw eg] tf]lsPsf] 5}g . o'lgogn]@)^@ df ;]e b lrN8«]g gj]{sf] ;xof]udf Psjif]{…afnd}qL ljBfno lzIfs k|lzIf0fÚ kl/of]hgf kfFr}ljsf; If]qdf ;~rfng u/]sf] lyof] . of] sfo{qmd

lhNnf tx;Dd lj:tf/ ug]{ rfxgf eP klg bftfsf]cefjdf cl3 a9fpg g;lsPsf] o'lgogsf dxf;lrjs[i0fk|;fb 9sfn atfpF5g\ . tyflkÙ o'lgogsf ;f]n',bfª / t]x|y'd zfvfn] ;Da4 lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf];xof]udf …afnd}qL ljBfno lzIfs k|lzIf0fÚ;~rfng u/]sf lyP .

o'lgogn] o; kl/of]hgfaf6 afnd}qL ljBfno;DaGwL %) hgf k|lzIfs tof/ x'g] !@))lzIfsn] tflnd kfpg], @) lhNnfsf !@))ljBfno / (^ xhf/ 5fq5fqf nfeflGjt x'g] ck]Iffu/]sf] lyof] . kl/of]hgfaf6 (^ xhf/ 5fq5fqfk|ToIf nfeflGjt geP klg sfo{qmd eg];kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg ePsf] dxf;lrj 9sfnsf]bfaL 5 . pgL eG5g\, æg]kfndf afnd}qL ljBfnotof/ ug'{k5{ / k7gkf7g afnaflnsfs]lGb|t x'g'k5{eGg] dfGotf oxL kl/of]hgfaf6 :yflkt eof] .kl/of]hgfsf] k|efjn] nf}/f] k|of]u ug]{ :s"nsf] ;ª\Vof36\b} uPsf] 5 .Æ

o'lgogn] ;/sf/ / ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu ;fdflhs;Djfb ug]{ p2]Zon] lzIff dGqfnosf] ;dGjodf…;fdflhs–;DjfbÚ kl/of]hgf ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 .lzIff dGqfnosf] l;kml/;df …;fdflhs ;DjfbÚkl/of]hgf ;~rfng ug{ 8]gdfs{sf] Ph's]zg ;]S6/P8efOh/L l6dn] @)^@ df o'lgognfO{ ?=@$ nfvcg'bfg lbPsf] lyof] . pQm kl/of]hgfcGtu{t lzIffdGqfnosf rf/ / o'lgogsf kfFr hgf k|ltlglw

gu/sf]6sf] Ps5nkmndf .

lz Ifs k'; @)^%10

l/kf]6{

lzIff ljsf;sf ;jfnaf/] ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] If]qLo/ /fli6«o ;Dd]ngx¿sf] k|ltj]bg @)^$ k|sfzgu/]sf] 5 . t/, k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ul/Psf lzIff;/f]sf/jfnfsf] cfrf/;+lxtf, åGå Joj:yfkgsf] ;Lk,lzIff gLlt, :s"ndf ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] pkl:ylt h:tfs'/fx¿ sfof{Gjog gePsf] o'lgog :jo+n] :jLsf/u/]sf] 5 . dxf;lrj 9sfn eG5g\, æ;/sf/n]

;fdflhs ;Djfbdfkm{t o'lgogn] p7fPsfcxd\ ;jfn sfof{Gjog gu/]sfn] of]kl/of]hgfsf] cf}lrTod} k|Zg p7]sf] 5 .Æ

g]kfn lzIfs o'lgog tyf o;;Fucfj4 g]kfn lzIfs ;+3 / g]kfn /fli6«olzIfs ;Ë7g afx]s cGo lzIfs ;+3–;Ë7gx¿;Fu rflxF s'g} kl/of]hgf 5}gg\ .oLdWo] kl/of]hgf gkfpg]b]lv kl/of]hgfsflj/f]wL;Dd klg 5g\ . g]kfn ;b\efjgfkf6L{ lgs6 g]kfn lzIfs d~r / /fli6«ok|hftGq kf6L{ lgs6sf] g]kfn /fli6«olzIfs kl/ifb\n] klg kl/of]hgf ;~rfng

ug{ bftf kfPsf 5}gg\ . /x/ / rfxgf eP klgkl/of]hgf gkfPsf]n] ;~rfng ug{ gkfPsf] d~rsfcWoIf ef]u]Gb| ‰f atfpF5g\ . t/, kl/ifb\sf dxf;lrjO{Zj/axfb'/ yfkfn] ;+3 / ;Ë7gs} kl/of]hgfdf;f‰]bf/L ug]{ kxn eO/x]sf]n] cfkm"x¿n] 5'§}kl/of]hgfsf] nflu k|of; gu/]sf] atfP .

dfcf]jfbL lgs6 z}lIfs u0ftflGqs d~rdfcfa4 clvn g]kfn lzIfs ;Ë7gnufotsf;+:yfx¿n] klg clxn];Dd s'g} kl/of]hgf ;~rfngu/]sf] b]lvFb}g . ;Ë7gsf cWoIf u'0f/fh nf]xgLkl/of]hgf rnfpg] gLlt g} gePsf]n] grnfPsf]atfpF5g\ . pgL eG5g\, æljb]z 3'Dg / k};f sfdfpgkl/of]hgf 7Ls xf]nf t/ o;n] lzIfsx¿nfO{cndNofP/ k7gkf7gdf c;/ k'¥ofpF5 .Æ

kl/of]hgfsf] nfe–xflgk]zfut clwsf/sf nflu :yfkgf ePsf ;+3;+:yfn]u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf -PghLcf]_ n] h:tf] bftfaf6 k};flnP/ kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ubf{ To;n] ;+:yfsf] p2]Zodf;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 ls k'¥ofpFb}g eGg] ax;df lzIfs;+:yfx¿ g} b'O{ wf/df afFl8Psf 5g\ . kl/of]hgfrnfpg] lzIfs ;+:yfx¿ o;sf] kIfdf 5g\ eg]kl/of]hgfljxLg ;+:yfx¿ ljkIfdf . nfdf] ;odb]lvljleGg kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf o'lgog,;+3 / ;Ë7gsf] ljwfgdf kl/of]hgf rnfpg] Joj:yf5}g . t/ @)#( ;fnb]lv kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ub}{{cfPsf] lzIfs ;Ë7gsf dxf;lrj afa'/fd clwsf/Lljwfgdf kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf cfjZosgkg]{ 7fG5g\ . o'lgogsf cWoIf s]zjk|;fb e§/fO{klg PghLcf] gePsf]n] ljwfgdf bft[;+:yfsf] ;xof]ulng] k|fjwfg cfjZos gkg]{ ts{ u5{g\ . ;+3sfcWoIf 1jfnLn] rflxF clxn] kl/of]hgf rnfPsf]

/x]sf] …;fdflhs ;Djfb ;dGjo ;ldltÚ u7g ul/Psf]5 . kl/of]hgfsf] cjlw ;lsP klg ;ldltsf] Dofbeg] c¿ b'O{ jif{sf nflu ylkPsf] 5 .

…;fdflhs ;DjfbÚ kl/of]hgfcGtu{t o'lgogn]:s"ndf åGå Joj:yfkg, lzIffsf ;/f]sf/jfnfsfnflu cfrf/;+lxtfsf] lgdf{0f, k|efjsf/L lzIff gLltth{'df, :s"ndf ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] pkl:ylt h:tfljifonfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ If]qLo / /fli6«o ;Dd]ngu/]sf] lyof] . ;Dd]ngsf] lgisif{nfO{ ;d]6]/ o'lgogn]

tkfO{sf] ;Ë7gn] kl/of]hgf rnfPsf] 5}g <5}g . bft[ ;+:yf;Fu xft k}mnfpFbf eLv dfu]h:tf] x'g] ePsf]n] xfdLn] kl/of]hgf ;~rfngtkm{Wofg lbPsf 5}gf}+ .bft[ ;+:yfx¿n] gkTofP/ xf] ls tkfO{+x¿n] g}grfx]/ <kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ug]{af/] xfdLn] ;Ë7gleqax; g} u/]sf 5}gf+} . clxn];Dd kl/of]hgf rnfpg] xfd|f] gLlt5}g / ljz'4 kl/of]hgf rnfpg] kIfdf 5}gf}F klg .lsg <lzIfssf cfwf/e"t ¿kdf b'O{ j6f sfd x'G5g\ . Pp6f lzIf0fk]zfdf /x]/ ljBfyL{, cleefjs / /fi6«sf] rfxgf k"/f ug]{, csf]{cfˆgf] k]zfut xs–lxt ;'lglZrt ug{ lqmofzLn x'g] . kl/of]hgfof]eGbf aflx/sf] s'/f xf] / To;n] lzIfssf] cfsif{0fnfO{ cs}{lt/df]l8lbG5 .lzIfssf ;+:yfn] rnfPsf kl/of]hgfaf6 kmfObf k'u]sf] 5}gt <kl/of]hgfn] lzIfsnfO{ d'Vo e"ldsfaf6 Ro"t u/]sf] b]lvG5 .:s"naf6 sfh jf 5'§L lnP/ kl/of]hgfsf sfddf xf]6n–xf]6nrxfg]{ k|j[lQ 5 . k};f sdfpg] / rrf{df cfpg] df]xn] lzIfsx¿k9fpg 5f8]/ kl/of]hgfsf] kl5 nfu]sf 5g\ . ljb]z 3'Dg /k};f sdfpg t kl/of]hgf 7Ls xf]nf t/ o;n] ljBfyL{sf]k7gkf7gdf 7"nf] Iflt k'¥ofPsf] 5 .tkfO{+x¿sf] gLlt k]zfut xs–lxtnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] kl/of]hgfklg ;~rfng gug]{ xf] < <cg';Gwfg / lzIf0f k]zfnfO{ ;xof]u k'Ug] u/L /fHon] lgwf{/0fu/]sf] k|lqmofleq /x]/ kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 t/k9fpg} 5f8]/, lzIfsn] kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ug'{ cfwf/e"t ¿kdfa]7Ls xf] .

…kl/of]hgfn]cs}{lt/ df]l8lbG5Ú

u'0f/fh nf]xgLcWoIf, clvn g]kfn lzIfs ;Ë7g

lz Ifs k'; @)^% 11

eP klg ;g\ @)@) kl5b]lv eg] bft[ ;+:yfsf];xof]u glng] lg0f{o u/]sf] atfP .

kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ ls gug]{ eGbf klgkl/of]hgfsf] 5gf]6 / To;sf] kl/0ffdsf] d"Nofª\sgul/g'kg]{ ts{ u5{g\ lzIfs ;+:yfsf cu'jfx¿ . ;+3sfcWoIf 1jfnL kl/of]hgfsf] d"Nofª\sg ub}{ eG5g\,æxfdLn] ljutdf ;~rfng u/]sf] kl/of]hgfn] ljleGg/fhgL lts bnk | lt cf:yf /fVg ]lzIfsx¿nfO{ Pp6} ynf]df cfpg] jftfj/0fagfof] / lzIfs o'lgog hGdfof], of] 7"nf]pknlAw xf] .Æ dlxnf lzIfsx¿nfO{ g]t[Tjtxdf :yflkt ug{ / :s"ndf nf]stGqsf]cjwf/0ff :yflkt u/fpg klg kl/of]hgfkmnbfoL ePsf] 1jfnLsf] bfaL 5 . lzIfs;Ë7gsf dxf;lrj clwsf/L rflxFkl/of]hgfn] lzIfs ;+:yfnfO{ cfly{s ¿kdf;an agfPsf] 7fG5g\ . pgL eG5g\, æxfdLPghLcf] xf]Ogf}F t/ ;Ë7g rnfpg cfly{skIf dxŒjk"0f{ x'g] ePsfn] kl/of]hgfrnfpg afWo 5f}F .Æ

dxf;lrj clwsf/Lsf cg';f/ clxn] ;Ë7g;Fusl/a ?=!% s/f]8sf] rncrn ;DklQ 5, ##j6f lhNnf zfvfn] sfof{no ejg agfPsf 5g\ eg]!! j6f zfvfn] 38]/L lsg]sf 5g\ . nlntk'/sf]s'df/Lkf6Ll:yt lzIfs ;Ë7gsf] ejgdf ;~rflntSofl:kog EofnL sn]hn] ;Ë7gnfO{ dfl;s ?=*)xhf/ ef8f a'‰fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . dxf;lrj clwsf/LeG5g\, æc¿ ;+:yfx¿ bftfaf6 cfPsf] ;a} ah]6sfo{qmddf l;WofpF5g\, xfdL zLt pefP/ 3}nf] eg]{gLlt cGtu{t kl/of]hgfaf6 arfP/ ;~ro u5f}{+ .Æ

;/sf/ g} ljb]zL C0f / cg'bfgdf lge{//x]sf] cj:yfdf k]zfut ;+3–;+:yfn] bftfsf]cg'bfgdf k/of]hgf rnfpg] s'/f s;}nfO{ klggf}nf] nfUb}g . t/ kl/of]hgf 5gf]6df Wofggk'¥ofpg] / To;sf] pknlAwsf] ;xL d"Nofª\sggug]{ k/Dk/fsf] lg/Gt/tfn] lzIfssf] k]zfutcfGbf]ngnfO{ cf]‰]ndf kfg]{ / sIff sf]7fsf]k7gkf7gdf vf;} ;sf/fTds of]ubfg k'Ug g;Sg]Psy/Lsf] lrGtf kfOG5 . PrcfO{eL P8\; / r'gfjko{j]If0f h:tf sfo{qmdn] lzIfs ;+:yfx¿nfO{kl/of]hgfd'vL agfpg] / k]zfut cfGbf]ngnfO{ sdhf]/kg]{ ePsfn] kl/of]hgf 5gf]6df Wofg k'¥ofpg'kg]{w]/}sf] ;'‰fj /x]sf] b]lvG5 . kl/of]hgf rnfpg]clxn]s} df]8nnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbFbf lzIfssf k]zfut;+3;+:yf / PghLcf]aLr km/s 5'6\ofpg ufx|f] kg{yfn]sf] e'Qmef]uLx¿sf] cg'ej 5 . lzIff / lzIfs;Fu;DalGwt kl/of]hgfx¿ klg lzIfs ;+3–;Ë7gn]eGbf c¿ ;+:yfx¿n] rnfpg' plrt x'g] atfpFb}lzIffljb\ s]bf/eQm dfy]df eG5g\, ælzIfssf] klxnf]sfd k9fpg' xf], kl/of]hgfsf] kl5 nfu]kl5 lzIfsn]k9fpg 5f]8\5 .Æ

tkfO{+x¿åf/f ;~rflnt kl/of]hgfn]lzIfssf] k]zfut xs–clwsf/ k|flKtdfslQsf] ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf 5g\ <lzIfssf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{ eg]sf]k]zfut xs–lxt :yflkt ug'{ xf] .kl/of]hgfn] o'lgogsf] ;+:yfut Ifdtfa9fPsf] 5 / o'lgogn] lzIfssf]k]zfut clwsf/ k|flKtsf nflu

dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 .o'lgogsf] ljwfgdf bft[ ;+:yfsf] ;xof]udf kl/of]hgfrnfpg ;lsg] Joj:yf t 5}g lg <xfdL PghLcf], cfO{PghLcf] gePsf]n] ljwfgdf bft[;+:yfsf] ;xof]udf kl/of]hgf rnfpg] k|fjwfg g/flvPsf]xf] . k]zfut ;Ë7gn] ljwfgdf To:tf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{cfjZostf 5}g . ljwfgsf] dd{n] xfdLnfO{ kl/of]hgfrnfpg /f]Sb}g .o'lgogn] lzIfs / lzIf0f sfo{nfO{ k|ToIf ;xof]uk'Ug] kl/of]hgf rflxF lsg grnfPsf] <z'?df ultnf lzIfs pTkfbg ug]{ kl/of]hgf rnfpg];f]rfO lyof] . t/, /fHon] ;d]t ug{ g;s]sf] sfdxfdLn] ug{ ;Dej gx'g] b]v]/ lzIfsnfO{ k]zfk|ltpQ/bfoL agfpg] tyf ltgsf] r]tgf clej[l4 ug]{vfnsf kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ug{ yfNof}+ .lzIfsx¿ kl/of]hgfsf] kl5 nfUbf 5fq5fqfsf]k7gkf7gdf afwf k'Ub}g <kl/of]hgf;DaGwL sfddf nfUbf sIffsf] k9fOdf c;/k'U5 . t/ s]xL kfpg s]xL u'dfpg'k5{ . lzIffsf]ljsf; / k]zfut lxtsf nflu lzIfs lxF8\bf bL3{sfnLg¿kdf :s"n / ;du|df b]znfO{ g} kmfObf k'U5 .kl/of]hgfaf6 o'lgogn] xfl;n u/]sf] d'Vo pknlAwrflxF s] xf] <xfdL;Fu sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg / d"NofÍg ug]{ ;+oGq /kl/kf6L 5}g . t/ klg xfd|f kl/of]hgfn] lzIfsnfO{k]zfk|lt Odfgbf/ agfpg c;fWo} k|efjsf/L e"ldsfv]n]sf 5g\ . kl/of]hgfn] lzIfssf] r]tgf:t/ p7fPsf]5 / w]/} lzIfs lzIff If]qsf] ;'wf/sf Ph]08f af]Sg;Ifd ePsf 5g\ .

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l/eflifs c:ki6tfn] ubf{ ljleGg y/Lsf ;+3 /;Ë7gx¿sf af/]df a]nfa]nfdf k|Zgx¿ p7\g]

ub{5g\ . g]kfn k|fWofks ;+3 k]zfut ;d"x xf] jf Jofj;flosdf]rf{ < clvn g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;Ë7g -qmflGtsf/L_ lh1f;'o'jfx¿sf] hdft xf] jf ju{–;ª\3if{sf nflu n8fsf tof/kfg]{ ;+/rgf < ;+3 / ;Ë7gx¿sf] ;j{:jLsfo{ kl/efiff:yflkt x'g g;s]sf sf/0f logsf] JofVofdf Ps?ktf kfOFb}g .slxn] Pp6f ;d"xn] csf]{nfO{ …/fhgLltÚ u/]sf] cf/f]k nufpF5eg] s'g}a]nf csf]{y/Ln] c¿ g} s;}nfO{ …JolQmjfbLÚ ePsf]cfIf]k nufO/x]sf] x'G5 . t/ oyfy{ s] xf] eg] dflg;/fhgLlts k|f0fL ePsfn] /fhgLltaf6 pm k"0f{tM d'Qm /xg;Sb}g . To:t}, JolQmsf :jfy{x¿n] p;nfO{ :jtM JolQmjfbLagfpF5 . r'gf}tL ltgnfO{ s;/L :jLsfo{ kl/lwleq /fVg]eGg] dfq} xf] .

lzIfsx¿sf ;+3, ;+:yf / ;Ë7gx¿af/] ax; ubf{s]xL zAbx¿sf] k|f;lËs cy{sf af/] :ki6 x'g' h?/L 5 .;fdfGotM lgTosd{ afx]ssf sfdn] JolQmnfO{ afFRg] cfwf/k|bfg ub{5g\ . >ldsn] sfd u/]afkt Hofnf kfpF5, ls;fgn]pTkfbg . To;eGbf Ps v'6\lsnf] dflysf] ;lqmotfsf nflu;Lk rflxG5 . xnf] agfpg], h'Qf l;pg] jf n'uf w'g]x¿;Ddfgsf kfq x'g\, lsgeg] ltgsf] ;Lkn] tflnd, nug /

>dsf] ;lDd>0f af]s]sf] x'G5 .;Lk l;Sg l;sf?n] ;fdfGotM l;kfn';Fu sfd ug{

kfP k'U5 . t/ hl6ntfsf] csf]{ Pp6f v'6\lsnf plSngJolQmdf ;Lk, tflnd, nug / >dsf cltl/Qm cf}krfl/slzIff klg rflxG5 . /fd|f] skfn sf6\g] sfl/u/ ;8s5]psf]s'g} xhfd k;ndf klg e]§fpg ;lsPnf, t/ …s]z z[Ëf/ljz]if1Ú sxlng lzlIft / ;s] cf}krfl/s tflndsf] k|df0fkqkfPsf] JolQm x'g'kb{5 .

Joj;foLn] k"FhL ;d]t nufgL ug]{ lxDdt u¥of] eg]p;sf] Jofkf/nfO{ Ond jf wGbf eGg ;lsG5, oBlk wGbfzAbsf] gsf/fTds cy{n] cfhsn Jofkstf kfpFb} uPsf]5 . Ond u/]/ cyf]{kfh{g ug{ >d, ;Lk, tflnd / lzIffsfcltl/Qm k"FhLsf] klg cfjZostf x'G5 .

k]zf >dsf] ;aeGbf pkNnf] v'6\lsnf] xf] . ;Lk, tflnd,lzIff / k"FhLsf cltl/Qm 1fg / ljj]s;d]t cfjZos kg]{k]zfx¿sf :jlgld{t cfrf/;+lxtfx¿ x'g] ub{5g\ . s'g} k]zfdf;+nUg x'g' eg]sf] JolQmut jf ;d"xut :jfy{ ;Fu;Fu} ;[li6sf];'b[9Ls/0fk|lt ;b}j ;r]t /xg' klg xf] .

;]jf Ps k|sf/sf] >d g} xf], t/ ;]jfsf] df]n k};fdfgeP/ cfTd;Gt'li6df kfOG5 . >lds, Joj;foL, OndLjf k]z]j/– cf–cfˆgf] uR5]cg';f/ ;]jf hf];'s}n] klg ug{;S5 . /, ;a}sf] ;]jfsf] dxŒj a/fa/ x'G5 . t/ ;dosf]nfut jf ljz]if1tfsf] d"NofÍg km/s–km/s x'g;S5 .

>dsf] ;jf]{Ts[i6 cleJolQm snf xf] . zfob To;}n]xf]nf, k|ljlw h:tf] ?vf] If]qsf] pNn]Vo pknlAwnfO{ ;d]tcª\u|]hL efiffdf …:6]6 ckm b cf6{Ú –snf ;dt'No– eGg]ul/G5 . z'4 snfsd{ g cyf]{kfh{gsf nflu ul/G5, g tcfTd;Gt'li6sf nflu g} . snfsd{ 3l6t x'G5, lsgeg]Tof] gu/L snfsf/ afFRg} ;Sb}g . zfob snfnfO{ wd{eGbf x'G5 . snfdf nLg ePsf] JolQm nf}lss jf dfgl;seGbf a9L cfWoflTdstflt/ pGd'v x'Fb} hfG5, clg cGttMsnfd} ljnLg x'G5 / hLljt /xG5 . ;flxTo, ;ËLt, lrq,g[To / clego dfq xf]Og, snf /f]6L a]Ng] jf h'Qfkfln; ug]{ h:tf lgoldt lqmofdf klg b]lvg ;S5 .

>db]lv wd{;Ddsf ;a} sfdx¿ JolQmsf] cu|;/tf /;lqmotfdf ug]{ ul/G5 . t/ oL ;a} ultljlwx¿sf] k"0f{tfsfnflu sfo{jfxLdf ;+nUgtf rflxG5 . cd]l/sL lrGts xfgfcfg]{6 eG5g\, …PS;g -sfo{jfxL jf sd{0otf_ df kfpF5dfgj hLjgn] ;fy{stf .Ú sd{0otf JolQmsf] geP/ ;d"xsf]ultljlw xf] . To;}n] >lds xf];\ jf snfsf/, ;d"x ;a}sf]x'g'kb{5 . zfob To;}n] xf]nf, ;Ël7t x'g] clwsf/nfO{cfwf/e"t dfgjLo :jtGqtfsf] ¿kdf dfGotf k|fKt 5 .t/, s'g ;d"xsf] sfo{jfxL jf sd{0otf -PS;g_ s:tf]x'g'kg]{ xf] < To;af/] g]kfndf dfq geP/ cGoq klg cGtxLg5nkmnsf] l;nl;nf hf/L 5 . tyflk ljleGg k|sf/sf;d"xx¿sf] k|lt:kwf{Tds cg's"ntf -sDk]6]l6e P8\h_ tyfk|efjsfl/tfsf] ;Lldttfsf af/]df s]xL ;j{dfGo dfGotfx¿:yflkt eO;s]sf 5g\ .

k|f?k / k|efj>ddf cfwfl/t JolQmx¿sf] ;d"x d"ntM ;ª\3if{ / P]Soa4tfsf

cf}lrTo /ck]Iffsltko k]zfut ;+3–;+:yfx¿ g} ;':t/Lu}/;/sf/L ;+:yf -u};;_ df ?kfGtl/tx'g nf]leO/fv]sf] kl/l:yltdfyltdfyltdfyltdfyltdf lzIfs;+3–;Ë7gx¿n] cfˆgf k|lta4tfkqx¿nfO{k'gM Psk6s cjnf]sg ug{ pko'Qmx'g]5 . u};; aGg ufx|f] 5}g, t/ To;kl5;+3 jf ;Ë7gn] cfˆgf] h'‰f?kghf]ufpg ;Sb}gg\ .

l;s] nfnljrf/ lzIfssf ;+3–;+:yf

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nflu agfOPsf x'G5g\ . To;}n] >d ;Ë7gx¿ >ldssf];f6f] k"FhL jf k|ljlwsf] lxtdf nfUg yfn] eg] ltgsf];fGble{stf ;dfKt x'g a]/ nfUb}g . pBf]u jf Jofkf/;+:yfkgs} b[li6sf]0faf6 klg >ldssf] juL{o lxtk|lt ;dlk{t>d ;Ë7gx¿ bL3{sfnLg ¿kn] a9L pkof]uL 7xl/G5g\ .p2]Zod"ns P]Soa4tfdf cfwfl/t ljBfyL{ ;d"xx¿ klgd"ntM >d ;Ë7g h:t} x'g\ . h'‰f?kg a]u/ >d jfljBfyL{ ;d"x k|efjsf/L x'g ;Sb}gg\ .

;Lk ePsfx¿sf] ;d"x P]Soa4tf tyf ;ª\3if{sf ;fy}cGo ;dfg ;d"xx¿;Fu cfa4 eP/ cfˆgf] k|efjsfl/tfa9fpg k|oTgzLn /xg'kb{5 . o; cy{df >lds ;Ë7g-n]j/ o'lgog_ tyf ;Lk ;+3 -6«]8 o'lgog_ Ps} k|s[ltsf;d"xx¿ x'g\ . cfa4 ;b:ox¿sf] xs / lxtsf nflu;ª\3if{zLn /xg P]Soa4 ;d"xx¿sf] lg/Gt/;lqmotf a]u/ nf]stGq k|efjsf/L /xg ;Sb}g .

Joj;foL tyf OndLx¿sf ;d"xsf] d'Vorf;f] d'gfkmf tyf k"FhLsf] ;'/Iff x'G5 .To;} eP/ To:tf ;Ë7gx¿ bafa Pj+Psflwsf/ -nljOË P08 dgf]kf]nL_ h:tfljs[ltlt/ pGd'v x'g;S5g\ . ;r]t lgodgsf;fy} ;ts{ g]t[Tj a]u/ Jofj;flos ;d"xx¿OHhtsf ;fy lqmofzLn /xg ;Sb}gg\ .

k]zfut ;+3 ;Ë7gx¿n] cfˆgf] If]qsf];ª\s'lrt 3]/feGbf aflx/ ;d:t ;dfhsf]lxt ;d]tdf ;+nUgtf /fVg] ePsfn]/fhgLlts g]t[Tj hGdfpg] k|f/lDes d~rsf]¿kdf klg sfd ug]{ ub{5g\ . t/ d"ntMk]zfut ;d"xx¿sf] p2]Zo k]zfsf] :jR5tfsfod ug{ / ;Ifdtf a9fpg]lt/ nlIftx'g'kb{5 .

;]jf sfo{df ;+nUg :jo+;]jLx¿sf] ;d"xPSnf]kgf x6fpg] tyf ;+j]bgf ;f6f;f6 ug]{;+oGqx¿ x'g\ . snfsf/x¿ ;fdfGotM;d"xLs[t x'g ;Sb}gg\M snfsd{ :jefjtMJolQm / ;[li6 aLrsf] jftf{nfk xf] . snfsf/x¿ :jR5Gbtfa]u/ ;f; ;d]t km]g{ ;Sb}gg\ . :jtGq wd{ lgjf{x ug{clezKt x'G5g\ ;Rrf snfsf/x¿ . ;+3x¿sf sd{0otf -PS;g_ klg cf–cfˆg} k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . >lds tyf ljBfyL{;d"xx¿ bafad"ns sfd ug{ tTsfn cufl8 ;5{g\ . Joj;foLtyf OndLx¿ /fhgLlts k|efj kl/rfngdf dflx/ x'G5g\ .k]zfsdL{x¿sf] hdft ;fdfGotM tfls{s cleJolQm, ;fj{hlgsljrf/ lgdf{0f tyf sfg"gL pkrf/åf/f cfˆgf] lxt ;+/If0fug{ ?rfpF5 . ;]jfwdL{ tyf snfsf/x¿sf] …g}lts zlQmÚg} ltgsf] ;aeGbf c;/bf/ xltof/ x'g] ub{5 . ca k|Zgp7\5M xfd|f lzIfs ;+3–;Ë7gx¿ s:tf 5g\ < /, ltgsf]cfbz{ s:tf] x'g'kb{5 < pQ/ c¿ s;}n] lbg ;Sg] xf]Og,lzIfsx¿n] :jo+ cfTddGyg ug'{kb{5 . t/, ljdz{sf nflus]xL a'Fbfx¿ pNn]v ug{ cGoyf gxf]nf . ;d"xx¿sf] cfTdk|:t'lttyf ;fj{hlgs 5lj plQs} dxŒjk"0f{ kIf x'g\ .

k|ydtM cfˆgf ;b:o lzIfsx¿sf] lxt ;Da4{g ug]{:jfefljs bfloTj x'Fbfx'Fb} klg lzIfssf ;+3–;Ë7g jf

;d"xx¿ ;fdfGo >lds jf l;kfn' ;+3–;Ë7g h:tf ;ª\3if{Pj+ P]Soa4tfsf df]rf{ dfq xf]Ogg\ . Joj;foL jf OndLx¿h:tf] bafasf] sfddf cN‰]/ lzIfsx¿n] cfˆgf] lzIfsLo5lj rDsfO/fVg ;Sb}gg\ . g]kfndf lzIf0fn] c‰} klgk]zfsf] x}l;ot xfl;n ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . s'g} a]nf lzIf0fnfO{;]jfsd{sf] dof{bf k|fKt lyof] . cfh lzIffsf] pTkftJofkf/Ls/0fn] Tof] cj:yf afFsL /x]sf] 5}g . d"nWofpGgf]-kmf]s;_ sf] cefjn] xf]nf, xfd|f lzIfs ;d"xx¿ k|efjsf/Lx'g ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . st{Jolgi7 g]t[Tj kfpg] xf] eg]lzIfs ;+3–;+:yfx¿ k]zfut ;d"xsf] ¿kdf k|lti7flkt x'gg;Sg] s'g} sf/0f 5}g . t/ sltko k]zfut ;+3–;+:yfx¿g} ;':t/L u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf -u};;_ df ?kfGtl/t x'gnf]leO/fv]sf] kl/l:yltdf lzIfs ;+3 ;Ë7gx¿n] cfˆgf

k|lta4tfkqx¿nfO{ k'gM Psk6s cjnf]sgug{ pko'Qm x'g]5 . u};; aGg ufx|f] 5}g,t/ To;kl5 ;+3 jf ;Ë7gn] cfˆgf]h'‰f?kg hf]ufpg ;Sb}gg\ .

s]xL u};;sdL{x¿sf] ljnf;L hLjgz}nLn]ubf{ ;du| u};; If]qnfO{ g} zÍfsf] b[li6n]x]l/g' pko'Qm x'Fb}g . pbf/jfb, lghLs/0ftyf j}ZjLs/0fsf] b+znfO{ sd ug{ tyfpGd'Qm v'nf ahf/sf b'ik|efjx¿nfO{lgoGq0fdf /fVg ljZj a}+s Pj+ cGo bft[lgsfox¿n] a9fjf lbPsf u};;x¿sf] v'nfcy{Joj:yfdf :ki6 / dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsfx'g;Sb5 . /fHo / ahf/ aLrsf]cGt/;ª\3if{n] ubf{ r]k'jfdf k/]sf] ju{ tyfwfld{s ;f+:s[lts ¿kn] l;dfGtLs[t;fdflhs ;d"xx¿sf] lxt ;Da4{g ;aeGbfk|efjsf/L 9Ën] ;DejtM u};;x¿n] ug{;Sb5g\ , pbf/jfbL cy{–/fhgLltsJoj:yfdf . t/, ToxL sf/0fn] ubf{ s'g}klg sd{0o ;d"x -PS;g u|'k_ n] u};;;/xsf] sfd ug{ yfNof] eg] cfˆgf] h'‰f?kg

Pj+ sd{hGo wd{sf] z'4tf sfod /fVg ;Sb}g . u};;x¿/fhgLlt tyf ahf/ -bft[ lgsfox¿sf] k|efjn] ubf{_ aLrsf]cGt/;DaGwaf6 pTkGg j0f{zÍ/ ;+oGqx¿ x'g\, ltgsf] ;+;u{dfk/]sf sd{hGo ;d"xx¿n] cfˆgf] df}lnstf hf]ufpg ;Sb}gg\ .

eQf a]u/ jflif{s e]nfdf ;d]t ;xefuL x'g xlRsg];b:ox¿n] ul/aLn] geP/ nf]en] ubf{ ;b:otf z'Ns ltg{5f]8\5g\, ;d"xut lhDd]jf/Lsf] ;f6f] k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] cj;/vf]Hg yfNb5g\ . /, cGttM cfˆgf] h'‰f?kg u'dfP/ P]Soa4;b:oaf6 cfTd–s]lGb|t JolQmdf ?kfGtl/t x'G5g\ . To:tfJolQmx¿sf] klg cfˆgf] k|sf/sf] pkof]lutf x'G5, t/sd{0otfsf d~rx¿ Pstfdf zlQm vf]Hg]x¿sf] ;d"xsf]¿kdf dfq k|efjsf/L aGg ;Sb5g\ .

u'?–lzio k/Dk/f sfod /x];Dd lzIfs ;+3–;Ë7gx¿sf]cf}lrTo vf]Hg' lg/y{s lyof] . t/, ;dfhsf hl6ntfx¿a9\b} hfFbf sd{0o–;d"xx¿sf] cfjZostf a9\b} hfg] lglZrt5 . ltgsf] pkof]lutf tyf k|efjsfl/tf a9fpg] af/] lg/Gt/tyf ;3g ;+jfb eg] rln/xg'kb{5 .

k]zfut ;+3–;Ë7gx¿n]cfˆgf] If]qsf] ;ª\s'lrt3]/feGbf aflx/ ;d:t;dfhsf] lxt ;d]tdf;+nUgtf /fVg] ePsfn]/fhgLlts g]t[Tj hGdfpg]k|f/lDes d~rsf] ¿kdfklg sfd ug]{ ub{5g\ .t/ d"ntM k]zfut

;d"xx¿sf] p2]Zo k]zfsf]:jR5tf sfod ug{ /

;Ifdtf a9fpg]lt/ nlIftx'g'kb{5 .

lz Ifs k'; @)^%14

l/kf]6{ cgnfOg 6\o"zgafa'/fd cof{n

cgnfOg 6\o"zg ;]jf -6\o"6/ cfp6;f]l;{ª_ ;DaGwLoL b[i6fGtn] gofF k':tfsf tGg]/Lx¿ OG6/g]6sf] dfWodaf6Pl;ofnL cgnfOg lzIfssf] vf]hLdf /x]sf] k|:6 ;Í]tub{5 . cd]l/sfdf k|ToIf 6\o"zg dxFuf] x'g] x'Fbf ljBfyL{x¿cgnfOg 6\o"zg ;]jflt/ cfslif{t eO/x]sf 5g\ . t/cd]l/sfdf Tof] ;]jf klg dxFuf] ePsfn] ToxfFsf ljBfyL{x¿;:tf] lzIfssf] vf]hLdf nfu]sf 5g\ h;n] ubf{ cgnfOg6\o"zgdf Pl;ofnL b]zx¿n] ks8 hdfpFb} uPsf 5g\ .To;df cufl8 b]lvPsf 5g\, ef/t, lkmlnlkG;, rLg, >LnÍfh:tf b]zx¿ . oL b]zsf cgnfOg 6\o"zg ;]G6/x¿n]k|lt3G6f !* b]lv @) 8n/ z'Ns lnP/ e/kbf]{ ;]jfk|bfg u5{g\ . cd]l/sfdf Ps hgf cgnfOg 6\o"zg lzIfsnfO{k|lt306f ltg'{kg]{ %) b]lv !)) 8n/eGbf of] lgs} ;:tf]k5{ ToxfFsf lgDg tyf dWod ju{sf 5fq5fqfnfO{ .cd]l/sfsf 5fq5fqfnfO{ sd z'Nsdf e/kbf]{ cgnfOg6\o"zg ;]jf lbO/x]sf Pl;ofnL lzIfsx¿n] rflxF To;af6:s"nsf] eGbf bf]Aa/ cfDbfgL ul//x]sf 5g\ .

ahf/ / k|ljlwcd]l/sfsf] a'z k|zf;gn] ;g\ @))@ df …gf] rfON8n]̂ 6 ljxfOG8 PS6Ú P]g NofPkl5 cgnfOg 6\o"zg ;]jfnf]slk|o aGg yfn]sf] xf] . pQm P]gn] ;+3Lo cg'bfg k|fKtug{ :s"nn] z}lIfs :t/ ;'wfg'{kg]{ Joj:yf u/]kl5 cd]l/sL:s"nx¿n] cltl/Qm sIff z'? ug{ yfn] / o:tf] sIff;~rfngsf] lhDd]jf/L kfP ToxfFsf 6\o'zg ;]G6/x¿n] .To;kl5 z'? ePsf] cgnfOg 6\o"zg clxn] vf;u/L ul0ft,ef}ltszf:q / cª\u|]hL ljifodf rn]sf] kfOG5 . a]nfot /c¿ ljsl;t b]zx¿df klg o:tf] 6\o"zg ;~rfng eO/x]sf]

5 t/ o;sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ahf/ cd]l/sf g} xf] .of] Joj;foaf6 ;g\ @))& df dfq} sl/a !@ ca{cd]l/sL 8n/ cfDbfgL ePsf] lyof] h;df ef/tPSn}n] tLg ca{ 8n/ sdfPsf] lyof] eg] afFsL /sdlkmlnlkG;, k"jL{ o'/f]k, >LnÍf, blIf0f clk|msfnufotsfb]zx¿sf] lx:;f ag]sf] lyof] .

cgnfOg lzIf0f ;]jfsf] nfut dxFuf] x'g] u/]sf]5 . o;sf nflu sDKo'6/sf cltl/Qm pRr u'0f:t/sf]a|f]8JofG8 OG6/g]6, xfO{PG8 8]lkmlg;g;lxtsf] j]aSofd,Xo08\; lk|m 6]lnkmf]g ;]6, l8lh6n k]lG;n, l8lh6n/fOl6ª Kof8 -h'g dfp; Kof8 h:t} x'G5 / sfkLdfn]v] h:t} n]Vg ;lsG5_sf] cfjZostf k5{ . OG6/g]6sf]dfWodaf6 ul/g] cgnfOg 6\o"zgdf Rofl6ª, d];]Gh/sn jf sGkm/]G; sn ;/n ljlw x'g\ . lzIfsx¿n]

w]/} 6f9f /x]sf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k9fpg x]8;]6 / sDKo'6/6\ofjn]6 -ls af]8{_ sf] k|of]u ub{5g\ . kf7\o ;fdu|Lx¿Od]nsf] dfWodaf6 ljBfyL{df‰ k'¥ofOG5 .

nfesf eflubf/ o'jfcgnfOg 6\o"zg ;]jf pknAw u/fO/x]sfsDkgLx¿n] k|foM :gftsf]Q/ u/]sf bIf o'jfnfO{

dfq lzIfssf] ¿kdf lng] u/]sf 5g\ . o; k]zfaf6cgnfOg lzIfsn] k|lt ljBfyL{ ;/b/ Go"gtd # ;ob]lv

ef/tLo lzIfs

cufl8• cª\u|]hLdf sdhf]/ cd]l/sL 5fqf 8]lgonfnfO{ ef/tLo

lzIfs lu|:df ;lng -@@_ cgnfOgsf] ;xof]udf cª\u|]hLk9fpFl5g\ . ef/tsf] sf]rLl:yt cgnfOg 6\o"zg ;]G6/sLlzIfs lu|:df;Fu yf]/} vr{df cª\u|]hL Jofs/0f l;Sg;lsg] 8]lgonfsf] ljZjf; 5 .

• cd]l/sfsf] hh{ jfl;ª\6g ljZjljBfnosf Pn]S; 8]ndf]G6] -@)_ nfO{ k/LIffdf /fd|f] ug]{ lrGtf lyof] .k9fO ;'wfg{ pgn] aL; xhf/ dfOn 6f9fsf 6\o"zglzIfs dfOsnfO{ OG6/g]6af6 3R3RofP, …dnfO{ clxn]g} d2t ug'{ k¥of] .Ú ef/tsf] aËnf]/l:yt Ps cgnfOg6\o"zg ;]G6/sf lzIfs dfOsn] pgnfO{ k/LIffdf …PÚu|]8sf] c+s Nofpg ;Ifd t'NofP .

• cd]l/sfs} l;Ne/ cf]s k|fljdf ̂ sIffdf k9\g] 5fqfPg dfl/ofnfO{ ljBfnoaf6 kms]{kl5 OG6/g]6df a:g]afgL g} nfu]sf] 5 . t/, pgL lel8of] u]d v]Ngxf]Og, cfkm"n] ghfg]sf s'/f l;Sgsf nflu OG6/g]66\o"zgdf al:5g\ .

lz Ifs k'; @)^% 15

$ ;o %) cd]l/sL 8n/;Dd dfl;scfDbfgL ul//x]sf 5g\ . cd]l/sL 5fq5fqfsf]dfusf sf/0f Pl;ofnL b]zdf cgnfOg6\o"zg ;]jf ;~rfngsf] qmd a9\g yfn]sf]5 . o;df ;aeGbf cufl8 b]lvPsf] 5ef/t . ToxfFsf *) k|ltzt cgnfOg 6\o"zg;]G6/n] cd]l/sL 5fq5fqfnfO{ lzIf0f ;]jfpknAw u/fPsf] gofFlbNnLl:yt P8'sDk;f]n';G;sf] cfFs8fn] b]vfpF5 .

ef/tkl5 of] Joj;fodf lkmlnlkG;cu|;/ b]lvG5, hxfFaf6 a;]{lg bIf o'jfo'jtLcd]l/sfdf lzIfs aGg hfG5g\ . To:t} k"jL{o'/f]k, >LnÍf, blIf0f clk|msfnufotsfb]zx¿n] klg cgnfOg 6\o"zg ;]jf k|bfgub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . oL b]zdf klg o'jfx¿g} of] sfddf cfslif{t ePsf 5g\ . t/o'jfx¿ bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf oxL k]zfdfcl8Psf] kfOFb}g . tTsfn /fd|f] sdfO ug]{jf csf]{ sfdsf] vf]hLsf] nflu kmf]/d k|of]uug]{ lx;fan] cgnfOg 6\o"zg lzIfs aGg]k|j[lQ al9/x]sf] 5 .

g]kfndf ;lhnf] 5}gl5d]sL d'n's ef/tdf cgnfOg 6\o"zg;]jf df}nfO/x]sf] a]nf g]kfndf eg] ;'?cftklg ePsf] 5}g . t/ g]kfnsf] klxnf]cfp6;f]l;{ª sDkgL ;le{ª dfOG8\; k|flnsfcWoIf cflzif sk'/sf cg';f/ oxfF of];]jf z'? ug{ k|fljlws ¿kdf s'g} ;d:of5}g . To:t}, d]l8sn 6«fG;lqmK;gsf] sfdub}{ cfPsf] 6L;LcfO{sf k|d'v sfo{sf/Lclws[t ;'of]Uodfg t'nfw/ klg g]kfndfcgnfOg 6\o"zg ;]jfsf] ;Defjgf b]V5g\ .pgL eG5g\, æca To;sf] tof/L ug'{k5{ .ÆcgnfOg 6\o"zg ;]jfsf] ljifodf ;/sf// lghL If]q ldn]/ cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;df nufgL ug'{kg]{cfjZostf /x]sf] cNkmflj6f OlG:6Ro'6sf k|d'v sfo{sf/Llgb]{zs lw/h zdf{sf] wf/0ff 5 .

pRr:t/Lo ;"rgfk|ljlw cfof]usf k"0f{sfnLg ;b:o dgf]x/e§/fO{ g]kfndf cgnfOg 6\o"zg ;]jfsf] ;DefJotf cWoogx'g afFsL g} /x]sf] atfpF5g\ . g]kfn lzIfs o'lgogsfcWoIf s]zjk|;fb e§/fO{ o'lgogn] lgs6 eljiodf o;sf];DefJotf cWoog ug]{ atfpF5g\ . pgL eG5g\, æcª\u|]hL/fd|f] k9\g] JolQmx¿sf] ;ª\Vof lbgk|ltlbg a9\b} uO/x]sf]5 t/ cgnfOg 6\o"zg ;]jfsf nflu k|fljlws sl7gfO{y'k|} 5g\ .Æ nf]8;]l8ª, dxFuf] OG6/g]6 ;]jf / bIf hgzlQmsf]cefj g]kfndf ljZj:t/sf] cgnfOg 6\o"zg ;]jf ;~rfngsfr'gf}tL dflgPsf 5g\ .

-lbg]z sfsL{ tyf Go"h Ph]G;Lx¿sf] ;xof]udf_

cGt/–;f+:s[lts ;d:of:s"n k9\g] ;fgf ljBfyL{x¿;Fu ;f+:s[lts ¿kdf ;fdLKotf /fVg;lhnf] xf];\ eg]/ Pl;ofnL cgnfOg 6\o"zg lzIfsx¿ cfˆgf klZrdfljBfyL{x¿sf nflu pgLx¿sf] h:t} gfd /fV5g\ . t/ klg Pl;ofnLlzIfs / cd]l/sL ljBfyL{x¿aLr ;f+:s[lts ;d:of cfpg] u/]sf] 5 .ef/t / lkmlnlkG; h:tf cgnfOg 6\o"zg ;]jf pknAw u/fpg]b]zx¿ tyf cd]l/sfsf] ;dodf klg cGt/ 5 . ef/tsL n]vf sdn;g-##_ cfˆgL cd]l/sL 5fqf cldtfnfO{ sIff cjlw ;lsPkl5 …u'8gfO{6Úeg]/ ljbf x'lG5g\, hals pgsf] u|]eof8{ -Soflag]6_ df aNn laxfgsf]@M#) ah]sf] x'G5 . Jofkf/ k|zf;g / ul0ftsL 5fqf n]vfnfO{ dfgjLotyf ;f+:s[lts ;d:of gcfcf];\ eg]/ 6\o"zg z'? ug'{cl3 b'O{ xKtfsf]tflnd ;d]t lbOPsf] lyof] .

ef/tl:yt sf]rLsf] cgnfOg 6\o"zg sDkgL u|f]Oª:6f/sL lzIfsnLnfafO{ gfo/;Fu klg Pp6f /dfOnf] cg'ej 5 . klZrdf ljBfyL{/ Pl;ofnL lzIfsaLr ;f+:s[lts vf8n /x]sf] :jLsf/ ub}{ pgLelG5g\, æ@# jif{sf] lzIf0f sfndf s'g}klg ljBfyL{n] dnfO{ gfdlnP/ af]nfPsf] lyPg, ;a}n] Dofd eGy] . cgnfOg 6\o"zg k9fpg]qmddf !) jif{sL Ps cd]l/sL s]6Ln] nLnf eg]/ af]nfpFbf d t:tAw ePF .Æ

s]hLb]lv !@ sIff tyf :of6 -:sf]nfl:6s P;];d]G6 6]:6_ h:tfk/LIff tof/Lsf nflu eO/x]sf] cgnfOg 6\o"zgk|lt cd]l/sL lzIfsx¿n]u'gf;f] ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . ;d'b|kf/sf cgnfOg lzIfsx¿ cof]Uo x'g]/ To;af6 ljBfyL{x¿sf] z}lIfs u'0f:t/df x|f; cfpg ;Sg] pgLx¿sf]ts{ 5 . Pl;ofnL lzIfsn] cd]l/sL ljBfyL{ k9fPsf] 7Ls gdfGg]cd]l/sg km]8]/]zg ckm l6r;{sf ;b:o /a j]n cgnfOg 6\o"zgk|ltljZjf; g} ub}{gg\ . pgL eG5g\, æh;/L ljBfnosf lzIfsn] k9fpg]cg'dlt kfpgsf nflu k/LIff pQL0f{ ug'{k5{, cgnfOg lzIfsn] klgToxL af6f]af6 cfpg'k5{ .Æ Go"of]s{l:yt d;L{ sn]hsf cgnfOg ljefusfcg';Gwfg lgb]{zs cgnfOg 6\o"zgsf] u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f ;d:ofsf]ljifo ePsf] 7fG5g\ . ælsgls o;sf] cg'udg ug{ lgs} sl7g 5Æ,pgL eG5g\ .

lz Ifs k'; @)^%16

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df] ;do;Dd lqms]6 v]n]/ ;GGof;sf]3f]if0ff ug]{ v]nf8Ln] cfˆgf] clGtd Dofrdf

/fd|f] k|bz{g u/] eg] …Xjf6 c Olgª\; ÛÚ eg]/v';L JoQm ul/G5 . @& k'; @)^% df lgj[Qx'g nfu]sf ;nf{xLsf lzIfs lzj]Zj/ nfnsf] hLjgklg To:tf lqms]6 v]nf8L;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] 5 . pgLk|wfgfWofks /x]sf] ;nf{xLsf] ;Ltfk'/l:yt dx]Gb|/TghuGgfy nlIdof dfWolds ljBfnon] o; jif{sf]P;Pn;L k/LIffdf lhNnfd} ;aeGbf /fd|f] glthfNofPkl5 pgn] ;a}lt/af6 k|z+;f kfO/x]sf 5g\ .nfdf] ;dob]lv ljleGg :s"ndf cWofkg u/]sflzIfssf nflu k]zfut hLjgsf] cGTodf cfkm"k|wfgfWofks /x]sf] :s"nn] ztk|ltzt glthf k|fKtu/]s} 38Ldf lgj[Q x'g kfpg' :jfefljs ¿kd};Gtf]if / uf}/jsf] s'/f xf] .

of] kl/0ffdsf] k5fl8 @)%^ ;fnb]lv pQm:s"ndf k|c /x]sf lzj]Zj/ nfn / pgsf] l6dn]u/]sf] s8f kl/>d alnof] cfwf/sf ¿kdf /x]sf]5 . k|csf] sf]7f aflx/ 6fFluPsf] :s"nsf] k|ultljj/0fn] klg pgsf] l6dn] uPsf] &–* jif{;Ddlg/Gt/tf lbPsf] s7f]/ kl/>dsf] glthf b]vfpF5 .:s"nsf] cf7, gf} / bz sIffdf 5fqsf] t'ngfdf5fqfx¿sf] ;ª\Vof al9/x]sf] pNn]vgLo s'/f klgpQm ljj/0fdf 5 . o; If]qsf afl;Gbfn] 5f]/f /5f]/LnfO{ lzIffdf e]befj gug]{ sf/0fn] xf] jf5f]/fnfO{ lghL / 5f]/LnfO{ ;fd'bflos :s"ndfk9fpg] sf/0fn] o;f] ePsf] xf], 5'6\ofpg ufx|f]k5{ . h]xf];\, sl/a xhf/ hgf ljBfyL{ k9\g] o;:s"naf6 ut jif{ ;oeGbf a9Ln] P;Pn;L k/LIfflbP / ;a} pQL0f{ eP, of] :s"nsf] jf:tljstfoxL xf] .

;nf{xLsf] d'Vo Jofkfl/s s]Gb| j/xyjf glhs}of] :s"nsf] cf;kf; cGo kfFr j6f :s"n 5g\ .To;sf afah'b klg ;Ltfk'/sf] of] :s"nn] w]/}

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nf

ljBfyL{nfO{ cfsif{0f ug{ ;Sg'df g]t[Tjsf] ;kmntfafx]s c¿ sf/0f 7Dofpg d'lZsn k5{ . :s"nglhs}sf] a:tLdf k|wfgfWofks nfnsf] ;kmng]t[Tjsf] k|z+;f ;'g]kl5 pgL;Fu e]6]/ nfd} s'/fsfgLug]{ hfFu/ / clenfiff knfof] . dw]zdf 5'§}klxrfgsf] nflu ;ª\3if{ eO/x]sf] a]nf xfdLn]rflxF lzIff If]qsf ;d:ofsf af/]df 5nkmnu¥of}F . dw]zdf cGo s'/f;Fu} z}lIfs cj:yf klgsdhf]/ 5 eGg] k|c nfnsf] d"Nofª\sg lyof] .pgsf] ljrf/df o;sf tLg j6f k|d'v sf/0f5g\, lzIfs 5gf]6 k|lqmofdf ePsf] q'l6, lzIffIf]qdf /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿sf] gfhfoh x:tIf]k /cleefjsx¿sf] lzIff ljsf;df c?lr .

k9fpFbf k9fpFbf vfl/Psf lzIfs nfnsf]ljZn]if0f ;xL lyof] . ha;Dd lzIffnfO{ …1fgsf]zlQmÚ sf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/L To;nfO{ ef}ltstxdf pTkfbg;Fu / cfWoflTds txdf bz{g;Fuhf]l8Fb}g, Tolta]nf;Dd lzIff cw'/f], ck'/f] g}/xG5 . dw]znfO{ dfly p7fpg] klxnf] v'6\lsnf]sf]¿kdf lzIffsf] u'0ffTds ljsf; xf] h'g olta]nfsdhf]/ w/ftndf 5 . /fHosf h'g;'s} cËdfklg af}l4s k|lt:kwf{df v/f] plqg u'0ffTdslzIff rflxG5 . lzIffdf kl5 k?Gh]n k|lt:kwf{ug{ ;lsFb}g / cGo ;d'bfosf k|lt:kwL{ eGbf tneP;Dd /fHosf cËx¿df dw]zLsf] k|ltlglwTj

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sdhf]/ eO{ g} /xG5 . dw]znfO{ clxn] /fhgLltsr]tgfn] lgs} prfn]sf] 5 t/, To;nfO{ af}l4sv'/fsn] e/y]u u/]g eg] of] PsfËL x'ghfG5 /nfdf] ;do;Dd cfˆgf] uGtJolt/ nDsg ;Sb}g .To;}n] /fhgLltdf hlQs} lzIffdf Wofg lbg] g]tf/ :jo+;]jsx¿sf] vfFrf] v6\lsPsf] 5 clxn]sf]dw]zdf .

dw]zdf klg u'0ffTds lzIffsf] cfjZostfdx;"; ug]{ / To;nfO{ xfl;n ug{ k|ToTg ug]{dflxGb" j0ff{>ddf dflyNnf] txsf eg]/ lrlgg]JolQmx¿ g} k5{g\ . To;nfO{ cGo tKsfdf k'¥ofpg7"n} ldlxg]t ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5 . k|To]s ufpFdfx'g]vfg] kl/jf/n] cfˆgf ;GtfgnfO{ cfly{s cj:yfcg';f/ sf7df8f}F, 7"nf zx/ / lhNnf ;b/d'sfddfk9fpF5g\ . cfˆgf] ufpFsf] :s"n clGtd 5gf]6dfk5{ . ufpFsf x'g]vfg] kl/jf/n] cfˆgf 5f]/5f]/LnfO{aflx/ k9fpg ug]{ vr{ ufpFs} :s"ndf nufgL ug]{xf] eg] dw]zsf clwsf+z :s"nx¿ cfly{s cefjaf6;lhn} d'Qm x'g;S5g\ . To;sf nflu JolQmutcfsfª\IffnfO{ ;fd'lxs ljj]ssf] 3]/fdf Nofpgeg] ;Sg'k5{ .

dw]zdf lzIffsf] :t/ psf:g lzIfs 5gf]6dfklg ljz]if Wofg lbg'kg]{ cjZostf 5 . sf7df8f}Fdfb/af/ xfO{:s"n / lqrGb| sn]h :yfkgf ubf{ef/taf6 lzIfsx¿ NofOPsf lyP . cfbz{ ljBfno

lj/f6gu/sf k|wfgfWofks;lxt lzIfsx¿ laxf// aËfnsf lyP . ;nf{xL wgu9fsf] :s"ndfk9\bf /3'jL/ gfdsf lzIfsnfO{ ef/taf6 vf]h]/NofP/ k|wfgfWofks agfOPsf] dnfO{ c‰} x]Ssf5 . of]Uo lzIfs /fVg] qmdd} o;f] ul/Psf]lyof] . t/, cfh lzIfs 5gf]6df wfFwnL /e|i6frf/n] olt h/f uf8]sf] 5 ls of]Uo lzIfs5fGg To;n] k"/} afwf l;h{gf ub{5 . To;sf]cGTo ug{ ;aeGbf klxn] lzIff If]qdf eO/x]sf]/fhgLlts/0f x6fpg' kb{5 .

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lgrf]8ef]lnsf] g]kfn cFWof/f] dfq} 5}g, pHofnf] klg 5 . t/clxn]sf] a'l4n] cFWof/f]df ws]N5 . ws]lnFb} klg 5f}F .ToxL cFw]/f]af6 pHofnf]df n}hfg] sfd lzIfsn] ug'{k5{ .;s] clxn]s} k':tfnfO{ k9fP/, g;s] cfufdL k':tfnfO{j}rfl/s v'/fs lbP/ . To:tf] v'/fs agfpg lzIfsx¿lqmofzLn agf}F . v'/fs afF8\g] ;+oGqdf ;lqmo agf}F .cGoyf vl08t g]kfnsf] vl08t lzIfs aGg / agfpgtTk/ /xf}F . clxn] hflt klxnf, hft klxnf, efiff klxnf,If]q klxnf, wd{ klxnf, k'/fgf] /fHosf] klxrfg klxnfeGg]x¿nfO{ /fhgLlt1, lrGts / dltof/x¿n] ;fylbO/x]5g\ . xfdL JolQm / p;nfO{ rflxg] ;]jf klxnfx'g'k5{ eGg]x¿ x/fO/x]5f}F .

cfhsf] /fhgLlts lzIffn] nf]stGqafFRnf < cGt/;+3Lotfdf u'Fb nufpnf <dfcf]jfbL lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ ljZj]Zj/sf]O/fnf lrgfpnf < g]kfnL sfª\u|];sf]lzIfsn] k|r08sf] tl:a/ b]vfpnf < cjwIf]qn] kmfNu'gGbsf] tl:a/df dfNofk{0funf{ < s] oL / o:tf k|Zgx¿ ef]lnsf/fhgLlt1n] unf{g\ < ltgs} dltof/flzIfsx¿n] u/f}Fnf <

lz Ifs k'; @)^% 21

ofF g]kfn lgdf{0f;DaGwL gofF–gofF wf/0ffx¿5nkmndf cfO/x]sf] jt{dfg kl/k|]Iodf ;+3Lo

u0ftflGqs g]kfnsf k|yd /fi6«kltn] ;/sf/sf tkm{af6;+;b\df k|:t't u/]sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmd k9\g kfpFbf dcToGt xlif{t ePsf] lyPF . To;avt dleq Pp6f k|ZgplAh/x]sf] lyof], …To:tf] Psdfq ;"q s] x'g;Snf h;n]g]kfnel/sf o'jfx¿nfO{ k|]/0ffsf] af6f]tkm{ 8f]¥ofpFb} cfly{s;d[l4 tyf zflGt l;h{gf u/L b]znfO{ Ps;"qdf afFWg klg;sf];\ ÛÚ

d}n] w]/} b]zsf] Oltxf; / ljsf;sf syfx¿ k9]sf]5' . o;af6 g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df d s] lgisif{df k'u]sf] 5'eg] …lgjf{lrt ;/sf/dfkm{t NofOg] sDtLdf klg bz jif{cjlwsf] b[li6sf]0fn] dfq of] d'n'snfO{ zflGt / ljsf;dfs]lGb|t ug{ ;S5 .Ú of] lsgeg] d cfkm}Fn] b]v]sf] 5',s;/L :ki6 b[li6sf]0fn] ef/tLo o'jfx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] st{Jok|ltk|f]T;flxt ul//x]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df ljZjljBfnox¿n];fGble{s tyf dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5g\ .

:yfkgfsf lx;fan] ljZjljBfnox¿ hlt g} k'/fgf ePklgjf:tjdf ltgLx¿ ;b}j gofF g} /lx/xG5g\ . lsglsljZjljBfnox¿ x/]s If0f o'jf ljBfyL{sf efjgf tyfhf]zx¿;Fu ;fdLKodf /x]/ cfkm"nfO{ cBfjlws t'NofO/x]sfx'G5g\ . o'jf ljBfyL{x¿sf] 1fgsf] k|flKt, 1fgsf] k"lt{ tyfcWoog cg';Gwfg;Fu b}glGbg v]ln/xg] x'Fbf ljZjljBfnon]/fli6«o ljsf;sf] j]unfO{ tLa|tf k|bfg ul//x]sf x'G5g\ .

d"No k|0ffnL;lxtsf] lzIffxfdLnfO{ yfxf 5– x/]s JolQmsf] x[boleqsf] ;Trl/q tyf;bfrf/af6 dfq ljZjdf zflGtsf] aLp /f]lkg ;S5 .;bfrf/L gful/sx¿n] g} ;dfhnfO{ ljsf;tkm{ 8f]¥ofpg;S5g\ . To;sf/0f x/]s s0f{wf/ afnaflnsfsf] x[bodf;bfrf/ tyf ;Trl/q ljsf; ug{sf nflu lzIffd} d"Nok|0ffnL cGt/lglxt x'g'k5{ . lzIffsf] d'Vo p2]Zo g};Trl/qo'Qm gful/s tof/ kfg]{ x'g'k5{ .

pd]/sf lx;fan], l;Sgsf nflu ;a}eGbf pQd pd]/;d"x kfFrb]lv ;q jif{;Ddsf] xf] . o; ;Gbe{df d Pp6fu|Ls ljåfg\n] eg]sf] s'/f :d/0f u/fpg rfxG5' . pgn]eg]sf lyP, ædnfO{ dfq ;ft jif{sf nflu s'g} Pp6f afnsjf aflnsf lbg';\ / ;ft jif{kl5 p;nfO{ O{Zj/ jf bfgjsf]xftdf ;'lDklbg';\ . ltgLx¿ s;}n] klg Tof] afns jfaflnsfnfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sg] 5}gg\ .Æ Pp6f s'zn lzIfssf]zlQm tyf k|efj slt;Dd x'g;S5 / p;n] tL slnnfafnaflnsfx¿nfO{ slt;Dd ?kfGt/0f ug]{ ;fdYo{ /fV5 eGg]s'/fsf] k'i6\ofOF xf] of] . o;y{ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ lzIfstyf cleefjsx¿n] g}lts g]t[Tjsf af/]df l;sfpg' h?/Lx'G5 . o;sf nflu dfgjLo r]tgfsf] clåtLo tyf ;j{JofkLulx/f] cGt/b[li6 x'g' cfjZos 5 . jf:tljs lzIff eg]sf]k|a'4 efjgfx¿ tyf a'4Tj zlQmsf] k|flKt xf] . ToxL zlQmn]g} JolQmnfO{ b}lgs 36gfqmd 7Dofpg tyf hLjg–hut /a|Xdf08;Fu hf]l8P/ cfpg] :yfoL ;To a'́ g d2t u5{ .

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;dflhs ?kfGt/0fsf nflu cfly{s ljsf;k|a'4 gful/s lgdf{0f ug{ d"No;lxtsf] lzIff / wd{af6?kfGtl/t cfWoflTdstf dfq kof{Kt x'Fb}g . /fi6«sf] cfly{sljsf;nfO{ cfly{s j[l4n], cfly{s j[l4nfO{ k|lt:kwf{n],k|lt:kwf{nfO{ 1fgzlQmn] / 1fgzlQmnfO{ k|ljlw tyfcg';Gwfgn] an lbO/xg'kb{5 . ptf /fHon] klg cfly{sljsf;sf] k|lqmofdf ;a} gful/sx¿nfO{ ;fwg tyf ;|f]tx¿sf];dtfd"ns ljt/0fsf] ;'lglZrttf ug' {kb{5 . p;n]e]befj/lxt 9Ëaf6 u|fdL0f tyf zx/L Onfsfdf a:g] ;a}gful/ssf] hLjg:t/ psf:gsf nflu k|oTg ul//xg'kb{5 .oL ;a} s'/fx¿ Jofks hg;xeflutfaf6 dfq ;Dej x'G5 .

/fHon] ;a} gful/sn] u'0f:t/Lo hLjgofkgsf nflucfjZos kf]if0fo'Qm vfgf, /fd|f] cfjf;, ;kmf jftfj/0f,plrt lzIff / :jf:Yo clg pTkfbgzLn cj;/x¿ k|fKtug{ ;Sg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . oL s'/fnfO{ xfd|f]uf}/jzfnL ;Eotfsf] ;Dkbfaf6 l;lh{t d"Nok|0ffnL;Fu klg;dfof]hg ug{' h?/L x'G5 . o;f] ug{ ;s] dfq tLg s/f]8g]kfnLsf] cg'xf/df d':sfg 5g{ / b]znfO{ ;du| ¿kdfljsf;tkm{ 8f]¥ofpg ;lsg]5 .

PSsfO;f}}+ ztfAbLsf] ljZjljBfno b[li6sf]0fbz jif{sf] cjlwdf d}n} ef/tsf sl/a !%) / ljZjsf

%) eGbf a9L ljBfnodf cWoog ug]{ sl/a tL; nfvljBfyL{nfO{ e]6]/ cGt/lqmof u/]sf] 5' . Tof] cg'ejsf cfwf/dfd}n] agfPsf] PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] ljZjljBfnosf] vfsfo:tf] 5M• ljZjljBfnox¿n] ljZjJofkL b[li6sf]0fo'Qm / dft[e"ld

jf cfkm"n] rfx]sf] 7fpFnfO{ ;]jf ug{ ;dy{jfg\ k':tftof/ ug'{k5{ .

• lj1fg–k|ljlw / ;fj{hlgs gLlt– cfk;L kmfObfsf nfluklg cGt/;DalGwt ljifox¿ x'g\ . ljZjljBfno lzIffdfof] cGt/;DaGwnfO{ /fd|/L ;+of]hg ul/g'k5{ .

• s'zn lzIfs ljZjsf] s'g} klg s'gfdf x'g;S5g\ .ljZjljBfnox¿n] gofF gofF cg';Gwfg / vf]hd"nsljifo j:t'dfkm{t\ To:tf lzIfsx¿nfO{ cfkm"lt/ cfslif{tug{;Sg' kb{5 .

• ljZjljBfnox¿aLr b|'tultdf k|fljlws ;~hfnsf] ljsf;ug'{ h?/L 5 . h;sf nflu Jooef/ sd x'g] gd'gfsIffx¿ k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsG5 .

• ablnFbf] ;do;Fu gful/sx¿nfO{ cBfjlws /fVg ldtAooL9Ën] lg/Gt/ lzIff lbO/xg' cfjZos 5 .

clxn]sf] cfjZostf eg]sf] c;n lzIff k|0ffnL xf] .o;n] dfq ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;df of]ubfg

lbg d2t u5{ . s[lif, sf/vfgf tyf ;]jf h:tf dxŒjk"0f{ljifox¿df cg';Gwfg k|ljlw tyf Ifdtf k|bz{gn] b]znfO{cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4tk{m 8f]¥ofpF5 . s] xfdL ljBfyL{dfIfdtf ljsf;sf] aLp /f]Kg ;Sb}gf}+ <

l;sfOsf] k|jfx ;Fu;Fu} gofF vf]h / cfljisf/x¿ x'Fb}hfg] x'g\ . To;}n] ljBfno–ljZjljBfnox¿n] ljBfyL{df vf]htyf cg';Gwfg, ;[hgzLntf, gjLgtf, pRr k|ljlwsf] k|of]u,pBdzLntf / g}lts g]t[Tj h:tf u'0fx¿ ljsl;t ug'{h?/L x'G5 .

ljZjljBfnox¿n] ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ k|d'v rf/ s'/fM!_ lzIffn] /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o txdf lbuf] ljsf; /

gful/sx¿sf cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{k5{ .@_ lzIffn] ljljw ;f+:s[lts cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ug{ ;Sg'k5{ .#_ o;n] cg';Gwfg tyf vf]hsf lglDt ljBfyL{sf] lbdfu

ltvfg'{k5{ .$_ k|ltefzfnL ljBfyL{sf nflu k|ltef k|:km'6gdf of]ubfg

lbg ;Sg'k5{, h;n] ubf{ pgLx¿ cfk"mn] rfx]sf] ljifok9]/ To;}sf] dfWodåf/f b]z / ;dfhsf] ;]jf ug{;Ifd xf]pg\ .

cg';Gwfg tyf lh1f;fPSsfO;f}+ ztfAbL eg]sf] dfgj ;d'bfon] cfljisf/ u/]sf

;a} k|sf/sf 1fg / ;"rgfx¿sf] Aoj:yfkg ug]{ztfAbL xf], h;df xfdLn] s]xL d"Nox¿ yKg' h?/Lx'G5 . xfdLn] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ To:tf] ;Lk lbg ;Sg'k5{h;n] pgLx?nfO{ cfkm\gf] hLjge/ l;ls/xg] 1fgldln/xf];\ . cfh xfdL;Fu k|ljlwsf] dfWodaf6k|fKt ;fFlRrs} 7"nf] Ifdtf 5, h;n] oyfy{d}hLjge/ l;ls/xg] hfFu/ lbG5 . o'jfx¿df‰ of]

Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ ;lsof] eg] o;n] bLuf] cfly{s ljsf;nfO{;d]t k|f]T;flxt u5{ .

pRrk|ljlw k|of]u ug]{ Ifdtfxfd|f SofDk;x?sf x/]s ljBfyL{n] cfˆgf] l;sfOsf] k|jfxnfO{a9fpgsf nflu gofF–gofF k|ljlwx¿sf] k|of]uaf/] l;Sg' h?/L5 . SofDk;x¿n] klg cfk"mnfO{ k|of]uzfnfsf] ;fwgx¿,sDKo'6/sf gofF k|ljlwx¿ tyf OG6/g]6 ;'ljwfx¿af6 kof{Ktdfqfdf ;';lHht agfpg'k5{ . tfls ljBfyL{x¿n] tL;'ljwfx¿dfk{mt cfˆgf] l;sfO IfdtfnfO{ c‰} lj:tf/ /ljsf; ug{ ;s'g\ . k|ljlwsf] pGgog / qmflGtsf] jt{dfgo'udf lzIfsx¿sf] e"ldsf sdhf]/ x'G5 eg]/ ;f]Rg klg;lsFb}g . af:tjdf ca lzIfsx¿sf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ dfqxf]Og, ljZjsf] lzIffk|0ffnL c‰ a9L lzIfs–cfwfl/t x'g]5 .lzIfssf] of] e"ldsfaf6 ;+;f/sf s'gf s'gf;Dd 1fgsf]k|rf/k|;f/df ;xof]u k'Ug]5 .

clxn] ljleGg If]qdf gofF gofF ljifoj:t' pTkfbg ug{;Sg]k':tfsf] cfjZostf 5 / z}lIfs If]qdf To;sf nflu w]/}cj;/ 5, h;nfO{ sf7df8f}+ ljZjljBfno nufot g]kfnsfcGo ;+:yfx¿df klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . JolQmut ¿kdfd ;fdu|L pTkfbg ug]{ ;Gbe{df dlN6d]l8of df]8sf] w]/}dxŒj 5 eGg] ljZjf; u5'{ .

ædnfO{ dfq ;ft jif{sf nflu s'g} Pp6f afns jfaflnsf lbg';\ / ;ft jif{kl5 p;nfO{ O{Zj/ jf bfgjsf]xftdf ;'lDklbg';\ . ltgLx¿ s;}n] klg Tof] afns jfaflnsfnfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sg] 5}gg\ .Æ

lz Ifs k'; @)^% 23

pBdzLntfljZjljBfno k|j]z;Fu;Fu} ljBfyL{x?nfO{ pBdzLntfk|ltcle?lr hufpg] jftfj/0f ;[hgf ul/g'k5{ . xfdLn] xfd|fljBfyL{x¿nfO{ 7"nf] nIo xfl;n ug{sf nflu lglZrt vt/fdf]Ng l;sfpg} k5{ . t/ of] rflxF c;n pBdsf] d"NodfGotf leq} /x]/ ;DkGg ug'{k5{ .

g}lts g]t[Tjg}lts g]t[Tjdf b'O{ j6f dxŒjk"0f{ kIfx¿ /xG5g\ . klxnf],o;n] dfG5]sf] a[xQ/ lxtsf] nflu ;'Gb/ / zlQmzfnL;kgf a'Gg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{ hf]8 lbg] . bf];|f], g}ltsg]t[Tj;Fu cfkm"n] ;xL sfd ug]{ / To;sf] cfwf/df c¿nfO{klg To:t} sfd ug{ k|]l/t u/fpg] Ifdtf x'G5 . lh1f;f,

k|ljlw, pBdzLntf, vf]h / g}lts g]t[Tj z}lIfs kl/kf6Laf6cfpg] kfFr Ifdtf x'g\ . olb ljBfyL{aLr oL kfFr j6fIfdtfsf] ljsf; ug{ ;Sof}+ eg] dfq xfdL To:tf] …:jtGq–l;sf¿Ú dflg; agfpg ;dy{ x'g]5f}+ hf], :jlgb]{lzt, :jlgolGqt/ hLjgko{Gt l;Sg] x'g]5g\ . tL ljBfyL{x¿;Fu dfq /fHonfO{;Ddfg ug]{ / k|Zg ug]{ Ifdtf x'g]5 . ltgLx¿n] dfq ;f];Ël7t 1fgsf] ;~hfndf /x]/ sfd ug{ ;Sg]5g\ / g]kfnnfO{Pp6f ;d[4 b]zsf] ¿kdf kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . lzIffsf];a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ kIf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ d of] ug{ ;S5' eGg]s'/fsf] cfTdljZjf; hufpg' xf] . kl/0ffdtM ljBfyL{x¿df‰xfdL ug{ ;S5f}+ eGg] efjgf hfu[lt x'g]5 / cGTodf g]kfnn]k|ult ug]{5 eGg] /fli6«o efjgfsf] ljsf; x'g]5 .

cg';Gwfg, lzIf0f / km]l/ cg';Gwfgc;n lzIf0f cg';Gwfgaf6 lgM;[t x'G5 . lzIfsx?cg';GwfgnfO{ lk|o dfG5g\ / ltgLx?sf] cg'ejn] vfl/Psf]cg';Gwfg s'g} klg ;F:yfsf] pGgogsf]nflu lgSs} dxTjk"0f{x'G5 . s'g} klg k|fl1s ;+:yfgx¿ p;n] xfl;n u/]sf]cg';Gwfg Ifdtfaf6 dfkg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;n] ljz]if1tfk'gM pTkfbgsf] rqm to u5{ . cg';Gwfgsf o:tf cg'ejx?n]u'0ffTds lzIf0f tkm{ 8f]x¥ofpF5 / To;n] o'jf ljBfyL{x?nfO{yk cWoog cg';Gwfg ug{ d2t u5{ . lj1fg, ul0ft,OlGhlgol/ª cf}iflw lj1fg tyf lzIff h:tf If]qdf Ifdtfsf]yk ljsf; ug{ sf7df8f}+ ljZjljBfnon] cGt/;DalGwtljifox? tyf cGt/;DalGwt cg';Gwfgdf k|lji6 ug'{ h?/L5 . o;qmddf d sf7df8f}+ ljZjljBfnonfO{ tLgj6f gofFljefux? :yfkgf ug{ ;'emfj lbG5' . kj{tLo cg';Gwfg,k|ljlwsf] cle;fl/tf / ko{6g Aoj:yfkg tLg ljefux?v8f ug'{ cfjZos 5, h;n] g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ljsf;sf]Wo]o xfl;n ug]{ sfdnfO{ yk d2t ug]{5 .

cg';Gwfgn] lzIffnfO{ ‰g\ wgL agfpF5d}n] ef/tdf, gfgf] k|ljlw, g]t[Tjsf] pTklQ / 1fgdfcfwfl/t ;dfhsf af/]df k9fO{/x]sf] 5' . tL z}lIfs ;+:yfgx¿cg';Gwfg Ifdtfn] kl/k"0f{ 5g\ . d JolQmut ¿kdf s]df ljZj:t 5' eg] cg';Gwfg pTs[i6 lzIf0fsf] nflu PsdxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . Ps jif{otf d}n] ljleGg b]zsf !(j6f ljZjljBfnox¿df k'u]/ ljBfyL{ tyf cg';Gwfgstf{x¿;FucGt/lqmof ul/;s]sf] 5' . d uPsf x/]s ljZjljBfnox¿dfcg';GwfgnfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy hf]8 lbPO{sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsfnflu jf6/n" ljZjljBfnosf ljBfyL{x¿n] ljsf; ;f}o{ pmhf{af6rNg] sf/x¿ ljsl;t u/]sf] b]v]F h'g sf/x¿ ljZjsfljleGg b]zx¿df u'l8/x]sf 5g\\ . k|l;4 ANofs a]/L sf/klg jf6/n" ljZjljBfnosf] cg';Gwfgs} pkh xf] . sfg]{hLd]ng ljZjljBfnon] /f]af]l6s sf/sf] cfljisf/ u¥of],h'g cGt/f{li6«o k|lt:kwf{df cfO;s]sf] 5 .

-ef/tsf k"j{ /fi6«klt snfdn] ut dª\;L/sf] # ut] sf7df8f}+ljZjljBfnosf] bLIffGt ;df/f]x / afnaflnsfx?sf] b'O{ 5'§f5'§}

sfo{qmddf cª\u|hLdf u/]sf] cleefif0fsf] dxTjk"0f{ c+z ._efjfg'jfbM k'ik kf}8]n

!) a'Fb] afrfwtL{dftfn] k|fs[lts / dfgjl;lh{t w]/} åGåx¿ ‰]ln/x]sL5g\ . To;sf/0f d tkfO{+x¿sf nflu s]xL cfwf/e"ts'/fdf zky u/fpg rfxG5' . tkfO{+x¿ o'jf x'g'x'G5/ g} tkfO{+x¿sf] sfFwdf ;dfhdf /x]sf ;a} k|sf/sfåGånfO{ ;fDo kfb}{ ljZjJofkL d]nldnfksf nflu sfdug'{kg]{ uxg lhDd]jf/L 5 . To;}n] d tkfO{+x¿nfO{d;Fu ePsf] bza'Fb] afrf u/fpg uO/x]sf] 5' .

!_ dnfO{ yfxf 5 ;fgf] ltgf] nIo lng' ck/fw xf] .d;Fu Ps dxfg\ nIo x'g]5 h;sf] k|flKtsf nflud s8f kl/>d ug]{5' .

@_ d x[bob]lv g} OdfGbf/ /xg]5' h;n] rl/qdf;'Gb/tf Nofpg]5 / . To;n] 3/kl/jf/df d]nldnfkNofpg]5 / cGttf]uTjf /fi6« tyf ljZjnfO{ zflGttkm{8f]¥ofpg d2t k'Ug]5 .

#_ d :jfledfgsf ;fy sfd u5'{ / :jfledfgLk"j{sg} ;kmn x'G5' .

$_ d kl/jf/, ;dfh, /fi6« / ljZjs} Ps c;n;b:o /xg]5' .

%_ d hlxn] klg c¿x¿sf] /fd|f] hLjg tyf /Iffsfnflu k|of; ul//xg]5' . d hxfF eP klg …dc¿nfO{ s] lbg ;S5'Ú eGg] s'/fdf 3f]lTn/xg]5' .

^_ d dfgj hLjgsf] /Iff / :jfledfgsf nflu ;dlk{t/lx/xg]5' .

&_ d]/f dxŒjk"0f{ lbgx¿ Joy{df glat'g\ eg]/ dhlxn] klg ;r]t /lx/xg]5' .

*_ d ;b}j xl/t pmhf{ tyf x/fe/f k[YjLsf vflt/cfkm"nfO{ ;dk{0f ul//xg]5' .

(_ g]kfnsf] Ps lhDd]jf/ o'jf ePsf] gftfn] d}n];fx;sf ;fy d]/f] hLjgsf ;kmntf xft kfg{ /c¿sf] ;kmntfdfly klg uj{ ul//xg]5' .

!)_ d]/f] /fli6«o ‰08f d]/f] d'6'df kmkm{/fO/xg]5 clgd]/f] Kof/f] dft[e"ld g]kfnnfO{ d}n] uf}/jflGjtagfpg]5' .

lz Ifs k'; @)^%24

cg'ej z}lIfs e|d0fnId0f zdf{

ufpF / zx/aLr tof/L;fy ul/g] ljBfyL{ PS;r]Gh sfo{qmdn] sIffut l;sfOnfO{;xof]u k'¥ofpg'sf] ;fy} z}lIfs c;dfgtf 36fpg klg d2t k'U5 . bf]xf]/f] nfe x'g] o:tfsfo{qmdx¿ :s"n–:s"n ldn]/ ;xh} ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 .

=== cyf{t\ Jojxfl/s 1fg

pFsf] :s"naf6 k|yd >]0fLdf !@ sIff pQL0f{u/]/ 6«fG;lqmK6 lng afa';Fu ;fgf]l7dL lxF8]sf]

Ps ljBfyL{n] /Tgkfs{af6 kmf]g u/]/ …ca stf hfg] ;/Úeg]/ wflbªdf cfˆg} :s"ndf k9fO/x]sf] a]nfdf ;f]Wbf jiff}{+k9fPsf] lzIfsnfO{ s:tf] nfUnf < s]xL dlxgfcl3sf] Tof]36gfn] dnfO{ rflxF ‰;Ë} agfof] . /fhwfgLsf] k|ltli7t:s"naf6 k|f/lDes lzIff k'/f u/L :gftsf]Q/ ;d]t u/]sflzIfsn] ufpFdf hfFbf sfFrf]kft -;"tL{sf] af]6_ nfO{ ;fu7fg]/ t/sf/L agfpg cfu|x u/] h:t} lyof] Tof] 36gf .xfd|f] lzIff k|0ffnL Jofjxfl/s 1fgdf cfwfl/t geP/ lstfasf]/6fOdf ;Lldt 5 eGg] s'/f oL b'O{ k|;Ëaf6 5n{Ë x'G5 .

o; If]qdf s]xL gofF yfngL ug]{ ;f]r]/ kf]xf]/ ;fnsf7df8f}Fsf b'O{, eQmk'/sf] Ps / wflbªsf] Ps :s"naLrPs;/f] 5nkmn u/]/ ljBfyL{ PS:r]Gh sfo{qmd ug]{ lgwf]u¥of}F . zx/sf ljBfyL{nfO{ ufpF / ufpFsf ljBfyL{nfO{ zx/3'dfpg n}hfg] of] Psk|sf/sf] gofF z}lIfs e|d0fsf] yfngLlyof] . oxL sfo{qmd cg';f/ kf]xf]/ sflQsdf sf7df8f}Fsf]

uf 8Nn'l:yt hut;'Gb/ Jjg]s'yL :s"nsf * sIff;Ddsf #)hgf ljBfyL{ / kfFr hgf lzIfs;lxtsf] 6f]nLn] wflbªl:yts'Dk'/ uflj;sf] b'O{lbg] e|d0f u¥of] . To;kl5 sf7df8f}Faf6uPsf] 6f]nLsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ ;TojtL pRr dflj, wflbªsftLg lzIfs;lxt sIff ^ / & sf #! hgf ljBfyL{{x¿sf]6f]nLn] sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf] b'O{lbg] e|d0f u¥of] . o;sf]Joj:yfkg 8Nn'sf] hut;'Gb/ :s"n / eQmk'/sf] af]8]l:ytgLnjf/fxL k|fljn] u/] . ;a} cWoog e|d0fsf] ;+of]hgsf7df8f}Fl:yt hfkfgL u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf lxlsjf g]kfnn]u¥of] .

Jofjxfl/s l;sfOsf7df8f}Faf6 wflbª 3'Dg cfPsf ljBfyL{ 9'Ëfsf] 5fgf ePsfufpFsf 3/df kfx'gf nfu]/ a;] . zx/sf ljBfyL{{x¿ vf]nfsf]lsgf/b]lv kxf8sf 6'Kk};Dd ag]sf 3/x¿, vf]nfsf] kfgLaf6rNg] 3§, l9sL–hfFtf], af6f]df e]l6g] rf}tf/f] b]v]/ bª\u k/] .lstfadf k9]sf / uLtdf ;'g]sf b]p/fnL, uf]/]6f], e~Hofª,

wflbªdf;':tfO/x]sf sf7df8f}+sf

ljBfyL{ / lzIfs -afofF_ .5fpgL ;ª\u|xfnodfwflbªsf ljBfyL{ .

/ljg zdf{lg/h dxh{g

lz Ifs k'; @)^% 25

eL/kfvf], s'nf], kFw]/f], lkF9L, afb{nL, 8f]sf] h:tfzAbsf j:t'ut dfg] e]§fP . u|fdL0f hLjgsf] b'MvsfaLrdf klg :yfgLo dflg;sf] cg'xf/df b]lvPsf]rdsn] zx/sf ljBfyL{x¿ s]xL cndlnP klg .pgLx¿n] r'qf], lrnfpg], P]+;]n', 9'ËfvfgL, n3' hnljB't\cfof]hgf h:tf jftfj/0f lj1fgdf k9]sf s'/fx¿k|ToIf b]Vg kfP . k'?ifx¿ ljb]zdf sfd ug{ uPkl5;d:ofdf k/]sf dlxnfx¿ tyf :yfgLo lgsfo /u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfdfk{mt uPsf ljsf;] kl/of]hgfsfhl6ntfx¿sf] af/]df pkef]Qmx¿;Fu k|ToIf 5nkmnug]{ cj;/ klg kfP .

wflbªaf6 /fhwfgL 3'Dg uPsf ljBfyL{x¿zx/sf] /d‰d x]b}{ tfQftf] dd vfP/ bª\u dfq}k/]gg\, gfs y'g]/ lji0f'dtLsf] k|b"if0f x]/]kl5 zx/sflzIfs;Fu pgLx¿n] …oxfFsf dflg;n] cfˆgf] j/k/lsg ;kmf gu/]sf]Ú eg]/ k|Zg klg u/] . 5fpgL;ª\u|fxfnodf k'/fgf xftxltof/ / lrq tyf hfpnfv]nlrl8ofvfgfdf r/f / jGohGt' b]v]/ cfk"mn] lstfadfk9]sf s'/fx¿ ;lD‰P .

e|d0faf6 kmls{Pkl5 b'j} ;d"xsf ljBfyL{{x¿n]k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L cf–cfˆgf :s"ndf k9]/ ;'gfP eg]:s"nn] kmf]6f] k|bz{gLsf] cfof]hgf u/]/ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pT;flxtu/] . hut;'Gb/ :s"nsf ljBfyL{{n] t cfˆgf] cg'ej, l;sfO;d]6]/ …Go"hn]6/Ú ;d]t k|sflzt u/] . pQm :s"nsf *sIffsf ljBfyL{ ;Gtf]if dxh{gn] s'Dk'/ ufpFsf] cWooge|d0faf6 kms]{kl5 …wflbª hgL{Ú zLif{sdf n]v]sf 5g\, æltvf{nfu]kl5 vf]nfsf] kfgL lkof}F . w]/} ;kmf lyof], xfd|f] sf7df8f}Fzx/sf] lji0f'dtLsf] eGbf . htftt} kfgLsf] ‰/gf b]Vof}F,;fgf vf]nfx¿ klg ;'lsnf] 9'Ëf ePsf csif{s /x]5g\ .b]ze/L v]/ uO/x]sf] hn;|f]tsf] af/]df a'́ of}F .Æ

z}lIfs e|d0f eg]kl5 vr{, Joj:yfkg, lgoldt k9fO{dfx'g] Iflt ;D‰]/ lgwf/ v'DRofpg] lzIfsx¿n] klg lgs}pT;flxt x'Fb} of] e|d0fnfO{ …clt kmnbfoLÚ eg]/ d"Nofª\sgu/] . ;fy} casf sfo{qmd c‰ kmnbfoL / kf7\oqmd;fk]If s;/L agfpg] eg]/ 5nkmn klg rnfO/x]sf 5g\ .

;dfhsf] cWoogxfdLsxfF lghL / ;fd'bflos :s"nsf] cfwf/df z}lIfsu'0f:t/sf] dfkg ug]{ ul/P klg cGo b]zsf] bfFhf]df b'j}:s"ndf ;dfh lj1fgsf] cWoog / l;sfO{sf] :t/ lgs}sdhf]/ b]lvG5 . ;dfh lj1fg k|fs[lts lj1fg jf ul0fth:tf] ;"qj4 geP/ ultzLn ljifo xf] . ;dfh jf ;d'bfog} ;dfh lj1fgsf] k|of]uzfnf x'g'k5{ . o; cGtu{t ;fdflhs;DaGw, ;fF:s[lts ljljwtf, P]ltxfl;s / k|fs[lts ;Dkbf,kl/jt{gsf] ult, jftfj/0f / kof{j/0f, cy{tGqsf] ult,åGå / o;sf] c;/ cflb c;ª\Vo ljifoj:t'x¿sf] Jofjxfl/scWoog ug{ ;lsG5 . ;dfh lj1fg klg k|fs[lts lj1fgh:t} tLa| ultdf lj:tf/ eO/x]sf] 5 / xfd|f :s"nsfkf7\oqmddf klg tNnf] sIffb]lv g} of] ljifo /flvPsf] 5 .t/ o;nfO{ k/Dk/fut ¿kdf kf7\ok':ts / sIffsf]7fd};Lldt ul/Psf] kfOG5 . xfdLn] xfd|f] lzIf0f ljlwdf xfd|}

jl/k/L /x]sf k|r'/ ;fwg–;|f]tnfO{ k|of]u gu/]/ ljBfyL{x¿dflyx]nr]qm\ofOF ul//x]sf 5f}F . To;}n] ;dfh lj1fg ;DaGwLJojxfl/s 1fg / ljZn]if0fdf xfd|f ljBfyL{x¿ sdhf]/;fljt ePsf x'g\ .

;fj{hlgs dfldnfdf rf;f] sd /fVg], uxg eGbf ;txL/ dgf]/~hgk"0f{ ljifoj:t' cWoogdf ;do vr{g], tYovf]hL ug]{ eGbf ts{df axlsg] h:tf ;d:of xfd|f] lzIffk4tLdf v8lsPsf 5g\ . lzIf0f ljlwnfO{ sIffsf]7f /kf7\ok':tsdf l;dlt ug'{ o;sf] d'Vo sf/0f xf] . cjnf]sg,cg';Gwfg, vf]h, kl/of]hgf h:tf lqmofsnfkx¿ lgs} sdePsfn] g} lzIf0f–l;sfO{ ljlw k|efjsf/L, lbuf], km/flsnf]/ Jojxfl/s x'g g;s]sf] xf] .

bf]xf]/ kmfObfljBfyL{x¿sf] 1fgsf] bfo/fnfO{ km/flsnf] / Jofjxfl/s agfpgtyf lstfaL cWoogsf] l;dfaf6 clnslt dfly p7fpg cWooge|d0fx¿ clgjfo{ 5g\ . :s"n jf ljBfyL{x¿sf] cfˆg} kxndfz}lIfs e|d0f ug]{ k/Dk/f xfdLsxfF klg gePsf] xf]Og t/ Tof]cTofGt cf}krfl/s / l;ldt 5 . xfd|f z}lIfs e|d0fx¿ r':t,lgoldt / j:t'ut x'g;s]sf 5}gg\ . :s"nx¿n] o;nfO{ ljBfyL{sfnflu nfebfoL agfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . :yfgsf] 5gf]6, e|d0fsf]k"j{ tof/L, e|d0f cjlwsf] sfo{qmd lgwf{/0f, l;sfO{ /pknJwLx¿sf] juL{s/0f, e|d0fsf] ;dLIff / lgisif{sf] k|:t'ltsdhf]/ x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . kmn:j?k ljBfyL{{x¿n] cTofGt dxŒjlbg] o:tf e|d0fx¿ vlr{nf] eP/ klg dgf]/~hgd} l;ldt x'g]u/]sf 5g\ .

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfˆgf] jl/kl/ kfpg g;lsg] o:tf] cj;/h'6fpg ;+;f/e/L g} …:6'8]06–PS:r]GhÚ sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfngul/G5 . :s"nsf] ;|f]t–;fwgn] gEofpFbf ljZjljBfno, :yfgLo;/sf/ / ;+3;+:yfx¿ ldn]/ ljBfyL{{sf nflu cj;/ h'6fpg]ul/G5 . o:tf e|d0fx¿ cGt/b]zLo / cGt/dxfb]zLo klgx'g] u/]sf 5g\ . t/ xfdL cfˆg} ufpF / zx/aLrsflzIf0f ;+:yfx¿aLr e|d0f cfbfg–k|bfg u/]/ z'? ug{ ;S5f}F ./fd|f] tof/Lsf ;fy ul/of] eg] of] pknlAwk"0f{ / lskmfotLklg x'g;S5 . ufpFsf ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu zx/sf ljleÌz}lIfs dxŒjsf s]Gb|x¿sf] e|d0f tyf cfjf;sf] Joj:yfzx/sf :s"nx¿n] ;xh} ug{ ;S5g\ eg] 5flgPsf u|fld0fIf]qsf] e|d0fsf nflu ToxLFsf :s"nx¿n] Joj:yfkg ug{;S5g\ . o;/L b'O{ jf Tof] eGbf a9L :s"nx¿sf] ;d‰bf/L/ b'O{kIfLo nfesf cfwf/df :jtGq ¿kdf z}lIfs e|d0fsf]cfof]hgf ug{ ;lsG5 .

sf7df8f}Fsf s]xL gfd rn]sf gLlh :s"nx¿ ljleÌz}lIfs ;xof]usf sfo{qmd lnP/ ufpFsf :s"nx¿df hfgyfn]sf 5g\ . t/ b'j}tkm{sf ljBfyL{{sf nflu Tof] sltnfebfoL ePsf] 5 eGg] s'/f aflx/ cfPsf] 5}g . h]–h:tf]eP klg o:tf] PS:r]Gh sfo{qmdn] sIffut l;sfO{nfO{ ;xof]uk'¥ofpg] kSsf 5 . ;fy} zx/L / u|fld0f e]usf] z}lIfsc;dfgtfnfO{ qmdzM sd ub}{ n}hfg klg o:tf sfo{qmdx¿n]d4t g} k'¥ofpF5g\ . To;}n] bf]xf]/f] nfe x'g] o:tf sfo{qmdx¿Jofks ?kdf lj:tf/ ul/g' k5{ .

-zdf{ ;TojtL pRr dflj, wflbªsf k|wfgfWofks x'g\_

lz Ifs k'; @)^%26

cfj/0f8f= 6+sgfy wdnf

l0ft ljifo ;fdfGo efiffdf eGbf hf]8–36fp;Fu ;DalGwt Ps cToGt k'/fgf]

lj1fg xf] . dfgj ;Eotfsf] cEo'bo / ljsf;dful0ft cleGg ¿kn] ufFl;Psf] 5 . ul0ft ljifosf]1fg PsdtLo, ;fdfGotof lje]b/lxt, ljZjJofkL/ cGo ljifox¿sf] 1fgeGbf klg c‰ pRr:t/Lo¿kdf /lxcfPsf] 5 . of] Ps To:tf] lj1fg xf],h;df z'4tf / jf:tljstfn] k|yd :yfg cf]u6]sf]x'G5 . ul0ft lj1fg c¿ ljifosf] dfWod jfefiff ;d]t xf] . ul0ftsf] dd{nfO{ cGt/fTdfaf6}a'́ g, a'‰fpg / k|of]u ug{ ljZjdf cToGt} 7"nfk|of;x¿ eO/x]sf 5g\ . ul0ft ljifosf] uxg a'‰fO/ :t/Lo Pj+ ;xL k|of]u lagf lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf]ljsf; cw"/f] /xg] s'/fdf b'O{dt 5}g .

ul0ft lzIffnfO{ ;}4flGts (Pure Theory) /Jofjxfl/s (Applied) u/L b'O{ tl/sfn] x]g]{ ul/G5 .

o;sf] ;}4flGts lzIf0f tyf cg';Gwfg kIfn]ul0ftsf ljljw ljwfx¿nfO{ yk dha"t kfg]{, o;dfb]lvPsf ;}4flGts ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg vf]Hg] /gofF ;d:ofx¿ ul0ft1aLr phfu/ ug]{ sfd ul//x]sf]x'G5 . o:t} l;nl;nfdf ul0ft ljifosf gofF–gofFljwf tyf kIfx¿sf] hGd ;d]t xF'b} hfG5 . csf]{tkm{Jofjxfl/s ul0ftsf] cWoog cg';Gwfgn] cfly{s,ef}lts, jftfj/0fLo / Joj:yfksLo, k|fljlws Pj+h}ljs h:tf ;dfh / dfgjLo hLjgsf jf:tljs;d:ofx¿nfO{ ul0ftLo df]8]n agfO{ ;dfwfg ug]{ub{5 . o;nfO{ ul0ftn] ;dfhdf k'¥ofPsf] k|ToIfof]ubfgsf ¿kdf klg a'´g ;lsG5 . dfgj;d'bfon] cfh;Dd u/]sf] k|ultdf ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{e"ldsf ul0ftsf] /x]sf] 5 eGbf cTo'lQm gxf]nf .cfhsf] ;"rgfk|ljlw, sDKo'6/ lj1fg, ef}lts Pj+/;fogzf:q, jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iff cflb If]qx¿df

vfFrf] 5 u

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lz Ifs k'; @)^% 27

ePsf] rfdTsfl/s ljsf; ul0ftsf] k|of]uaf6 g};Dej ePsf] xf] . otf cfP/ hLj lj1fg, cf}Bf]lusIf]q / Jofj;flos If]qx¿sf] lglDt cnUu} ljwfutul0ftsf] ljsf; ;d]t x'g yfn]sf] 5 . Jofjxfl/sul0ft ljwfn] t jf:tljs ;+;f/sf ;d:ofx¿;dfwfg dfq vf]hL ug]{ u/]sf] 5}g, ul0ft ljifosfyk ljwfx¿nfO{ hGd lbg] / ljsf; ug]{ sfd;d]t ul/cfPsf] 5 .

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;dfh Pj+ lzIffsf x/]s txx¿df :yflkt ug{w]/} sfd ug'{ h?/L 5 .

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@@ dª\l;/ @)^% df sIff & sfljBfyL{nfO{ rt'e'{hsf] cjwf/0ffl;sfpFb} zflGt ljBf u[x, n}grf}/,sf7df8f}FsL ul0ft lzIfs lnnLWjh" gsdL{ .

lz Ifs k'; @)^%28

cfj/0f

k':tfn] Tof]eGbf s]xL g s]xL /fd|f] tl/sfn] ul0ftk9\g kfPsf] xf]nf eGg] cg'dfg / ck]Iff :jfefljsx'G5 . lsgeg] otf cfP/ lzIfsn] s'g} g s'g}tflnd kfPsf 5g\, ul0ftsf] cjwf/0ff l;sfpg'k5{/ To;sf nflu kof{Kt z}lIfs ;fdu|L rflxG5eGg] 1fg klg pgLx¿nfO{ 5 . lzIfsnfO{ ;xof]uug{ ;|f]tJolQm klg /flvPsf] 5 . lzIf0f lgb]{lzsfx¿klg agfOPsf 5g\ .

t/, b'Mvsf ;fy :jLsfg'{k5{– ul0ftdf cfhsfljBfyL{x¿sf] :t/ klg vf;} psfl;g ;s]sf] 5}g .P;P;nLsf] glthfdf Ps b[li6 lbFbf g} of] tYophfu/ x'G5 . -x]= tflnsf_ k|fylds / lgDgdfWolds txd} ul0ftdf km]n x'g] / :s"naf6aflxl/g] ljBfyL{x¿sf] hdft klg sd 5}g . sIffPsdf egf{ ePsf dWo] sl/a @) hgfn] dfqlgoldt ¿kdf sIff r9]/ sIff !) kf/ ug]{u/]sf] tYofÍn] oxL s'/fsf] k'li6 ub{5 . cfhsf]g]kfnsf] lzIff–Joj:yfdf ePsf cg]sf}+ hl6ntf /;d:ofdWo] ul0ftdf ljBfyL{x¿sf] sdhf]/ l;sfOklg Ps xf] .

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ul0ft;DaGwL ;d:ofsf] ;'?cft k|fylds txaf6g} z'? x'G5 . ToxfF afnaflnsfnfO{ ul0ftsf]cjwf/0ff l;sfpg ;Ifd lzIfssf] cefj 7"nf];d:ofsf] ¿kdf pkl:yt 5 . xfdLsxfF P;Pn;LpQL0f{ u/]sf dflg;x¿ k|fylds txdf lzIfsaGg of]Uo dflgFb} cfPsf 5g\ . t/ P;Pn;L;Ddsf]k9fO / ToxL :t/sf] tflndsf] e/df s;}n] klgljBfyL{nfO{ ul0ftsf] cjwf/0ff a'‰fpg ;Sb}g .ul0ft d"n ljifo lnP/ sn]h jf pRrdflj txdfsDtLdf b'O{ jif{ k9]sf] dflg; dfq ul0ftsf]df ]6fdf ]6L cjwf/0ff a'´g ;s]sf ] x 'G5 .lgDgdfWolds / dfWolds txdf k|jL0ftf / :gfts

k|rng lyPg . ul0ftsf] cjwf/0ff a'‰fpg z}lIfs;fdu|L rflxG5 eGg] 1fg klg zfob pxfFx¿nfO{lyPg . xfd|f] k':tfn] ul0ft 3f]s]/} l;s]sf] xf] .t/ sf7df8f}+af6 :jo+;]jssf] ¿kdf hfg'ePsf,hf] ul0ftsf lzIfs klg x'g'x'Fbf] /x]g5, pxfFn]ul0ft l;Sg / cEof; ug{ xfdLnfO{ k|]/0ff lbg'eof] .kl5 cfO{P k9\bf kf6g SofDk;sf ul0ft lzIfslzjgf/fo0f k|wfgn] ul0ft /fd|/L l;sfpg'eof] .pxfFn] ul0ft l;Sg xfdLnfO{ w]/} pTk|]l/t ug'{eof] .d}n] ul0ft ljifodf ljBfjfl/lw tx / kf]:68S6/]6;Ddsf] lzIff / 1fg xfl;n ug'{sf k5fl8log} b'O{ hgf lzIfssf] pTk|]/0ffsf] klg xft /Xof] .o;af6 klg :ki6 x'G5, ljBfyL{nfO{ k9\g ?lrhufpg] s'/fdf lzIfssf] e"ldsf slt dxŒjk"0f{x'G5 . ctM xfdL 9'Ssn] eGg ;S5f}+, ul0ft ljifoufx|f] xf]Og, vfFrf] 5, Jofjxfl/s 9Ëaf6 ul0ftsf]lzIf0fÙ ;xL lzIf0f ljlwsf] k|of]u, clg To;lglDtlzIfssf] hfFu/sf] .

sf/0f w]/} 5g\cl3Nnf] k':tfn] :s"ndf ul0ft h;/L k9\of], clxn]sf]

z}lIfs hgzlQmljsf; s]Gb|åf/fxfn} z'?ul/Psf] bzdlxg] tflnddfefu lnFb}sf7df8f}F,nlntk'/,nufotlhNnfsf ul0ftlzIfsx¿ .

ul0ft lzIfssf lgDt tof/ kl/Psf] k|lzIf0f ;fdu|L .

lz Ifs k'; @)^% 29

u/]sf] hgzlQmnfO{ ul0ft lzIfs agfOg] u/]sf]5 . t/ ltgn] klg plrt jftfj/0fsf] cefjdf/fd|f]l;t lzIf0f ug{ kfPsf 5}gg\ . lzIfs ljBfyL{cg'kft plrt gx'Fbf sltko lzIfsn] rfx]/ klgw]/} /fd|f] ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g . lgdflj / dfljtxdf ul0ft lzIfssf] b/aGbL g} kof{Kt 5}g .ePsf b/aGbLdf klg c¿ g} ljifosf lzIfs etL{ug]{ ul/Psfn] kl/0ffdtM of] ljifosf lzIfssf];ª\Vof Go"g 5 . To:t}, ljBfnox¿df k7gkf7gsfnflu cfjZos k"jf{wf/ / jftfj/0f x'g g;SbfbIf / hfFul/nf lzIfsx¿ klg w]/}h;f] 7fpFdfk|efjsf/L x'g ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . ul0ft lzIfsnfO{kof{Kt tflnd klg lbg ;lsPsf] 5}g . ;fy},ul0ft ljifosf kf7\ok':ts lzIfs ljBfyL{x¿sf]jf:tljs a'‰fOnfO{ ulx/fO;Dd k'¥ofpg ;Sg] vfnsfagfpg g;lsPsfn] klg ;d:ofsf] cfotg km/flsnf]x'guPsf] b]lvG5 . lzIffsf] k|lqmofdf ljBfyL{, lzIfs,cleefjs / ljBfno k|zf;g ;a}sf cf–cfˆg}st{Jo / lhDd]jf/Lx¿ x'G5g\ . t/ tL kIfx¿sf]lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug]{ k|of;df xfd|f] /fhgLltsjftfj/0fn] w]/}h;f] ;fy lbg] u/]sf] 5}g . g]kfnsf]ul0ft lzIffnfO{ ljBfno / ljZjljBfno txdfljefhg u/L x]g]{ xf] eg] km/s tyf ;dfg k|s[ltsf;d:ofx¿ 5g\ . ljBfno txdf tflnd–k|fKt /k"0f {sfnLg lzIf0f k|lqmofsf] cefj 5 eg]ljZjljBfno:t/df ul0ftsf] cg';Gwfg tx;Dd a'́ ga'‰fpg ;Sg] bIf ul0ft lzIfssf] cefj 5 jfeO/x]sf ul0ft1x¿sf] ;Lksf] ;d]t ;xL ;b'kof]ueO/x]sf] cj:yf 5}g .

af6f] csf]{ 5}gxfd|f] ul0ft lzIf0f k|lqmof :ki6 ¿kdf lzIfsk/:t, ;"qdf cfwfl/t / cjf:tljs pbfx/0fsf]afx'Nodf cfwfl/t 5 . lzIfsn] ;"q k|of]u u/L;Dk"0f{ ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg u/fOlbg] / ljBfyL{x¿n]To;nfO{ :d/0f jf s07:y ug]{ k/Dk/fn] ljBfyL{x¿sf];f]rfO / l;h{gzLntf a9fpgdf d2t k'¥ofO/x]sf]5}g . of] cj:yfnfO{ abn]/ dfq ;d:ofsf] jf:tljs;dfwfg km]nf kfg{ ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu,…Ps lsnf] rfdnsf] d"No ?=!) 5Ú eg]/ ul0ftsf];d:of lbFbf To;n] ljBfyL{nfO{ g5'g ;S5 . t/tTsfn k|rlnt ahf/ d"No g} lbOof] eg] p;n]cfˆgf] Jofjxfl/s hLjg;Fu ul0ft ufFl;Psf] yfxfkfpF5 / ;f]xL cg';f/ a'́ 5 . ufpFdf, kfyL dfgfsf]lx;fan] k9fpg' c‰} klg a9L Jofjxfl/s x'G5 .ul0ft lzIf0f cGo lj1fgsf ;d:of ;dfwfgdf6]jf k'¥ofpg] / cGTodf ;dfhsf ;d:of a'́ g,To;nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ / hLjg:t/ psf:g ;d]tpkof]uL x'g'k5{ . t/ xfd|f] cj:yf st} st} tslt;Dd ?U0f 5 eg], xftdf r'/f jf afnf nufPsflzIfs klg ul0ftdf l/Ë k9fpFbf cfkm";Fu ePsf]

P;Pn;Ldf ul0ftsf] glthf -k|ltztdf_k|fKtfÍ @)^# @)^@ @)^!!–#! @^=(& $)=## $*=)(#@–$$ #@=)^ @%=^* @%=%#$%–%( !*=%^ !#=!# !!=(*^)–&( !$=@) !!=&$ (=(&*)± *=@! (=!@ $=$@

k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{no

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c‰} ul0ft cfPgM * dª\l;/ @)^% df lzIfs k|ltlglwn] sIff cjnf]sgsfqmddf nlntk'/sf] 6LsfynLl:yt Ps ljBfnosf sIff $ sf ljBfyL{n]lbOPsf] lx;fa ldnfpg ;s]gg\ .

lz Ifs k'; @)^%30

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a'Fbfut ¿kdf eGg'kbf{, g]kfnsf cfd ljBfyL{df‰ul0ftnfO{ ;xh / af]wuDo agfpg d"ne"t ¿kdfb]xfosf kxn / k|oTgx¿ ul/g'k5{M

!= kof{Kt dfqfdf ul0ft lzIfssf] Joj:yfx'g'kb{5 . k|fylds txsf ul0ft lzIfsdfcfw'lgs ul0ftsf] Go"gtd 1fg x'g'k5{ .dflyNnf] txsf lzIfsx¿df o;sf] ulx/f]1fg / ;d‰bf/L x'g' cfjZos 5 . To;kl5cfkm";Fu ePsf] 1fg ljBfyL{df x:tfGt/0fug]{ ;xL ;Lk / sf}zntf klg x/]s lzIfsdfx'g' cfjZos 5 . To:t} lzIfsx¿n] ;do–;dodf cfkm"nfO{ cBfjlws ug]{ tflnd,k|lzIf0f / …PS;kf]h/Ú klg kfpg'k5{ .

@= ljBfyL{nfO{ ul0ftsf] cjwf/0ff a'‰fP/ ;f]xLadf]lhdsf clwstd ;[hgzLn cEof;x¿u/fpg'k5{ .

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$= ul0ftsf] kf7\oef/ cg';f/ k9fpg] ;do-qm]l86 cfj/_ sd 5 . of] ;d:ofnfO{Jofjxfl/s 9Ën] ;Daf]wg ul/g'k5{ .

%= ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO pknlAw dfkg ug]{jt{dfg d"NofÍg k|0ffnL cj}1flgs 5 .To;sf] abnfdf ca l;sfO pknlAwnfO{;xL tl/sfn] dfkg ug]{ j}1flgs /Jofjxfl/s d"NofÍg k|0ffnLsf] ;'?cftul/g'k5{ .

^= ljBfnodf k7gkf7gsf] plrt jftfj/0fx'g'k5{ / lzIfssf] sfdsf] k|efjsfl/tfsfcfwf/df pgLx¿sf] lgikIf d"NofÍg ug]{kl/kf6L bx|f ] / ljZj;gLo agfpg]nufotsf sfdaf6 lzIfsdf pTk|]/0ff /hfFu/ e/]/ cfˆgf] bfloTj lgjf{x ug{ ;Ifdagfpg'k5{ .

g]kfndf ul0ftsf] ljsf;sf] qmd x]bf{ Psflt/k|z:t} ljsf; / lj:tf/ eO;s]sf] kfOG5 eg]csf { lt/ cjwf/0ff / ;d:of ;dfwfgdfl;h{gzLntfsf] kof{Kt ljsf; x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf5 . o;y{, ul0ftsf] ;du| ljsf;sf lglDt ;/sf/,ljZjljBfno / k|fWofks–lzIfs cflb ;a} kIfaf6plrt kxn x'g' cfjZos 5 . /fli6«o gLltdflzIff / ljz]if u/L ul0ft lzIffsf] dxŒjnfO{k|fyldstf ;"rLdf /fvL plrt sfof{Gjog ug'{klg Tolts} h?/L 5 . ;fy}, ;/sf/ jf /fhgLltsj[Qaf6 …s]xL ePgÚ eg]/ xfdL lzIfsx¿ lg/fzf/ s'07f kfn]/ a:g' x'Fb}g . cf–cfkm\gf] tkm{af6ug{ ;lsg] clwstd\ k|oTg / kxnx¿ ul/g}/fVg'k5{ . lsgeg] xfdL lzIfsx¿ xf}+ / xfdLnfO{;dfhn] hlxn] klg cfbz{sf ?kdf x]l//x]sf] x'G5 .xfdLn] /fd|f] ubf{ ;dfhn] k|]/0ff kfpF5 . xfdLn]/fd|f] u/]gf}+ eg] ;dfhn] unt lbzf lnG5 . -pkk|fWofks wdnf xfnM lqljsf] sDKo'6/ lj1fg tyf

;"rgf k|ljlw ljefusf k|d'v 5g\ ._

lz Ifs k'; @)^%32

cfj/0fcfj/0f lzIfssf] ljrf/

ul0ftnfO{ s;n] usf/0f w]/} 5g\

æDof8d\ of] ul0ft lsg olt ufx|f] < cfh a'́ of] ef]lnlal;{G5 . Pp6f k9fpFbf ;lD‰G5, csf]{ k9fpFbf cl3sf]lal;{G5 . tkfO{+n] s;/L ;lD‰g'x'G5 < clg, of] k9]/ s]x'G5 <Æ

z'?sf lbgdf ha d ul0ft lzIfssf] ¿kdf sf:sLsf]Ps ;fj{hlgs dfljdf cWofkgsf] nflu uPsL lyPF, ljBfyL{sfoL / o:t} k|Zgn] dnfO{ 3]g]{ uy]{ . ;f9] kfFr jif{ cWofkgubf{ klg ljBfyL{sf lh1f;fx¿ p:t} lyP .

;fdfGotM ljBfnodf cK7\of/f] ljifosf ¿kdf x]l/g]ul0ft k9fpg] lzIfs klg cln s8f g} x'g'kg]{ …dfGotfÚ5 . h;n] ubf{ ul0ft ‰g\ af]l‰nf] ljifo ePsf] 5 .ul0ftsf cfwf/e"t s'/fx¿ Tolt cK7\of/f] dfGb}gg\ ljBfyL{x¿ .;–;fgf gfgLx¿nfO{ Jofjxfl/s pbfx/0f;lxt Ps b'O{ uGtLl;sfpgf;fy} o;sf cfwf/e"t lqmofx¿ hf]8, 36fp, u'0fg/ efu ;lhn} a'́ 5g\ . Tolta]nf;Dd ul0ft /dfOnf] nfU5 .

t/, ha ul0ftdf cÍsf] ;fy;fy} cª\u|]hL cIf/x¿;dfj]z ul/G5 jf aLhul0ftsf] k|of]u ul/G5 ta of]ljifo cJofjxfl/s nfUg yfN5 . To;kl5 o;sf] cy{Jofjxfl/stfdf a'́ g / a'‰fpg eGbf 3f]Sg / 3f]sfpglt/a9L hf]8 lbOG5 . h;af6 of] ljifo lg/z aGb} hfG5 .

x'gt ;fdfGotM w]/} ljBfyL{x¿ aLhul0ftsf ;d:ofx¿;lhn} ;dfwfg ug{ ;S5g\ . pgLx¿ cÍul0ft / HofldtLsf;d:of ;dfwfgdf a9L cNdlng k'U5g\ . t/ aLhul0ftsf];d:of ;dfwfgsf] pkfo nfdf] ;do;Dd pgLx¿sf] :d/0fdf/lx/xg ;Sb}g lsgls b}lgs Jojxf/df sxLF st} o;sf]k|of]u ePsf] kfOFb}g . To;}n] of] hlt l56f] ;lD‰G5 Toltg} l56f] lal;{G5g\ .

clt Jofjxfl/s ul0ft cyjf cÍul0ft ‰g\ ljBfyL{x¿sf]nflu e'ne'n}of h:tf] nfUg yfN5 . z'?af6 k|Zg k9\b}hfFbf cGTodf k'Ubf;Dd To;n] eGg vf]h]sf] s'/f g} yfxfx'Fb}g clg s;/L ;dfwfg ug]{ < HofldtL t ‰g\ ;a}eGbfufx|f] /] Û sltko dWod / Go"g:t/sf ljBfyL{n] t o;nfO{cfˆgf] cWoog tflnsfaf6 g} l‰lslbG5g\ .

To:t}, dflj / lgdflj txsf] ul0ftdf …;d"xÚkf7\ok':tssf] PsfO{ Psdf /flvPsf] x'gfn] clwsf+z lzIfsn]of] ljifonfO{ cWofkg u/fpF5g\ . t/ If]qldlt, lqsf]0fldlt,;DefJotf, tYofÍzf:q h:tf ljifosf] t lgdflj tx;DdsfljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;fdfGo hfgsf/L;Dd x'Fb}g . ha o;sf]cfwf/e"t wf/0ff g} :ki6 x'Fb}g ta Tof] ljifo ;w}F g};d:of aGg hfG5 . clxn] cfP/ ;fj{hlgs ljBfnodf

k9\g] clwsf+z ljBfyL{x¿ slxn] P;Pn;L kf; ul/Pnf /of] ul0ftaf6 5'6sf/f kfOPnf eGg] ;f]R5g\ .

k/Dk/fut ;f]rcfh ha xfdL ul0ftnfO{ ufx|f] ljifo eg]/ 5nkmn ul//x]sf5f}+, lgZro g} xfdLn] rfx]/ jf grfx]/ o;nfO{ ‰g\ ufx|f]agfO/x]sf 5f}+ . s'g} klg wf/0ff Ps k':tfaf6 csf]{ k':tfdfx:tfGt/0f eO/x]sf] x'G5 . xfdLn] ufx|f] elg/x]sf] ljifo;–;fgf gfgLx¿df klg ufx|f]s} ¿kdf :yflkt eOlbG5 .s'g} s'/f ufx|f] jf cK7\of/f] 5 eGg] yfxf kfPkl5 Psbdsd dflg; dfq Tof] cK7\of/f]nfO{ ;xh agfpg nfU5g\ .cGo dflg; t Totflt/ rf;f] klg lbg rfxFb}gg\ . clwsf+zsf]wf/0ff ;a}n] ufx|f] eg]kl5 lgZro g} ;lhnf] 5}g eGg]x'G5 . To;}n] ul0ftsf] ufF7f] km'l:sg] eGbf ‰g\ ‰g\ sl:;Fb}hfG5 .

lzIfss]lGb|t lzIf0f ljlwul0ft Ps cEof;d"ns ljifo xf] . o;df ljBfyL{x¿ hltcEof; ub}{ hfG5g\ Tolt o;sf efiffx¿df leHg ;S5g\ .

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lz Ifs k'; @)^% 33

n] ufx|f] agfof] <t/ xfdL w]/}n] cWofkg ubf{ …lzIfss]lGb|t lzIf0f ljlwÚk|of]u ul//x]sf x'G5f}+ . ul0ftsf] sIff c¿eGbf zfGt x'G5 .lsgls ToxfF ljBfyL{sf lh1f;f, 5nkmn / cGt/lqmofx'Fb}gg\ . lzIfs sIffdf k:5 . cEof;sf cK7\of/f ;d:ofx¿5fg]/ af]8{df ;dfwfg u5{ . ljBfyL{x¿ v'?v'? To;nfO{sfkLdf ptf5{g\ . clnslt /fd|f] ljBfyL{n] lzIfsn] u/]sf]h:t} cGo ;d:ofx¿ gSsn u/]/ ;dfwfg ug{ ;S5g\ t/dWod / Go"g Ifdtf ePsf ljBfyL{sf clwsf+z sfkLsfkGgfx¿ vfnL e]l6G5g\ .

ul0ft k|of]uzfnf gx'g'ul0ft Ps k|of]ufTds ljifo xf] . of] cfkm}F s]xL af]Nb}g,ha o;nfO{ k|of]u ul/Fb}g eg] . o;df ;dfj]z ePsfljleGg ;d:ofx¿ xfd|f] b}lgs hLjgdf k|of]udf cfO/x]sfx'G5g\ . ;d"x, gfkmf–gf]S;fg, k|ltzt, Aofhb/, sldzg/ s/, ld;fj6, If]qldlt, lqsf]0fldlt, ;DefJotf, tYofÍzf:qh:tf ljifox¿ k|of]ufTds ¿kdf b]vfpg ;lsG5 . t/xfdL oL ljifox¿nfO{ s]jn rs / af]8{sf] k|of]u u/Ll;sfO/x]sf x'G5f}+ .

ha xfdL Pp6f lk/fld8sf] lrq sf]5f}{+ ljBfyL{n] To;sf]jf:tljs 7f]; cfsf/ g} klxNofpg ;Sb}gg\ . ta pgLx¿n]o;sf] cfotg jf If]qkmnsf] nflu !÷

# A×h jf ph+2A

sf] e/ kg'{kg]{ x'G5 . h'g s'/f s'g} klg a]nf la;{g jfpN6f] kg{ ;S5 . lj1fgnfO{ k|of]ufTds ljifo eg]/ o;sf]5'§} k|of]uzfnf x'G5 / k|of]ufTds k/LIffx¿ lng] ul/G5 .t/ ul0ftdf o;sf] cfjZostf klg dx;"; eP h:tf]b]lvFb}g . sltko ljBfnosf d]xgtL lzIfs / ljBfyL{n]cfˆg} k|of;df ul0ftsf ;fdfGo k|of]ufTds sIffx¿ ;~rfngu/] klg o;n] Jofkstf kfpg ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g .

d"NofÍgsf] sdL / ljBfyL{sf] clws rfk;fj{hlgs ljBfno eGgfn] ;a}sf] ;dfg clwsf/ ePsf]ljBfno eGg] a'l‰G5 . ;a}sf] xf] eGg'sf] cy{ s;}sf] klgxf]Og eGg] h:tf] eO/x]sf] 5 . o:tf] ljBfnodf sfdsf]d"NofÍg, k'/:sf/ / b08 eGg] s'/fx¿ /fhgLlts cfu|x/ k"jf{u|xdf lge{/ u5{g\ . To:tf ljBfnosf lzIfsx¿Ifdtfjfg\ / k|lzlIft eP klg To;sf] ;xL k|of]u ul//x]sfx'Fb}gg\ . lsgls ToxfF h;n] h] u/] klg x'G5, sfdsf] s'g}d"NofÍg x'Fb}g . cfˆgf] sfdk|lt OdfGbf/ t/ rfs8L ug{g;Sg] lzIfsx¿sf] Ifdtfsf] s'g} d"NofÍg x'Fb}g . To;}n]pgLx¿sf] hfFu/ klg db}{ hfG5 .

csf]{lt/ Pp6} sIffsf]7fleq ()÷!)) ljBfyL{x¿ /fv]/cWofkg u/fpg'kg]{ afWotf 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf g tlzIfsn] ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ plrt ;do lbg ;S5 g pgLx¿sf;a} lh1f;f ;dfwfg ug{ ;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf s'g} klgljifo s]jn k9fpgsf] nflu jf ;sfpgsf] nflu k9fpg;lsG5 g ls l;sfpgsf nflu .

lzIfs ljBfyL{aLr ;'dw'/ ;DaGwsf] cefj…lx;fa b]v]kl5 lk;fa cfpF5Ú w]/} ljBfyL{n] k|of]u ug]{zAb xf] of] . o;sf b'O{ sf/0f 5g\M klxnf]Ù ul0ft To;}c:ki6 / ufx|f] 7fG5g\ pgLx¿ . bf];|f], ufx|f] ljifo k9fpg]lzIfs klg s8f g} x'g'kg]{ /] Û tfls ljBfyL{ glhs kg}{g;s'g\ . o:tf] cjwf/0ffn] ubf{ lzIfs / ljBfyL{sf] ;DaGwglhlsg ;Sb}g . ha lzIfs;Fusf] ;DaGw g} ;'dw'/ x'Fb}geg] Tof] lzIfssf] ljifok|lt ljBfyL{sf] rf;f] sd x'Fb} hfG5 .h;n] ubf{ pgLx¿ of] ljifodf lzIfssf] sf/afxLaf6 s;/Lhf]lug] eGg] dfq ;f]Rg yfN5g\ .

pRr lzIffsf] cJofjxfl/s lzIf0f k4ltd s/La cf7 jif{cl3 kßsGof SofDk;df aLP bf];|f] jif{df

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lz Ifs k'; @)^%34

cfj/0f

cWoog ubf{ SofNs'n; k9fpg] lzIfs;Fu …;/ Û of]SofNs'n;sf] k|of]u sxfF ug{ ;S5f}+ <Ú eGg] k|Zg ubf{pxfFn] eGg'ePsf] lyof]–…xfdLn] af]8{af6 l;Sof}+ / clxn]af]8{df g} k|of]u eO/x]sf] 5 . ltdLx¿sf] klg ToxL x'G5 .Ú

o:tf] l;sfO u/]/ cfPsf] hgzlQmn] ef]lnsf] kLF9LnfO{s] l;sfpg] < ul0ftdf :gftsf]Q/ u/]sf] ljBfyL{nfO{ s'g}Pp6f l;4fGtsf] cf}lrTo / k|of]usf] af/]df ;f]Wof] eg] pmcjfs\ x'G5 . lsgls p;n] tL l;4fGtx¿ s]jn /6]sf]e/df kf; u/]sf] x'G5 . o:tf] pRr lzIff cWoog u/]/cfPsf ljBfyL{x¿ ef]ln lzIf0f k]zfdf cfpFbf pgLx¿n] s]lbg;S5g\ < h;n] cfkm" klg c:ki6 / cGof]nsf] aLrdfs]jn zAb zAb ;'uf/6fO u/]/ rf/ 306fdf sfkLsf]kGgf e/]sf] e/df pRr lzIff pQL0f{ u¥of] p;n] cfkm"eGbftNnf]nfO{ Tof]eGbf c¿ s] ;'‰fj lbg ;S5 / < oL / o:t};d:ofx¿n] ubf{ cfh ul0ft ;a}sf] 6fpsf]b'vfOsf] ljifoePsf] 5 .

piff kf}8]nuf]ug dflj, uug uf}F8f, sf:sL

xfnM lqlj, sLlt{k'/

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lzIfssf] bIftf d'Vo s'/ful0ft ljifo ufx|f] agfPsf] lzIfsn] xf] . sf/0f ul0ft

ljifo a9fpg] lzIfsx¿ k|foM ;a}sf] of]Uotf k'u]sf] 5 t/tL ;a} bIf 5}gg\ . bIf lzIfssf] Joj:yf ug'{ jf lzIfssf]bIftf a9fpg' o; ;d:ofsf] Pp6f d'Vo ;dfwfg xf] .o;afx]s ul0ft ljifosf] l;sfO pknlAw k"/f ug{ kf7\oef/a9fpg], ljBfnon] ul0ft lzIf0fdf ljz]if hf]8 lbg], ul0ftnfO{a9LeGbf a9L Jojxf/d'vL lzIf0f ug]{ h:tf sfd klgug'{k5{ . ul0ftsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug'{ eg]sf] pQ/ ldnfpg'dfq xf]Og eGg] ;a}n] a'́ g cfjZos 5 .

sdf{ u]n' z]kf{h'ga];L dflj, ;f]n'v'Da'

wGg kl9P5 Û…Otgf eL gxL+ cftfÚ eGb} sIff cf7 k9\bf ul0ftsf

lzIfsn] xTs]nfdf 8:6/n] s'6]sf] 36gf cfh klg d]/f]dgdf tfh} 5 . ;a} ljBfyL{ p:t} x'Fb}gg\ . s;}n] rfF8f]a'́ 5g\ . s;}n] l9nf] / s;}n] t a'́ b} a'́ b}gg\ eg] s;}n]a'́ g] cj;/ g} kfpFb}gg\ . d c¿ ljifoeGbf ul0ft l9nf]a'́ g]x¿dWo] ky]{+ . k|fylds tx l5rf]Nbf;Dd ;a} ljifodfkf; ePsf] ;D‰gf 5}g . t/ sIff ;ftb]lv eg] rfnL;hgfdf bf];|f] :yfg xfl;n ub{} uPF . ul0ft ljifodf sdhf]/ePs} sf/0f tNnf] sIffdf cf};t ljBfyL{ /x] klg dflyNnf]sIff k'u]kl5 /fd|f ljBfyL{sf] k+lQmdf bl/g kfpFbfsf] ;'vb\cg'ejn] dg cfh klg km'?Ë x'G5 . P;Pn;Ldf ul0ftdfaNntNn kf; eP klg lj1fg ;d"xdf /fd|f] cÍ NofPsfn]7"nfa8fsf] k/fdz{ lz/f]wfo{ ub}}{ lj1fg k9]+ .

:s"nb]lvsf] ul0ft;Fusf] kf}+7]hf]/L sn]h;Dd rln/Xof] .cfh ;D‰G5' dnfO{ k9fpg] ul0ftsf] lzIfsn] afndgf]lj1fg

a'‰]/ / z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u u/]/ k9fOlbPsf] eP d]/f]ul0ft;Fusf] ;D‰gf Tolt g/dfOnf] x'Fb}g lyof] xf]nf . ‰G8}tLg bzscl3 d}n] kfPsf] lzIff / jt{dfg lzIffdf cfhklg d Tolt w]/} km/s b]lVbgF . lsgeg] cfhklg ax';ª\VosljBfyL{x¿n] klg d]/} cj:yf ef]lu/x]sf 5g\ .

cfh cfP/ x]bf{ d ul0ftdf sdhf]/ x'g'df Pp6f kIfdfq lhDd]jf/ 7flGbgF . d}n] k9]sf] jftfj/0f ljBfyL{nfO{h'g;'s} ljifodf klg sdhf]/ agfpg kof{Kt lyof] . dk9\g] :s"ndf lxGbL dfWoddf k9fO x'Gyf] . Tof] :s"n cw{–;/sf/L ePsf]n] cleefjsx¿n] dlxg}lkR5] z'Ns ltg{hfg'kb}{gYof] . z'Ns ltg{ :s"n hfg] cleefjsx¿n] klgcfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] k9fOsf af/]df ;f]wvf]h ug{] rnglyof] h:tf] nfUb}g . To:tf s'/f ;f]Wg] cj:yf;Dd w]/}cleefjsx¿ k'u]s} lyPgg\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf cleefjsnfO{bf]if lbg ldNb}g . ;Fu} lzIfsnfO{ dfq klg bf]if lbgldNb}g . pma]nfsf lzIfsx¿ hf] ePsf] z}lIfs of]Uotfsfe/df dfq hflu/ vfg yfNy] . tflnd gkfPsf lzIfsnfO{afndgf]lj1fgsf s'/f / z}lIfs ;fdu|L eg]sf] s] xf] eGg]h:tf s'/f yfxf gx'g' :jfefljs xf] .

o;/L x]bf{ d}n] :s"n k9\bf ul0ft l9nf] a'́ g' jf a'́ b}ga'́ g'df d cfˆgf] sdhf]/L jf uNtL b]lVbgFÙ a? wGgk9]5' h:tf] nfU5 . o:t} cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08eGbf tLgrf/ u'0ff a9L ljBfyL{nfO{ Pp6} lzIfsn] k9fpg'kg]{ afWotfn]ubf{ klg ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ hfGg'kg]{ hlt hfGg kfpFb}g .

tLdWo]sf] s'g sf/0fn] d ul0ftd} sdhf]/ ePF eGg]s'/f ku]{Ng ufx|f] 5 .

lzIf0f k]zf r'gf}tLk"0f{ k]zf xf] . t/ k]zf r'gf}tLk"0f{ ePklg of] ;a}eGbf ;xh ¿kdf / s'g} af}l4s k|lt:kwf{ gu/Lcfa4 x'g ;lsg] k]zf klg ePsf] 5 . /fhgLlts ks8x'g]x¿dWo] w]/}n] cfkmGtnfO{ ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf hflu/v'jfPsf 5g\ . o:tf gb]lvg] sltko sf/0fn] ubf{ klgljBfyL{sf y'k|} ;d:of cf]‰]ndf k/]sf 5g\ . tLdWo] ul0ftljifodf ax';ª\Vos ljBfyL{ sdhf]/ x'g' klg Ps xf] .

dw' /fO{, ;+:yfks ;xhstf{M;'lDgdf lzz' :ofxf/ tyf afn ljsf; s]Gb|,

lk5/frf]s lj/f6gu/–!%

a'́ fpg} ;lsFb}gca s;n] agfof] ul0ftnfO{ ufx|f] eGg] ;jfndf s'g}

Ps kIfn] dfq ufx|f] agfpg ;Sg] xf]Og . d'VotM cGoljifoeGbf ul0ftdf Pp6f 7Ls pQ/ cyf{t\, Ol08s]6/ x'G5eg] cGo sltko ljifox¿df Ol08s]6/ x'Fb}g . eGg'sf] cy{ul0ftdf Pp6f lglZrt pQ/ x'G5 eg] cGo ljifox¿ g]kfnLsf]Jofs/0f / cª\u|]hLsf] u|fd/h:tf afx]s c¿df lglZrtpQ/ x'Fb}g, To;nfO{ JofVof ug]{ efiff, z}nL / a'Fbfx¿sf]dfq dfkg ul/G5 . o;y{, ul0ftdf lx;fa ul/;s]kl5ldNof] ldn]g hfFRg] sfd klg ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}u/Lul0ftdf r/0f r/0fsf] k|lqmof ldNof] ldn]g / ca s]ug'{k5{ eg]/ 5'6\ofpg ;lsG5 . o;sf/0f ul0ft ljifocfkm}Fdf ufx|f] ljifo xf]Og . o;nfO{ l;sfpg] u'?n] ;lhnf]

cfj/0f lzIfssf] ljrf/

lz Ifs k'; @)^% 35

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dfWodaf6 l;sfpg] xf] eg] / ljBfyL{n] klg Wofgk"j{scWoog ug]{ / w]/}eGbf w]/} cEof; ug]{ xf] eg] cGoljifoeGbf klg ;lhnf] x'g hfG5 . lzIfsn] a'‰fpg g;s]sfn]/ ljBfyL{n] u|x0f ug{ g;s]sf sf/0f g} ul0ft ljifo ufx|f]aGg k'u]sf] xf] .

/fd;'Gb/ b]phfkgf}tL gkf–!, sfe|]

lhDd]jf/L ljBfyL{sf] klg x'G5s'g} klg ljifo ufx|f] jf ;lhnf] x'g]df k|efj kfg]{ tTjx¿

w]/} 5g\ . oL tTjx¿sf] Pscsf{;Fu ulx/f] ;DaGw /x]sf]5 . s'g} p2]Zo ;kmntfk"j{s xfl;n ug{ Ps tTj jfJolQmn] dfq ;Dej x'Fb}g . To; p2]Zo cg'?k sfd k"/fug{ To;;Fu ;DalGwt JolQmx¿sf] plQs} ;lqmo ;xeflutf,nugzLntfsf ;fy cfˆg} lhDd]jf/L xf] eGg] bfloTjsf] af]wgeO{ p2]Zo k|flKt ug{ ;kmn xf]OFb}g . To;sf/0f s'g} klgljifo ufx|f] jf ;lhnf] x'g'df o;;Fu ;DalGwt JolQmx¿sf]plQs} ;lqmo, nugzLn, cfˆgf] eGg] efjgfaf6 pTk|]l/t eO{bfloTjaf]w x'g' clt g} cfjZos x'G5 . ;a} tTjx¿sf]k|of;af6 g} nIodf k'Ug ;kmntf ldN5 .

o;}u/L ul0ft ljifonfO{ ufx|f] jf ;lhnf] x'g'df klgk|efj kfg]{ tTjx¿ w]/} 5g\ . tLdWo] lzIfs, ljBfyL{ /cleefjsnfO{ k|d'v ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . ul0ft ljifonfO{k"0f{tf lbgsf nflu lzIfs, ljBfyL{ / cleefjssf] e"ldsfdxŒjk"0f{ ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . s'g} Pssf] cefjdf ljifoj:t'nfO{k"0f{tf lbg ;lsFb}g .

dfgf}F, ul0ft lzIfs nugzLn, d]xgtL, ljifoj:t'sf]uxg cWoogzLn, k|efjzfnL, gofF–gofF lzIf0f k|ljlwsf]1ftf tyf gjk|jt{s eP tfklg olb ljBfyL{x¿ cN5L,nugzLn gePsf, cWoog ug]{ afgL gk/]sf / cEof;ug]{ ;do gkfPsf 5g\ eg] lzIfsn] hlt g} /fd|f] tl/sfn]l;sfOa'‰fO u/] tfklg ljBfyL{sf nflu pQm l;sfO bL3{sfnLg¿kdf k|efjsf/L x'g ;Qm}g . l;sfO k|efjsf/L x'gsf]nflu l;s]sf] jf a'‰]sf] ljifoj:t'nfO{ km]l/ bL3{sfn;Ddk|efjsf/L agfO/fVg lgoldt cEof;sf] a9L dxŒj x'G5 .cEof; ug{sf nflu ;dosf] ljz]if e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 .;dosf] Joj:yfkg ul/lbg] sfd cleefjssf] sfFwdf hfG5 .cleefjsn] cfˆgf gfgLx¿nfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf u[xsfo{ u/]gu/]sf] af/]df ljz]if Wofg lbg'kb{5 .

ul0ft ljifo Ps sl7g ljifo xf] eGg] wf/0ff k|foM ;a}JolQmdf u9]sf] 5 . t/ o;nfO{ /fd|/L a'‰]/ lgoldt¿kdf cEof; ug{ u/fpg ;s] of] ljifo ;/n x'g;S5 .lgoldt cEof; u/fpg] qmddf olb cleefjsn] cfˆgfgfgLx¿nfO{ ljz]if ;do lbP/ ul0ftsf] u[xsfo{ Pj+ cEof;ug{ ;xof]u ul/lbPsf] v08df of] ljifo ;/n agfpgdfd2t k'Ug]5 .

s'g} klg ljifoj:t'nfO{ k"0f{tf lbg oL dfly plNnlvttLgj6} tTjsf] clt g} dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 .Pssf] cefjdf of] k"0f{ x'g ;St}g . ul0ft ljifonfO{k|efj kfg]{ tTjx¿nfO{ Pp6f lqe'hsf] ;+1f lbg] xf] eg]

lzIfs, ljBfyL{ / cleefjs lqe'hsf] zLif{ laGb'x¿sf] e"ldsfv]n]sf] x'G5 . oL zLif{ laGb'x¿ lqe'hsf] d'Vo efu xf] .t;y{, s'g} klg ljifoj:t' l;Sgsf] nflu tLgj6} JolQmx¿sf]e"ldsf uxg x'G5 . s'g} klg ljz]if j:t' l;Sg lzIfs,ljBfyL{ / cleefjssf] lqsf]0ffTds ;DaGw x'G5 .

l;Sgsf] nflu ljBfyL{sf] ?lr, rfxgf, pd]/, nugzLntfcflbsf] clt g} cfjZostf x'G5 . lzIfsn] ljBfyL{sf]?lr, cfjZostf, pd]/ cflbsf] k"j{ 1fgsf] cfwf/df :yfgLoz}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿ k|of]u u/L k|efjsf/L tj/n] lzIf0f ug]{,cleefjsn] cfˆgf gfgLx¿nfO{ cEof; ug{ jf u[xsfo{ ug{plrt ;do lbg ;s] h'g;'s} ljifo klg ljBfyL{nfO{ l;Sg/ lzIfsnfO{ l;sfpg plQ g} hfFu/ / lzIf0f l;sfOlqmofsnfk k|efjsf/L x'g hfG5 / h'g;'s} ljifo klgplQs} ;/n x'G5 . ctM ul0ft ljifo ;lhnf] agfpgsf]nflu tLgj6} tTjx¿sf] uxg e"ldsf eP tfklg ljz]ife"ldsf ul0ft lzIfssf] g} x'G5 . lzIfs, ljBfyL{ /ljifoj:t'aLrsf] k'nsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . ljifoj:t'sf]1fg lbg] klxnf] JolQm lzIfs xf] . lzIfsdf ljifoj:t'sf]uxg 1fg x'g'kb{5 . lzIfs d]xgtL, nugzLn, g}ltsjfg\,rl/qjfg\, zf/Ll/s ¿kn] :j:y, w}o{jfg\, tflndk|fKt eO{:yfgLo ;fdu|L k|of]u u/L z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f ug{ ;Ifdax'cfoflds k|ltef ePsf lhDd]jf/ JolQm xf] . lzIfsljBfyL{sf] eljio lgdf{0fstf{ xf] . ljifoj:t' ;/n / ;xhtl/sfn] l;sfpg] d'Vo e"ldsf lzIfssf] xf] . lzIfsn]ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;/n / ;xh tl/sfn] l;sfOof] eg] ljBfyL{n]u|x0f ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . lsgeg] ljBfyL{ eg]sf] sfFrf] df6f]xf], To; sfFrf] df6f]nfO{ s'dfn]af6 ljleGg efF8fsf] ¿kdf9fNg ;S5 . To;}u/L lzIfsn] klg ljleGg k|lqmof ckgfO{cfkm"n] hfg]–a'‰]sf s'/fx¿nfO{ lzIf0f ljlw, z}lIfs ;fdu|L/ gofF–gofF lzIf0f ljlw k|of]u u/L ul0ft ljifo cWofkgu/fP/ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ul0ft ljifo ;lhnf] tj/n] l;sfOul0ft ljifo ufx|f] ljifo xf]Og eg]/ k|efj kfg{ ;lsG5 .ljz]if u/]/ ul0ft ljifonfO{ ;lhnf] agfpg ljBfyL{sf] k"j{1fgdf cfwfl/t tl/sfn] z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|of]u u/L;lhnf];Fu lzIf0f ljlw k|of]u u/L ljBfyL{nfO{ ljifoj:t'sf]:ki6 ¿kdf klxrfg u/fO{ a9L cEof; u/fpg nufP of]ljifo -ul0ft_ ;lhnf] / k|efjsf/L x'g]df b'O{dt 5}g .

o;/L lzIfsn] k|efjsf/L tl/sfn] k9fPsf] ljBfyL{n]Ifl0fs ¿kdf a'́ 5 eg] o;nfO{ bL3{sfn;Dd hLjGttflbg] k"0f{ bfloTj ljBfyL{sf] x'G5 . ul0ftsf ;"qx¿nfO{;lD‰/fVg a9L cEof;sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . cEof; lagful0ft ljifo k"0f{ x'g;Sb}g . To;}n] ljBfyL{df cEof; ug]{afgL clgjfo{ ¿kdf x'g}k5{ . cEof;sf] ;do ldnfOlbg]lhDd]jf/L k"0f{ ¿kdf cleefjssf] x'G5 . t;y{, ul0ftljifo ;lhnf] kfg{ ;j{k|yd lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ a'‰fpg] /;D‰g ;Sg] u/L cWofkg ug]{ / ljBfyL{n] klg a'‰]sf]s'/fnfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf cEof; ug]{ afgL a;fn]df ul0ftljifo Hofb} ;lhnf] x'G5 .

;fg'd}of zfSo -ah|frfo{_ul0ft lzIfs

dbg :df/s dflj, k'Nrf]s

lz Ifs k'; @)^%36

cfj/0f ul0ft

cjwf/0ffo;/L lbg ;lsG5

;Togf/fo0f dxh{g

b} lgs hLjg ;/n / ;xh agfpg ul0ftLo1fg Pp6f ckl/xfo{ cfjZostf xf] .

ul0ft lagf hLjg rNg] sNkgf ug{ ;lsFb}g .t/ hLjgofkg ;/n agfpg] ul0ft ljifo g} lsga'́ g ufx|f] eof] t < jf:tjdf, ul0ft ljifonfO{ufx|f] agfpg] sfd xfdL ;a}af6 eO/x]sf] 5 .o;sf] ;'?cft 3/kl/jf/af6 x'G5 . To;kl5;fyLefO, ;dfh / lzIfsn] klg o;nfO{ ufx|f]ljifosf] ¿kdf lrq0f ug{ k'U5g\ . kl/0ffd:j?kslnnf afnaflnsfsf] dl:tisdf ul0ft a'́ g sl7g

/x]5 eGg] wf/0ff aGb} hfG5, / pgLx¿sfnflu ul0ft bGTosyfsf] …e"tÚ aGg k'U5h;n] pgLx¿nfO{ z'?b]lv g} t;f{pF5 dfq .cfh xfdLsxfF ToxL eO/x]sf] 5 .

ul0ftsf] :jefjul0ft cGo ljifo h:tf] 3f]s]/, k9]/, x]/]/,;'g]/ l;lsFb}g . h;/L vfgf ksfpg,;fOsn rnfpg, kf}8L v]Ng, df6f]sf] efF8f]agfpg ;}4flGts 1fgn] dfq k'Ub}g,Jofjxfl/s cEof;s} h?/t kb{5 To:t}ul0ft ljifosf 1fg / ;Lk xfl;n ug{k|of]ufTds kIfnfO{ g} a9L hf]8 lbg'k5{ .of] …;f]Wg]Ú ljifo xf]Og …;f]Rg]Ú ljifoxf] . of] …x]g{]Ú ljifo xf]Og …ug{]Ú ljifoxf] . of] …;'Gg]Ú ljifo xf]Og …n]Vg]Ú ljifoxf] . of] …l;sfpg]Ú ljifo eGbf …l;Sg]Úljifo xf] .

k/LIffsf] b'O{–rf/ lbgcl3 ;//{ k9]/k/LIffdf a:g] ljBfyL{x¿sf] rngnfO{ ul0ftljifon] slxNo} ;fy lbFb}g . …ul0ft ljifodfcTolws c;kmntfÚ To:t} rngsf]

kl/0ffd xf] . ha;Dd ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ul0ftLo1fgsf] Jofjxfl/s cEof; u/fOFb}g ta;Dd ul0ft

ljifodf ljBfyL{x¿ kf/Ët x'g ;Sb}gg\ . …cgfEof;]ljifd\ ljBfÚ elgP‰}F cEof; gubf{ ul0ft …gf} lbgdf

/ljg ;fo\ld

hGd]sf] ^÷& dlxgfb]lv 3/df h;/L jf:tljsj:t' b]vfP/ efiff l;sfpg] / cEof; u/fpg]u/fOG5, To;}u/L k|fylds txb]lv g} ul0ftLoefiff l;sfpg] / cEof; u/fpg] ug'{k5{ . gfgLx¿n]s'g} klg j:t' lrGg, a'́ g, k|of]u ug{ / To;sf]af/]df c¿nfO{ atfpg pgLx¿sf] dl:tisdf Tof]j:t'sf] cjwf/0ff -sG;]K6_ aGg'k5{ .

lz Ifs k'; @)^% 37

gf}nf] / aL; lbgdf lal;{OG5 .Ú

ul0ftsf] efifful0ftsf cnu–cnu cy{ af]s]sf cfˆg} ;Í]tx¿x'G5g\ . ul0ftsf s'/f a'́ g ul0ftLo efiff a'́ g'h?/L x'G5 . ul0ftdf k|of]u x'g] ;a} cÍ, ;Í]tjf lrGxx¿ g} ul0ftLo efiffsf zAbx¿ x'g\ .ul0ftLo efiff s;}sf] klg dft[efiff x'Fb}g . ;a}sfnflu of] bf];|f], t];|f] jf rf}yf] efiff x'g;S5 .

;–;fgf gfgLx¿nfO{ hGd]sf] ^÷& dlxgfb]lv3/df h;/L jf:tljs j:t' b]vfP/ efiff l;sfpg]/ cEof; u/fpg] u/fOG5, To;}u/L k|fylds txb]lvg} ul0ftLo efiff l;sfpg] / cEof; u/fpg] ug'{k5{ .;–;fgf gfgLx¿n] s'g} klg j:t' lrGg, a'́ g,k|of]u ug{ / To;sf] af/]df c¿nfO{ atfpg ta;Dd;Sb}gg\, ha;Dd pgLx¿sf] dl:tisdf Tof] j:t'sf]cjwf/0ff -sG;]K6_ aGb}g . ;fdfGotof rf/ jif{sf]pd]/df afnaflnsf ;xh 9Ëaf6 af]Ng ;Sg]x'G5g\ . ltgn] Tof] pd]/df cfˆgf jl/kl/sfj:t'x¿sf] cjwf/0ff agfO;s]sf] x'g] ePsfn] g};xh cleJolQm ;Dej ePsf] xf] . ul0ftLo cjwf/0ffklg pgLx¿n] o;}u/L dfq a'́ g ;S5g\ .

efiff l;Sg] Pp6f pd]/ x'G5 . afnaflnsfn]cfˆgf] klxnf] efiff hGdgf;fy z'? u/]/ rf/ jif{sf]pd]/df /fd|}l;t l;ls;S5g\ . Tof] pd]/df l;Sgg;s]sf] efiff 7"nf] ePkl5 hfGg / af]Ng ;a}nfO{sl7gfO{ x'G5 . To;}n] ul0ft lzIf0f ubf{ of]jf:tljstfnfO{ Wofg lbOg'k5{ . ul0ftsf] cjwf/0ffl;sfpg g;Sg' g} xfd|f] :s"n lzIffsf] ;a}eGbf7"nf] sdhf]/L xf] . ul0ftdf ljBfyL{x¿ sdhf]/b]lvg' To;}sf] kl/0ffd xf] .

;'?cft tn}af6ul0ft l;sfOsf] nflu ;a}eGbf a9L Wofg k'¥ofpg'kg]{;do eg]sf] k"j{k|fylds / k|fylds tx g} xf] .ToxLFaf6} afnaflnsfdf ul0ftLo cjwf/0ff Ps–Ps ub}{ ylkFb} uPdf dfq dflyNnf] sIffdf ul0ftufx|f] nfUb}g . cjwf/0ff a'‰]kl5 dfq ul0ftk|ltsf]?lr a9\b} hfG5 . t/ xfd|f] ul0ft lzIf0f k|lqmoful0ftLo cjwf/0ff lgdf{0f ug]{ geO{ 3f]sfpg] /s07 ug{ afWo kfg]{ vfnsf] 5 . l;sfOsf b[li6n]of] k|lqmof unt / cJofjxfl/s dfq geO{, slnnfafnaflnsfnfO{ lagf s;'/ lbOPsf] dfgl;softgft'No g} 5 . o:t} lzIf0fljlwsf] l;sf/ eP/dfgl;s oftgf kfPsf s}of}+ afnaflnsf c;dod}k9fOdf k"0f{lj/fd nufpg k'U5g\ eg] sltko rflxFul0ft ljifoaf6 6fl9Fb} hfG5g\ .

ul0ft l;sfOsf b[li6n] ;a}eGbf pko'Qm t/sl7g ;do k"j{ k|fylds tyf k|fylds tx xf] .pko'Qm lsgeg], Tof] pd]/df a'‰]/ jf /dfP/l;s]sf] s'/f hLjge/ ;D‰g] / ;lhnf] nfUg]

x'G5 . t/ of] pd]/df ul0ftsf] cjwf/0ff a'‰fpg]sfo{ lzIfssf lglDt sl7g / r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'G5 .To; txsf afnaflnsfdf cd"t{ efj a'́ g] Ifdtfx'Fb}g . …cjwf/0ffÚ eg]sf] d"t{ s'/fdf cfwfl/teP/ lbdfudf a:g] Pp6f cd"t{ lrq xf] . d"t{cyf{t\ ljlzi6 j:t'sf] k6s k6s k|of]u u/Lk|of]ufTds lzIf0f ljlwn] dfq ltgLx¿df wf/0ffsf]ljsf; u/fpg ;lsG5 .

cjwf/0ff ljsf; ug]{ s]xL tl/sf!= sIffdf k9fpFbf 7f]; z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u

u/]/@= 7f]; j:t'sf] k|of]u;lxt ul0ftLo lqmofsnfk

u/fP/#= >Jo–b[Zo cflb z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u u/]/$= ul0ftLo cjwf/0ff;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf 5nkmn

u/fP/%= b}lgs / Jofjxfl/s ul0ftLo sfo{x¿ cEof;

u/fP/&= ul0ft;Fu ;DalGwt ljifoj:t'x¿sf] 5gf]6 u/L

k|ToIf / ck|ToIf lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL u/fP/*= l;s] jf ;D‰]h:tf] nfu]sf ul0ftLo cjwf/0ff

cfˆg} pkl:yltdf c¿nfO{ l;sfpg nufP/(= k|:6 ePsf ul0ftLo cjwf/0ffx¿ ;fyLx¿nfO{

k|:6 kfg{ nufP/!) ul0ftLo cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t ;fdu|Lx¿ agfpg

nufP/

;ª\Vofsf] cjwf/0ff lbg] tl/sfxfd|f] k"j{ k|fylds tyf k|fylds :s"ndf

;ª\Vof ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff lgdf{0f u/fpg] tl/sfk'/ftg dfq geO{ cToGt cj}1flgs klg 5 .k|fylds sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ lzIfs÷lzlIfsfn]sfnf]kf6Ldf n]v]sf] ! b]lv !)) ;Dd ;ªVofPs, b'O{, ===, gf} clg Ps z"Go bz, Ps PsP3f/ / Ps b'O{ afx| eGb} k9fpg] u5{g\ . lzIfsnfO{ljBfyL{x¿ klg 7"nf] 7"nf] :j/df ToxL s'/fbf]xf]¥ofpF5g\ .

t/ Ps Ps P3f/ clg Ps / b'O{ afx| s;/Lx'G5 < o;/L k9fOPsf ljBfyL{x¿ dflyNnf] sIffk'Ubf;Dd klg of] s'/fk|lt cgle1 /xG5g\ . !!s;/L aG5 eGg] s'/f pgLx¿n] Tolta]nf dfqa'́ 5g\ ha cÍsf] :yfgdfg af/] hfgsf/L kfpF5g\/ !! sf] klxnf] ! n] !) nfO{ OlËt u/]sf]pgLx¿nfO{ :ki6 x'G5 . t/ xfd|f] lzIf0f k4ltslnnf gfgLx¿nfO{ tNn} txaf6 cjwf/0ff agfpgnufpg] eGbf klg 3f]sfpg / s07 u/fpg] vfnsf]/xFb} cfPsf] 5 . oxL cfn]vsf kf7sx¿nfO{ klgnfUg ;S5, wf/0ff lgdf{0f u/fpg] s;/L t <cfpg';\ o; ;DaGwdf Pp6f lqmofsnfknfO{ x]/f}F .

of] lqmofsnfksf] nflu 7f]; j:t' -df]8nx¿_

!=

lz Ifs k'; @)^%38

cfj/0f ul0ft

lzIf0f ;fdu|Lsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 .pknAw 7f]; j:t' b]vfpFb} lgDg k|Zgx¿ ub}{

hfg'k5{ . o; qmddf z'?df Pp6f dfq 7f]; j:t'sf]cEof; u/fpg'k5{ . h:t}Mof] lqmofsnfkaf6 …PsÚ sf] cjwf/0ff aG5 . o;}u/L

Psdf qmdzM csf]{ Ps yKb};f]xL cEof; bf]xf]¥ofpg'k5{,h;af6 b'O{, tLg, rf/, kfFr,5, === gf};Ddsf] wf/0ff lbg;lsG5 . ;Fu} t/, cÍ klglrgfp Fb } hfg 'k5 { . of ]lqmofsnfk Ps} lbgdf ;Sg]u/L ul/g'x'Fb}g . lj:tf/} x/]slbg jf 306Ldf Pp6f Pp6fcÍsf] cjwf/0ff lbFb} hfg'k5{ .bzsf] cjwf/0ff klg oxLqmdaf6 lbg ;lsG5 . t/To;df ;Í]t -cÍ_ k|of]uu/fpg cln a9L lqmofsnfk

slt j6f uf8L <

slt j6f xjfOhxfh <

slt j6f s's'/ <

slt j6f ;fOsn <

! df ! yKbf @

@ df ! yKbf #

!Š!) df ! yKbf !!

Ps bzdf Ps yKbf P3f/ ag]sf] xf] .

( df ! yKbf !)

u/fpg'k5{ . -o; qmddf x/]s lzIfs ldqx?n]Vofn ug'{kg]{ kIf xf]– l;sfOsf tLg dxŒjk"0f{ r/0fx¿x'G5g\ . z'?df 7f]; r/0f clg cw{r/0f / cGTodf;fÍ]lts r/0f . 5f]6s/Ldf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;ª\Vofsf]wf/0ff lbFbf 7f]; j:t'x¿sf] g} k|of]u ug'{kb{5 .pQm k|lqmofnfO{ lj:tf/} ?kfGt/0f ub}{ cw{ 7f];r/0fdf nUg'kb{5 . cyjf, wsf{ lrGx jf lrqx¿sf]k|of]u ug'{kb{5 . ;f] l;sfOnfO{ qmdzM ;Í]tdf?kfGt/0f ug'{kb{5 . olb of] k|lqmof cjnDag ul/Pgeg] afnaflnsfx¿ 7"n} ePkl5 jf dflyNnf] sIffdfk'Ubf;d]t 7f]; j:t' geO{ uGg ;Sb}gg\ . h:t}Mbz sIffdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿n] xftsf] cf}+nfaf6z'? u5{g\ / k'u]g eg] v'§fsf] cf}+nfsf] ;d]t ;xfotflnG5g\ ._ h:t}M

oxfF Pp6f bzdf Ps yKbf P3f/ ag]sf] xf]eGg] s'/f bf]xf]¥ofO{–t]x¥ofO{ a'‰fpg'k5{ . To;lglDt,oxfF cl3Nnf] ! eg]sf] bz xf] eGg] atfOg'k5{ .cÍsf] :yfgdfgsf] cjwf/0ffsf] 1fg oxLFaf6 z'?x'G5 .

lz Ifs k'; @)^% 39

@Š!) df ! yKbf @!b'O{ j6f bzdf Ps yKbf PSsfO; aG5 . -@Š!)±!Ö@!_

bzf}F :yfgsf] cÍ hlt 5 bz Tolt 7fpFdflng] / Ps :yfgsf] cÍ hf]8\bf hlt aG5 Tof];ª\Vof xf] eGg] cjwf/0ff lbg] .

o;kl5 …cÍÚ / …;ª\VofÚsf] ;dfgtf / leGgtf;DaGwL cjwf/0ff lbg yfNg'k5{ .

leGgsf] cjwf/0ff lgdf{0f ug]{Jofjxfl/s tl/sf

of] cjwf/0ff l;sfpgsf nflu sf6\g ldNg] 7f];j:t'Ù h:t} /f]6L, :ofp cflb z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] ¿kdfk|of]u ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 .

Pp6f l;Ëf] /f]6L b]vfP/ ljBfyL{;Fu of] sltj6f /f]6L egL k|Zg u¥of] eg] kSs} klg pQ/…Pp6fÚ eGg] cfpF5 . To;kl5 o;nfO{ hgfpg];ª\Vof n]Vg nufpg] .

k6s ljBfyL{x¿sf] nflu of] sl7g sfo{ x'g]5 .! n]Vg]nfO{ Pp6f l;Ëf] /f]6Lsf] nflu s] n]Vg] t <s] cfwf /f]6L / l;Ëf] /f]6L a/fa/ xf] < eGg]h:tf k|Zgx¿ ub}{ c¿nfO{ ;dfwfg klxNofpgxf}:ofpg] ug'{k5{ .

@=

Ö;ª\Vof!

To;kl5 ljBfyL{x¿s} ;fd'Gg] Tof] /f]6LnfO{a/fa/ b'O{ 6'qmf kfg]{ / To;dWo]af6 Pp6f 6'qmfb]vfP/ slt j6f < eGg] k|Zg km]l/ ug]{ .

Ps cfwf

of] k|Zgsf] pQ/ b'O{y/L cfpg ;S5 . …cfwf/f]6L / Pp6f .Ú …Pp6fÚ eGg]sf] e|d x6fpg tkfO{+;Fupq} csf]{ Pp6f l;Ëf] /f]6L x'g' cfjZos x'G5 .oL b'j} -l;Ëf] / cfwf kf/]sf]_ /f]6L k6s–k6sb]vfP/ l;Ëf], 6'qmf] / cfwf aLrsf] leGgtf :ki6kfg'{k5{ . t/ cfwf eGgfn] ul0ftLo wf/0ffnfO{glauf/L of] l;Ëf]sf] cfwf xf] eGg h?/L 5 .

o;/L cfwf eGg] kSsf ePkl5 …cfwfÚ s;/Ln]Vg] < klxnf ljBfyL{x¿af6} pQ/sf] ck]Iff /fVg'k5{ .s;}n] !, s;}n] @ n]Vnfg\ . kSs} klg klxnf]

@ n]Vg]nfO{ b'O{ j6f l;Ëf] /f]6L -x]= u|fkm_ /b'O{ 6'qmf cfwf -x]= u|fkm_ kfl/Psf 6'qmf a/fa/xf] ls xf]Og :ki6 kfl/lbg'k5{ .

To;kl5 lj:tf/} s'g} klg l;Ëf] j:t'nfO{ 6'qmfkf/]/ To;af6 hlt 6'qmf lng] xf] To;nfO{ kfpg]c+z ePsf]n] c+zdf -dfly_ / hDdf hlt 6'qmfagfPsf] xf] To;af6 lng] ePsf]n] To;nfO{ x/df/fVg] / o;/L–

Ö!@

n]Vg] eg]/ k6s–k6s cWof; / :d/0f u/fpFb}cjwf/0ff lgdf{0f ug{ nufpg'k5{ .

lz Ifs k'; @)^%40

cfj/0f ul0ft

hf]8 / 36fp ;DaGwL cjwf/0ffjf:tjdf ul0ftsf] pTklQ g} hf]8 / 36fpsf]

;fdfGo cjwf/0ff;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . hf]8 / 36fp;DaGwL cjwf/0ffaf6} u'0fg / efu x'Fb} cfhsf]cjf:tljs ;ª\Vof k|0ffnL;Ddsf ul0ftLocjwf/0ffx¿ ljsf; ePsf x'g\ . t;y{ k|f/lDessIffx¿af6} hf]8 / 36fpsf] ;xL cjwf/0ff agfpg]lzIf0f ljlwdf vf;u/L lzIfsx¿sf] Wofgs]lGb|tx'g' cfjZos 5 . of] cfkm}+df sl7g sfo{ klgxf]Og . o;sf] nflu cfw'lgs k|ljlwo'Qm sIffsf]7fsf]klg clgjfo{ 5}g . lzIfsn] k"/} ;do / tnaaf6s6fP/ lzIf0f ;fdu|L hf]xf] ug'{ klg kb}{g . ;]tf]jf sfnf]kf6Ldf 7"nf–7"nf cÍ, lrq n]Vg] ‰G‰6klg ug'{kb}{g . hf]8 / 36fp ;DaGwL cjwf/0fflgDg lqmofsnfkaf6 ;lhn} lgdf{0f ug{ jf l;sfpg;lsG5M

– ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L cfFvf5f]k]sf] a]nf cfkm"nfO{ 5'g] csf]{ ;d"xsf];fyL lrGg] v]n v]nfP/

– Do'lhs lro/ v]ndfkm{t– 9'Ëf, u§f, RofDk6L cflb j:t' lng]–lbg]

;DaGwL ljleGg lgod;lxtsf v]n agfpg]/ v]Ng nufpg]

– n]gb]g ;DaGwL gf6sx¿ v]Ng nufP/– ylkg] / 36\g] 36fpg] ;DaGwL uLt agfP/

ufpg lbg] . h:t} r/f, kmnkm"n cflb

;DaGwL ylkg] / 3l6g] 36gf;Fu ;DaGwLsyfx¿ ;'gfP/ .

oxfF e'Ng gx'g] s'/f s] xf] eg] k"j{ k|fyldstxsf afnaflnsf h;n] ;ª\Vof n]Vg hfg]s} x'Fb}gg\ÙltgLx¿sf nflu ;fyLx¿ g} uGg], uf]6Lx¿ g} uGg]cyf{t\ 7f]; s'/f k6s–k6s uGg nufP/ ylkg'cufl8 / ylk;s]kl5 To:t} 36\g'cl3 / 3l6;s]kl5hf]8 / 36fp ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff lbg ;lsG5 .36gf cd"t{ x'g] ePsf]n] k|fylds txdf klg ;ª\Vofn]Vg hflg;s]sf afnaflnsx¿nfO{ hf]8 tyf 36fp;DaGwL cjwf/0ff yKb} lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfksf]¿kdf k|of]u ug'{k5{ .

lzIfs ldqx¿ hf]8 / 36fpsf] wf/0ff lbg]qmddf b'O{ lqmofnfO{ Ps ;fy cufl8 a9fpg'k5{ .klxn] klxn] hf]8 l;sfPkl5 dfq 36fpm l;sfpg'k5{eGg] ;f]r lyof] t/ hf]8 k|lqmof;Fu :jfefljs?kdf 36fp klqmof klg hf]l8P/ cfpF5 . h:tf]M! df ! yKbf @ x'G5 eg] @ df ! 36fpFbf !x'G5 .

-lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, nlntk'/sf ;|f]t JolQm dxh{gul0ft lzIfs klg x'g\ ._

cg'/f]wM ul0ftLo cjwf/0ff lgdf{0f;DaGwLof]eGbf pQd lzIf0f–ljlw cfkm";Fu eP xfdLnfO{k7fpg'xf];\ . tkfO{+sf] cg'ejnfO{ lzIfs df :yfglbg xfdL tof/ 5f}+ . ;+=

#=

dfl;s u|fxs aGg'xf];\ Û

• xfnnfO{ OR5's kf7sx¿ x'nfsaf6 k|fKt ug{] u/L ;Lw} lzIfs dfl;ssf] sfof{noaf6 cyjf kfos kg{]kqklqsf k;ndfkm{t\ u|fxs aGg ;Sg'x'g]5 .

• Ph]G6 eO{ lzIfs dfl;s laqmL ug{ OR5's kqklqsf k;nx¿n] lgDg 7]ufgfdf ;Dks{ ug'{xf]nf .kf]=j=g+= !^^, lzIfs dfl;ssf] sfof{no, kf6g9f]sf, nlntk'/ . ̂ ofS;M %%$!!(^, kmf]gM %%$*!$@, %%$#@%@ .

u|fxs cjlw ahf/ d"No -?=_ u|fxs d"No -?=_

Ps jif{ -!@Š#)_ #^)÷– #@)÷–

b'O{ jif{ -@$Š#)_ &@)÷– ^!)÷–

lz Ifs k'; @)^% 41

cfj/0f jftf{

– k|f=8f= z+s//fh kGt

ul0ft ufx|f] xf]Ogcjwf/0ffunt eof]klxn]b]lv g} xfd|f] ;dfhdf Pp6f unt wf/0ffa;]sf] 5, ul0ft ;fx|} ufx|f] ljifo eGg] . of]unt ;f]rfO vl08t gePsfn] w]/} dflg;x¿ul0ft ;fFRr} ufx|f] ljifo xf] eG7fG5g\ .dfWolds tx;Dd kl9g] ul0ft cf};t dflg;x¿n]k9\g / hfGg g;Sg] eGg] s'/} 5}g .

ul0ft s] xf] <d'VotM ul0ft u0fgf;Fu ;DalGwt s'/f xf] . ;fdfGo

efiffdf w]/}a]/ nufP/ eGg] s'/f ul0ftn] Ps}l5gdf jfPp6} ;"qdf atfOlbG5 . of] vf6 ^ lkm6sf] xf] eg]/vf6sf] nDafO a'‰fpg] ul0ftn] g} xf] . ul0ftn] s'g} klgs'/fnfO{ l7Ss atfOlbG5 . lbpF;f] cfpg';\ g elgFbf 6\jfSs;do v'Nb}g, t/ lbpF;f] $ ah] cfpg';\ eGof] eg] s'g}låljwf kb}{g . cyf{t\ ul0ftn] ;l6s s'/f atfpF5 .dflg;sf b}lgs Jojxf/sf k|To]s lqmofsnfkul0ftsf cÍ / lgodx¿n] afFlwlbPsf] x'G5 .

o;}n] ul0ft cToGt hLjgf]kof]uL ljBfxf] . s'g} ;ª\Vof a'´g / To;nfO{Jojxf/df k|of]udf Nofpg] ljBfsf] gfdxf] of] . ul0ftsf] 1fg geO{ s'g} klgdflg; Jofjxfl/s lx;fan] rNg ;Sb}g .bfz{lgs ¿kn] eGg] xf] eg], ul0ftsf]bz{g ;Tosf] bz{g xf] . ;w}F g} sfn /cj:yftLt eP/ ul0ftn] ;To pb\3f6gul//x]sf] x'G5 . ul0ftnfO{ ;[hgzLnlbdfusf] ck"j{ ;[hgf xf] elgG5 .

cfh cfkm" a;]sf] 3/, 6f]n jf ;8s–uNnL yfxf kfpg ;ª\Vof hfg] k'U5 .‰g\ 6]lnkmf]g, df]afOn / sDKo'6/ t

tl:a/x¿M ;'bz{g

l3ld/]

lz Ifs k'; @)^%42

cfj/0f jftf{○

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ul0ft wd{af6 ;w}F :jtGq 5 . wd{cg';f/ cf–cfˆg} ul0ft ePsf] ePul0ftsf] ;Totfdf zÍf x'GYof] . ul0ft;a} ;d'bfoaf6 lg/k]If 5 . lxGb";Eotfn] z"Go ylklbof] / cÍlj:tf/df cfˆgf] d'Vo of]ubfg u¥of] .t/ lxGb" wd{ ePsf] x'gfn] of] ePsf]eGg] s'/f xf]Og .

;ª\Vofx¿s} v]n eof] . cfˆgf] df]6/;fOsnsf] gDa/n]of] d]/f] df]6/;fOsn xf], csf{sf] xf]Og eGg] lrgfpgkfof] . o;/L k|To]s b}lgs lqmofsnfk ul0ftsf] ;ª\Vof1fgdf e/ k¥of] . n]gb]g, afF8r'F8 w]/}–yf]/} ;a} cÍul0ftsf;Ldfleq cfP . ;ª\VofTds / u'0ffTds cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgx¿cfw'lgs ul0ft cyf{t\ ;ª\VofTds ljZn]if0fdf e/ u/]/dfq} ahf/df cfpF5g\ .

ul0ftsf] Oltxf; kIfaf/] s]xL atfOlbg'xf];\ g Ûhab]lv dflg;n] hËnL cj:yfaf6 ;Eotftkm{ k|:yfg

u¥of], ul0ftsf] ;'?cft ToxLFb]lv eof] . hËnL hfltx¿n]Ps / b'O{ eGg l;s] . t/ tLg eg]/ u0fgf ug{ pgLx¿nfO{w]/} ;do nfUof] . kl5 qmdzM xftsf cf}+nfx¿ uGg;Sg] cj:yfdf cfP .

ul0ft ;Eotfsf] ljsf;;Fu ulx/f]l;t ufFl;Psf] 5 .ul0ftsf] ljsf; lagf ;Eotf cufl8 a9]s} b]lvFb}g .csf]{ cy{df eGg'kbf{, ;Eotfsf] ljsf; x'g' g} ul0ftsf]ljsf; x'g' xf] . dfgj ;Eotf cfh hxfF k'u]sf] 5,To;df ;a}eGbf 7"nf] / dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf ul0ftsf] /x]sf]5 . o; qmddf ePsf ;a} j}1flgs cfljisf/x¿sf] d'Vocfwf/ ul0ft g} xf] . olb ul0ftnfO{ l‰lslbg] xf] eg];Eotf cfh klg zfob 9'Ë] o'ud} /xg]lyof] .

k|f/lDes ¿kdf ;f]rf}+, 3/ agfpg hu xfNg], uf/f]p7fpg], 5fgf] xfNg] sfd klg ul0ftsf] ;xf/f lagf dflg;n]ug{ ;Sg] lyPg . a|Xdf08sf c¿ u|xdf s'g} ;Eotf 5eg] To;sf] dfkg ug]{ sfd klg ul0ftn] g} u5{ . Tof];Eotf;Fu k[YjLjf;Ln] ;+of]hg ug]{ dfWod s'g} 5 eg]Tof] ul0ft g} xf] . lsgls u|xfGt/ ;Eotfsf] ul0ft /oxfFsf] ul0ftdf s]xL km/s g} x'Fb}g . ul0ftsf] lj:tf/x'gfn] g} cfh dflg; cGtl/Ifdf k'Ug ;Dej ePsf] xf] .

b"/L gfKg xf];\ jf /s]6 agfpg] sfd ;a} ul0ftsf ;"qx¿dfcfwfl/t 5 .

wd{ jf ;Dk|bfon] klg ul0ftsf] ljsf;df of]ubfg u/]sf]5 <

ck|ToIf ¿kdf u/]sf] 5 . k|frLg ;dob]lv g} wd{;dfhsf] cleGg cË eP/ cfPsf] x'Fbf ;fdflhs lj:tf/ubf{ wfld{s lqmofsnfkx¿ ubf{ ul0fts} ;xf/f lng'kb{5 .h:tf]M d7dlGb/ agfpg, o1zfnfx¿ agfpg, 7"N7"nf luhf{3/,dl:hb agfpg ul0ft lagf ;lsFb}g . t/ ul0ft wd{af6;w}F :jtGq 5 . wd{ cg';f/ cf–cfˆg} ul0ft ePsf] ePul0ftsf] ;Totfdf zÍf x'GYof] . ul0ft ;a} ;d'bfoaf6lg/k]If 5 . lxGb" ;Eotfn] z"Go ylklbof] / cÍ lj:tf/dfcfˆgf] d'Vo of]ubfg u¥of] . t/ lxGb" wd{ ePsf] x'gfn]of] ePsf] eGg] s'/f xf]Og .

z"Gosf] k|of]un] ul0ftdf s] km/s Nofof] <z"Gosf] k|j]zn] u0fgf ug]{ tl/sfdf sfofkn6 NofOlbof] .

Ps eGgnfO{ dflg;n] Pp6f wsf]{ lbof] . b'O{ eGgnfO{ b'O{j6f wsf]{ lbof] . tLg eGg tLg j6f wsf]{ lbg] ubf{ uGg]sfd ug{ dflg;nfO{ w]/} ;do nfUYof] . t/ dflg;n]o:tf] Pp6f ;Í]tsf] vf]hL u¥of], hxfF p;n] To;sf] k|of]uubf{ ;ª\Vofsf] bz u'0ffsf] cy{ b]cf];\ . To;}sf] vf]hL ug]{qmddf z"Gosf] ;[hgf ePsf] xf] . s'g} cÍ jf ;ª\VofdfPp6f z"Go k|of]un] To;df bz u'0ff a9L dfg atfpg]eof] / ;ª\Vofsf dfgsf] :yfg klg lbg] eof] . h:tf]klxnf] cÍ PsfO{, To;df z"Go lbFbf bxfO{, csf]{ z"GolbFbf ;o, xhf/ OToflb . ul0ftdf z"Go cfkm}+ s'g} ;ª\Vofxf]Og, t/ o;n] nfdf] ;ª\VofnfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf n]Vg /eGg ;lsg] agfof] . ul0ftsf] Oltxf;df o;n] 7"nf] /

æ

lz Ifs k'; @)^% 43

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ul0ft cGtu{t h] h] s'/fsf] k9fO x'G5, To;sf] cjwf/0ff / cy{ clg To;sf] Jofjxfl/scEof; /fd|f]l;t u/fpg] sfd lzIfsn] ug{ g;s]sf] cyjf o:tf kf7\ok':tsx¿ g} gePsf]n]ul0ftnfO{ ufx|f] ljifo 7fGg] ul/Psf] xf] . ul0ftnfO{ s'g} /l;nf] syf ‰}F u/L lzIfsn] k9fpg

hfg]sf] eP of] ljifok|lt ljBfyL{sf] ?lr a9\Yof] .

df}lns kl/jt{g NofOlbof] . z"Go dfg gePsf] cÍ xf] .of] cfkm" dfg/lxt 5, t/ c¿ cÍsf] k5fl8 /Xof] eg]Tof] cÍsf] dfg a9fOlbG5 .

g]kfndf ul0ftsf] Oltxf; ;+lIfKtdf k|sfz kfl/lbg'x'G5ls <

g]kfndf ul0ftsf] ljsf; eGg' g} Hof]ltifsf] ljsf;xf] . g]kfndf ;f]x|f}+ ztfAbLsf] z'?df kxf8lt/ /fhf /fdzfxsf] kfnfdf dfgf, kfyLsf] rng rn]sf] / sf7df8f}+df/fhf hol:ylt dNnn] gfktf}nsf] k|rng NofPsf x'g\ .hUufsf] If]qkmn gfKg] sfdnfO{ klg oL /fhfx¿n] Jojl:yttl/sfn] cl3 a9fPsf x'g\ . dlGb/x¿ t To;eGbf w]/}klxn]b]lv g} aGg yfn]sf x'g\ . dlGb/sf] uh'/ /fVg]s]Gb|laGb' kQf nufpg] / rf/}lt/ a/fa/ b"/L gfKg] HofldtLolx;fa / sf]0fx¿sf] gfk / ltgsf] cg'kft atfpg]lqsf]0fldltsf tl/sfx¿ Tolta]nfb]lv g} k|of]u x'g yfn]sf]xf] . g]kfndf jf:t'snfsf] Oltxf; hlt k'/fgf] xf], ul0ftklg Tolt g} k'/fgf] xf] . lsgeg] ul0ft lagf jf:t'snfsf]ljsf; ;Dej g} lyPg . g]kfndf ul0ft lgZro klgoxfFsf 7"nf ljåfg\x?n] 6f9f6f9fsf ljBfs]Gb|x¿df k9]/cfPsf ePaf6 g} k|rf/ ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . oxfFaf6 k9\ghfg] / 3'Dg hfg]–cfpg] dflg;x¿n] To; avtsf] ul0ftsf]k|rf/k|;f/ u/]sf x'g\ . To;avt cfd lzIffsf] rnglyPg . h;nfO{ rflxG5, p;}n] ul0ft l;SYof] . h:t}M8sdL{ gfOs]n] hf]8 36fp, u'0fg, efu / ju{d"n hfg]sf]x'GYof] . p;n] ;a} gfk hfFr cfkm" u5{, tbg'?k sfdc¿nfO{ nufpF5 .

g]kfnL ;dfhn] rflxF ul0ftdf df}lns of]ubfg s]xL ug{;Sof] <

g]kfndf k|frLgsfnb]lv g} Kofuf]8f z}nLsf dlGb/x¿ag]sf 5g\ . kf6g, eQmk'/, sf7df8f}+sf dlGb/x¿ agfpFbfcjZo} ltgtfsfsf k|ltef;DkGg JolQmx¿n] cfˆg} tl/sfaf6ul0ft u/]sf xf]nfg\ . t/ ;}4flGts ul0ftdf oxL g}of]ubfg u¥of] eg]/ eGg ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g . ;}4flGtsul0ftsf] lj:tf/df lxGb" ul0ft1x¿n] ul0ftdf z"Gosf]cfljisf/ u/]sf] xf] / vf;u/L lxGb" cÍ k|0ffnLsf] k|rngu/]sf] xf], h'g kl5 c/ax¿dfkm{t o'/f]k k'Uof] / cfhlxGb"–c/]aL cÍ k|0ffnL eg]/ ;+;f/el/ k|rlnt 5 . go/fhkGt / pgsf] ;+zf]wg d08nsf] k|of;:j?k a|Xdu'Ktsf];"o{ l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t g]kfndf Hof]ltif u|Gysf] ¿kdf

;aeGbf k|frLg u|Gy ;'dlt–tGq -lj=;+= &@) lt/_k|rngdf cfPsf] b]lvG5 . To:t} g]jf/Ldf n]lvPsf] ;'dltl;4fGtsf] klg pNn]v kfOG5 . To;kl5 cfheGbf ‰08}kfFr ;o jif{cl3 h'Dnfsf jneb| hf]zL g]kfnsf k|VoftHof]ltifsf ¿kdf lrlgPsf lyP . pgn] ef/tdf k9]/pl8;fsf ul0ft1 ztfgGbn] tof/ u/]sf] cÍ–ul0ft efijtLnfO{ cfˆg} 9fFrfdf g]kfnLdf cg'jfb u/]sf lyP . afn–af]lwlg 6Lsf gfdsf] pgsf] Tof] lstfa w]/} jif{;Dd k|rngdf/Xof] . t/fO{sf Ps hgf ‰f y/sf JolQm klg ul0ftdfk|l;l4 sdfPsf g]kfnLdWo] Ps x'g\ . uf]kfn kf08]n]lj=;+ !($) df g]kfnLdf JoQm rlGb|sf gfds ul0ftsf]df}lns lstfa n]v]/ 5kfP . g]kfndf ul0ft;DaGwL ToxLg} klxnf] k':ts lyof] . d"ntM ;f] k':tsdf ;a} cÍul0ft;d]l6Psf] lyof] . kl5 cfP/ l;4fGt Hof]ltifdf cfrfo{ug'{ePsf kl08t go/fh kGt g} ul0ftsf ;a}eGbf k|l;4ljåfg\ / cGj]ifssf ¿kdf /xg'ePsf] 5, g]kfnsf]kl/k|]Iodf .

cª\u|]hL efiffdf k9fO eO/x]sf] ul0ft rflxF b/af/xfO{:s"nsf] :yfkgf;Fu} z'? ePsf] xf] . hËaxfb'/n] a]nfot3'd]/ cfPkl5 cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/L, efO–ef/bf/nfO{ k9fpgyfkfynL b/af/df lj=;+= !(!) df :s"n z'? u/] .pgn] cfkm";Fu g} a]nfotaf6} cª\u|]hL / ul0ftsf lzIfsNofPsf lyP . lj=;+= !(&% tfsf lq–rGb| sn]h :yfkgfePkl5 g]kfndf ul0ftdf pRr lzIff k|f/De ePsf] xf] .

ul0ftdf d'Vo d'Vo cfljisf/x¿ / To;sf] ljsf;qmdsf] Oltxf; ;+If]kdf atfOlbg'xf]; g Û

kGw|f}+ ztfAbL;Dd cÍul0ft, aLhul0ft, Hofldlt /lqsf]0fldlt tyf vuf]n Hofldlt -cfi6«f]gf]dL_ sf] k|z:tljsf; eof] . log}n] k[YjLsf] ult, ;"o{ / c¿ u|xx¿sf]ult af/]df hfgsf/L lbPsf x'g\ . Hof]ltif lj1fgsf] ul0ftklg ToxL g} xf] . ;"o{ u|x0f, rGb| ux0f slxn] nfU5b]lvk[YjLb]lv ;"o{ / rGb|dfsf] b"/L klg oxL ul0ftn] kQfnufPsf] xf] . s]Kn/sf cfsfzLo lk08x¿sf] ult u0fgfcflb af/]df j}1flgs lgodx¿ To;avt cfO;s]sf lyP .;f]x|f}+ ztfAbLdf cfP/ ul0ftdf csf]{ 7"nf] qmflGt eof] .vf;u/L a]nfotdf Go"6gn] / o'/f ]kdf lnjlghn]SofNs'n;sf] cfljisf/ u/]kl5 of] If]qdf 7"nf] kl/jt{gcfof] . klxn]sf ul0ftx¿ klg SofNs'n;sf] efiffdf ?kfGtl/tx'g nfu] . Hofldltx¿ lrqsf] ;§f ;Í]t, ;"q / k|d]ox¿dfcfP . gofF–gofF HofldtLo ul0ftx¿ h:t} ;lbz Hofldlt

Æ

lz Ifs k'; @)^%44

cfj/0f jftf{

/ rngsng, 6]G;/ Hofldlt, 6f]kf]nf]hL -l:ylt Hofldlt_cflb ljsl;t eP . c7f/f}+–pGgfO;f}+ ztfAbLlt/ 7"N7"nful0ft1x¿ h:t} szL, cfon/, ufp;, l/dg cflbn] gofFlj:tfl/t ul0ftx¿sf] ;"qkft u/L cfw'lgs ;}4flGtsul0ftsf] hu v8f u/] . oL gfpFx¿df kl5 s}G6/, 8]8]s]G8,kfOGs]/], lxnj6{, uf]8]n, kmg Go"d}g cflb 7"nf lbUuhx¿ylkP / ul0ftnfO{ ljzfn j6j[Ifsf] ?k lbP .

;dfhdf To;n] s:tf] k|efj kf¥of] <cfhsf] o'/f]k cd]l/sfsf] ef}lts pGgltsf] hu a;fNg]

sfd ul0ftdf ePsf] lj:tf/n] g} u¥of] eGg ;lsG5 .lsgeg] 7"nf–7"nf d]l;gx¿sf] cfljisf/x¿ oxL SofNs'n;sf;fy} ul0ftsf cGo ljwfdf cfwfl/t 5g\ . cNh]a|fn]sDKo'6/sf] ljsf;df d2t u¥of] . o'/f]k / afFsL ljZjdfhlt klg cf}Bf]lusLs/0fsf] ;"qkft eof], Tof] oxL lj:tfl/t;}4flGts / k|fof]lus ul0ft 1fgdf cfwfl/t lyof] . d]l6«s,cNh]a|f, 6]G;/, SofNs'n; cflbsf] k|of]u u/L cfxf;Lgn]] ]] ];fwf/0f / ljz]if ;fk]Ifjfbsf] l;4fGt lgsfn] / ;+;f/nfO{kbfy{ / zlQm Pscsf{df ?kfGt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 eGg];TotYo kQf nufOlbFbf cf0fljs zlQmsf] ljsf; eof] .

aLhul0ftsf] cfljisf/ / k|of]u rflxF slxn]b]lv ePsf]xf] <

cÍul0ft / aLhul0ft bfh'efO x'g\ of Pp6f l;Ssfsfb'O{ kf6f . cy{d]l6snfO{ cÍn] b]vfof] eg] cNh]a|fnfO{cIf/n] . s'g} cÍsf] dfg yfxf kfOPg eg] To;nfO{ …sÚdfg]/ lx;fa z'? ug]{ / To;sf] dfWodaf6 cGTodf cÍg} kQf nufpg] sfd g} cNh]a|fsf] xf] . ;dLs/0fx?sf]dfWodaf6 c1ft ;ª\Vofx? kQf nufpg' aLhul0ftsf]Pp6f d'Vo sfd xf] . t/ clxn] cfw'lgs ul0ftdf aLhul0ftn]…;]6 Yof}/LÚaf6 z'? u/]/ ljleGg lsl;dsf cGo ul0ftLozfvfx¿ klg lbPsf] 5 .

clg Hofldlt lg <s'g} klg j:t'sf] nDafO–rf}8fO–prfO of ulx/fO gfKg]

tl/sfsf] vf]hL ubf{ub}{ Hofldltsf] cfljisf/ ePsf] xf] .cÍul0ftsf] kl5kl5 o;sf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] . lxGb"x¿sf]o1zfnf agfpg xf];\ jf dlGb/ agfpg ;a} sfd Hofldltsf]k|of]u lagf ;DkGg ug}{ ;lsGg . OlhlK;ogx¿n] xHhf/f}+

jif{ klxn] agfPsf lk/fld8 clxn];Dd klg Ho"FsfTo"F 5g\ .Hofldltsf] 1fg lagf Tof] ;Dej g} x'Fb}gYof] .

lqsf]0fldlt af/]df <Pp6f ;dtn lqe'hsf tLg j6f sf]0f / tLg j6f

e'hf x'G5g\ . tL sf]0f / e'hfsf] cfk;sf] ;DaGw atfpg]sfd o;n] u5{ . To:t} uf]nLo lqsf]0fldltsf sf]0fx¿sf]u'0f oLeGbf leGg x'G5 . oL ;fdfGo ul0ftafx]s ul0ftsf]Pp6f xfFufsf] ¿kdf tYofÍzf:q klg k|fb'ef{j ePsf] 5,h'g clxn]sf] Jofj;flos ;+;f/ / pBf]ux¿df clgjfo{h:t} ePsf] 5 .

;+;f/df Ps}vfnsf] ul0ftsf] k|rng rflxF slxn] /s;/L eof] <

km/s ;Eotfn] km/s lsl;ddf ul0ftsf] cfljisf/;Dej ePsf] eP kf] Pp6} ul0ft slxn] s;/L aGof] eGg];jfn cfpF5 . ;a} ;Eotfn] clgjfo{tM Pp6} ul0ftsf]cfljisf/ u/]sfn] To;df df}lns ¿kdf vf; km/s g}lyPg . vfnL efiff dfq km/s /Xof], 1fgdf s'g} km/slyPg . cflv/ ;To t Pp6} x'G5 lg, xf]Og / < ;+;f/sf]k/d;To s'/f ul0ft xf] . Pp6f egfO g} 5, olb O{Zj/sf]glhsdf dflg;nfO{ s;}n] k'¥ofpg ;S5 eg] Tof] ul0ftn]dfq ;S5 . cª\u|]h ul0ft1 cfy{/ Pl8ª\6g klg o;}df;xdt 5g\ . pgsf] egfOdf olb ;+;f/sf] ;[li6stf{ sf]xL5 eg] pm cjZo ;TobzL{ ul0ft1 g} x'g'kb{5 .

:s"ndf kl9g] jf k9fOg] aLhul0ft, Hofldlt, lqsf]0fldltcflbsf] ;fwf/0f dflg;sf] hLjgdf s'g} k|of]udf cfpFb}gelgG5 lg <

k|of]udf cfpF5 lsg cfpGg < cUnf] ¿vsf] prfOgfKg' k¥of], ¿vsf] 3]/f yfxf kfpg' k¥of], sf7 gfKg'k¥of], v]t gfKg' k¥of], If]qkmn lgsfNg' k¥of]Ù gbLsf]rf}8fO hfGg' k¥of], ulx/fO yfxf kfpg' k¥of] cflbToflbo:tf ;fdfGo s'/f hfGg HofldtLo 1fg rflxG5 . ul0ftk9fpg] lzIfsn] /fd|/L l;sfpg g;s]sfn] o:tf] ;f]rfO{ag]sf] dfq xf] . cjwf/0ff a'‰fP/ / cy{ v'nfP/ lzIfsn]k9fpg] xf] eg] of] ;jfn g} cfpFb}gYof] . aLhul0ftsf](a+b)2 = a2+2ab+b2 ;"qnfO{ ;d]t cÍul0ft, aLhul0ft/ Hofldlt tLg} tl/sfn] k|dfl0ft ug{ / k|of]ufTds

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ul0ft cGtu{t h] h] s'/fsf] k9fO x'G5, To;sf] cjwf/0ff / cy{ clg To;sf] Jofjxfl/scEof; /fd|f]l;t u/fpg] sfd lzIfsn] ug{ g;s]sf] cyjf o:tf kf7\ok':tsx¿ g} gePsf]n]ul0ftnfO{ ufx|f] ljifo 7fGg] ul/Psf] xf] . ul0ftnfO{ s'g} /l;nf] syf ‰}F u/L lzIfsn]

k9fpg hfg]sf] eP of] ljifok|lt ljBfyL{sf] ?lr a9\Yof] .

æ

lz Ifs k'; @)^% 45

tl/sfn] a'‰fpg ;lsG5 . k|of]ufTdstl/sfn] ul0ftsf oL cEof;x¿b]vfOlbg] xf] eg] ljBfyL{x¿n] ul0ftsf]k|of]un] ;d:ofx¿ s;/L ;/naGb5g\ eg]/ a'́ g kfpFy] .

ul0ftnfO{ lsg clt g} ufx|f] ljifo7fG5g\ xfd|f ljBfyL{ <

ul0ft cGtu{t h] h] s'/fsf]k9fO x'G5, To;sf] cjwf/0ff /cy{ clg To;sf] Jofjxfl/s cEof;/fd|f]l;t u/fpg] sfd lzIfsn] ug{g;s]sf] cyjf o:tf kf7\ok':tsx¿g} gePsf]n] ul0ftnfO{ ufx|f] ljifo7fGg] ul/Psf] xf] . ul0ftnfO{ s'g}/l;nf] syf ‰}F u/L lzIfsn] k9fpghfg]sf] eP of] ljifok|lt ljBfyL{sf]?lr a9\Yof] . lzIfsn] klxnfljBfyL{df ?lr hufpg'k5{, To;kl5ljBfyL{x¿ ul0ft k9\g dg u5{g\ .To;lglDt lzIfsn] w]/} z}lIfs;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ . olb s'g}vf; RofK6/ s'g} ljBfyL{n] a'‰]geg ] Toltv ]/ rf lx F p;nfO {3f]sfpg'kg]{ cj:yf klg cfpg;S5 . kl5 Tof] cfkm}+ a'́ g ;Sg]x'G5 .

cjwf/0ff rflxF s;/L a'‰fpg] <klxnf lzIfs cfkm } } +n ] g}

cjwf/0ff a'‰]sf] x'g'k5{ . To;sf]nflu s'g} klg JolQm ul0ft lzIfsx'g sDtLdf ul0ft d'Vo ljifo lnP/:gfts /fd|/L pQL0f{ u/]sf] x'g'k5{ .PdP u/]sf] eP ‰g\ a]; . gqp;n] cjwf/0ffut kIf a'́ g kfPsf]x'Fb}g . To;kl5 lzIfsn] ;s];Ddcfˆgf] :yfgLo kl/j]z;Fu hf]8]// w]/}eGbf w]/} pbfx/0f lbP/k9fpg'k5{ . kf7 cg';f/sf z}lIfs;fdu|Lx¿ x'g} k5{ . clg cEof;klg plQs} u/fpg'k5{ . Pp6fsIffdf x'g'kg]{ eGbf Hofbf ljBfyL{/fv]/ k9fpg lzIfs afWo ePsfn]klg ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ lzIfsn] /fd|/La'‰fpg g;s]sf] xf] .

dfWolds txdf uP/ ul0ftsf]kf7\oqmd a9L g} /flvPsf] 5 eGg]u'gf;f] af/] tkfO{sf] s] ljrf/5 <

cfwf/e"t ul0ft rflxF k9fpg} k5{ .t/ cfwf/e"t ul0ft eg]sf] s] xf] eGg]rflxF klxnf kl/eflift ul/g'k5{ . of]cfwf/e"t ul0ft ljifo ;do / cj:yfx]/L km/s kb{5 . klxnf hf]8, 36fp,u'0fg, efu hfg] k'UYof] . ca clxn]Tof]eGbf w]/} dflysf ljifox¿ ghflgsgx'Gg . jfl0fHo If]qnfO{ rflxg] ul0ftlj1fg k9\g rfxg]nfO{ Tolt cfjZos}x'Gg eg] lj1fg ljifo k9\g]sf] ul0ftafl0fHo txdf cfjZos gx'g ;S5 .To;}n] ;fwf/0f :s"nsf] cf7 sIff;DdTo:tf ljifox¿ /flvg'kb{5 hf] ;a}sflglDt cfjZos / pkof]uL xf]pg\ .ul0ft lzIff ljz]if1x¿sf] ;xdltdfo:tf ljifox¿ /fVg] g/fVg] ug{ ldNb5 .

ul0ft cfkm}F rflxF slQsf] ufx|f] ljifoxf] <

xf]Og . ;fwf/0f dflg;n] klg ul0ftdhfn] l;Sg ;S5g\ . klxn]b]lv g}xfd|f] ;dfhdf Pp6f unt wf/0ff a;]sf]5, ul0ft ;fx|} ufx|f] ljifo eGg] . of]unt ;f]rfO vl08t gePsfn] w]/}dflg;x¿ ul0ft ;fFRr} ufx|f] ljifo xf]eG7fG5g\ . xf]Ù aLP, PdPdf kl9g]sltko RofK6/x¿ clns a'l4nufpg'kg]{ 5g\, t/ dfWolds tx;Ddkl9g] ul0ft cf};t dflg;x¿n] k9\g/ hfGg g;Sg] eGg] s'/} 5}g .

tkfO{n] nfdf] cjlw;Dd lqljdful0ft k|fWofkg ubf{ s] s:tf] cg'ejug'{eof] <

ul0ft ljBfsf] dxŒj a'‰]F . o;leq/x]sf] zfZjt tTj a'‰]/ /; u|x0fug{ ;s] F / ul0ftsf] cWoog÷cWofkgnfO{ ;/n ¿kdf lng hfg]F .ul0ftleq lglxt cgf}7f–cgf}7f tYox¿k9\bf dg'iosf] dl:tis slt l;h{gzLnx'Fbf]/x]5 eg]/ cfZro{ g} nfUb5 . cGo;a} ljifox¿ ;do / b]zsfn cg';f/;+:sfl/t / kl/jlt{t x'Fb} u5{g\, t/ul0ft g} To:tf] ljBf /x]5 hf] slxNo}klg ablnFb}g . a? gofF gofF lj:tfl/t¿kdf klxn]s} tYox¿df cfwfl/t eP/1fgnfO{ lj:tL0f{ / k|efjsf/L agfpFbf]/x]5 . d}n] ul0ftaf6 v'a cfgGb lnPF .ul0ftdf /; lng hfg] cfgGb cfpFbf]/x]5 .

;'bz{g l3ld/]

klxnf lzIfs cfkm}}+n] g}cjwf/0ff a'‰]sf] x'g'k5{ .

To;sf] nflu s'g} klg JolQmul0ft lzIfs x'g sDtLdf

ul0ft d'Vo ljifo lnP/ :gfts/fd|/L pQL0f{ u/]sf] x'g'k5{ .PdP u/]sf] eP ‰g\ a]; . gqp;n] cjwf/0ffut kIf a'́ g

kfPsf] x'Fb}g .

æ

lz Ifs k'; @)^%46

lrGtg

dfGotM ljBfnoleq xf];\ jf aflx/ jf cGoh'g;'s} 7fpFdf klg lzIfs ;"qwf/sf ¿kdf /

ljBfyL{ w}o{jfg\ >f]tfsf ¿kdf /x]sf x'G5g\ . ljBfyL{;fd'h'g;'s} ljifonfO{ klg lg/; / lghL{j ¿kdf k|:t't ug{]ul/G5 . xfd|f] lzIff oxL /f]usf] lzsf/ ePsf] 5 . lzIfsx¿jf:tljstfnfO{ ultxLg, l:y/ / cg'dfg ug{ ;lsg] s'/f7fg]/ j0f{g u5{g\ . ljifosf] JofVof ub}{ hfFbf lzIfsx¿ljBfyL{x¿sf] cg'ej eGbf k"/} 6f9f k'U5g\ . o;n] ljBfyL{sf]lbdfudf sf]/f sfNklgs tyf ck"0f{ ljifoj:t' eg{] sfddfq u5{ .

o:tf] vfnsf] lzIff zAbfnÍf/ dfq xf] . o;dfkl/jt{gsf/L zlQm xF'b}g . lzIfsx¿ …rf/nfO{ rf/n] u'0ffubf{ ;f]x| x'G5, kf/f /fHo -a|flhnsf] Ps k|fGt_ sf] /fhwfgLa]nd xf]Ú eg]/ k9fpF5g\ . ljBfyL{n] o;nfO{ ;'G5, ;D‰G5/ bf]xf]¥ofpF5 . oL s'/f 3f]s]sf a]nfdf p;n] rf/nfO{rf/n] u'Gbf ;f]x| x'g' eg]sf] s] xf] / kf/f /fHosf] /fhwfgLa]nd xf] eGbf …/fhwfgLÚ sf] s] dxŒj 5 eGg] s'/f yfxfkfpFb}g . o:tf] ;d:of ;+;f/sf k|foM ;a} b]zdf JofKt/x]sf] ;'lgG5÷b]lvG5 .

kfpnf] k|m]l/O{

;f o:tf] j0f{gfTds tl/sfn] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ljifoj:t'nfO{oflGqs ¿kdf ;D‰g l;sfpF5 . c‰ v/fa s'/f s] xf]eg] o;n] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ sG6]g/sf ¿kdf lnG5 h;nfO{lzIfsn] el/lbg'k5{ . ljBfyL{sf] lbdfudf a9LeGbf a9Ls'/f eg{ ;Sg] lzIfs g} /fd|f] lzIfsdf ulgG5 / lzIfsn]eg]sf s'/fx¿nfO{ a9LeGbf a9L u|x0f ug{ ;Sg] ljBfyL{nfO{pQd ljBfyL{ dflgG5 .

o;/L lzIff ;"rgf yGSofpg] k|lqmof dfq ePsf] 5hxfF lzIfsx¿ o:tf ;"rgf …l8kf]lh6Ú u5{g\ / ljBfyL{x¿lzIfsn] …l8kf]lh6Ú u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ /fV5g\ . lzIfs lgb]{zghf/L u5{ / ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ u|x0f ug{ nufpF5 . ljBfyL{x¿w}o{;fy lgb{]zg ;'G5g\, ;D‰G5g\ / 3f]S5g\ . of] lzIffsf]Aoflͪ cjwf/0ff xf] . o; cjwf/0ffdf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ 1fgk|fKt ug]{, To;nfO{ kmfon ug]{ / k|fKt lgIf]knfO{ /fVg]sfd ug{] j:t' dfq ;lD‰OG5 . pgLx¿n] ;fdu|Lx¿sf];Íng tyf e08f/ ul/Psf ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ ;"rLs[t ug]{cj;/ dfq k|fKt ub{5g\ . o; k|0ffnLdf dflg; l;h{gzLn/ kl/jt{gzLn x'Fb}g . yGsfOlbPsf] 1fgsf] vf]hL / To;nfO{Jojxf/df k|of]u gul/sg dflg; ;fFrf] cy{df dflg; aÌ;Sb}g . nuftf/sf] sf]lzz, rfxgf, Jou|tf / cfzfjflbtfaf6dfq 1fg xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 .

lzIffsf] Aoflͪ cjwf/0ffdf ljZjf; ug{] dflg;x¿1fgnfO{ o:tf] j:t' 7fG5g\ hf] c1fgLx¿nfO{ k|bfg ug{cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt ePsf] j+zfg'ut u'0f xf] . o;/L c¿nfO{k"0f{ c1fgL 7fGg' bdgsf/L ;f]rfOsf] ljz]iftf xf] . o;n]lzIff / 1fg vf]hLsf] k|lqmof xf] eÌ] s'/fnfO{ c:jLsf/ub{5 . lzIfsn] ljBfyL{;fd' cfkm"nfO{ ;j{–1ftfsf] ¿kdfk|:t't ub{5 / c¿nfO{ k6d"v{sf] ¿kdf lnG5 . c¿ k6d"v{ePsfn] cfˆgf] cl:tTj /x]sf] k'i6\ofOF u5{ . ljBfyL{x¿klg x]u]nsf] åGåjfbdf plNnlvt bf; h:t} cfˆgf] c1fgtfnfO{lzIfssf] cl:tTjsf] k'i6\ofOFsf ¿kdf lnG5g\ . bf;x¿nfO{

;xL lzIffn]åGå 36fpF5

lzIff ;"rgf yGSofpg] k|lqmof dfq ePsf] 5hxfF lzIfsx¿ o:tf ;"rgf …l8kf]lh6Ú u5{g\/ ljBfyL{x¿ lzIfsn] …l8kf]lh6Ú u/]sf]s'/fnfO{ /fV5g\ . lzIfs lgb]{zg hf/L u5{/ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ u|x0f ug{ nufpF5 .ljBfyL{x¿ w}o{;fy lgb{]zg ;'G5g\, ;D‰G5g\ /3f]S5g\ . of] lzIffsf] Aoflͪ cjwf/0ff xf] .

nf]stflGqs lzIffk4ltn] ;dGjosf nflu k|of; u5{ . o; k4lt cg';f/ lzIffsf];'?cft lzIfs / ljBfyL{aLrsf] åGåsf] ;dfwfgaf6 ug{'kb{5 . åGåaLr ;fd~h:osfod ub}{ lzIfs / ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ Ps cfk;af6 l;Sg k|]l/t ug{'kb{5 .

lz Ifs k'; @)^% 47

c¿nfO{ l;sfpg ;S5f}F eGg] cln–cln x]Ssf lyof] t/ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ Tolt s'/fsf] klg kQf] x'Fb}g .

csf{lt/ nf]stflGqs lzIffk4ltn] ;dGjosf nflu k|of;u5{ . o; k4lt cg';f/ lzIffsf] ;'?cft lzIfs /ljBfyL{aLrsf] åGåsf] ;dfwfgaf6 ug{'kb{5 . åGåaLr;fd~h:o sfod ub}{ lzIfs / ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ Ps cfk;af6l;Sg k|]l/t ug{'kb{5 . t/ Aoflͪ cjwf/0ffn] o:tf] vfnsf];dfwfgsf] pkfo ckgfpFb}g . o;sf] ljk/Lt, lzIfs /ljBfyL{aLrsf] åGånfO{ sfod /fV5 . ;fy} bdgsf/L ;dfhsf]k|ltlglwTj ub}{ lgDg b[li6sf]0f / Jojxf/åf/f åGånfO{ c‰a9L rsf{pF5 M

• lzIfs l;sfpF5 / ljBfyL{ l;S5g\ .• lzIfs ;j{1ftf x'G5 / ljBfyL{ k6d"v{ x'G5g\ .• lzIfsn] ;f]R5 / ljBfyL{sf] af/]df ;f]lrG5 .• lzIfsn] k9fpF5 / ljBfyL{ jfNn k/]/ ;'lg/xG5g\ .• lzIfsn] cg'zfl;t agfpF5, ljBfyL{ cg'zfl;t aG5g\ .• lzIfs p;sf] OR5f cg';f/sf] ljifo 5gf]6 u5{ /

ljBfyL{dfly yf]k5{ .• lzIfs s]xL sfd u5{, lzIfsn] u/]sf] b]v]/ ljBfyL{x¿df

cfkm"n] s]xL u/]sf] e|d dfq k5{ .• sfo{qmdsf ljifosf] 5gf]6 lzIfsn] u5{, ljBfyL{x¿

To;nfO{ :jLsf5{g\ .• lzIfs 1fgsf] tfutnfO{ e|ldt kf5{ / ljBfyL{x¿sf]

:jtGqtfsf] lj?4 To;nfO{ yf]k5{ .• lzIfs l;sfO–k|lqmofsf] ljifo xf] eg] ljBfyL{ j:t'

dfq x'g\ .

lzIffsf] Aoflͪ cjwf/0ffn] dflg;nfO{ ;3fpg /Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 eÌ] ljZjf; ub{5 . ljBfyL{x¿pgLx¿nfO{ lhDdf lbOPsf] j:t' hlt a9L dfqfdf hDdfub}{ hfG5g\ Tolt a9L dfqfdf cfnf]rgfTds IfdtfnfO{u'dfpFb} hfG5g\ . h'g cfnf]rgfTds Ifdtfsf sf/0f pgLx¿;+;f/nfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ ;Ifd x'g]lyP ToxL s'/fnfO{ u'dfpF5g\ .pgLx¿sf] e"ldsf hlt a9L lgliqmo x'G5 Tolt g} a9Ldfqfdf pgLx¿ oyfl:yltnfO{ :jLsf/ u5{g\ .

lzIffsf] Aoflͪ cjwf/0ffn] ljBfyL{x¿sf] l;h{gf–zlQmnfO{sd jf gi6 ul/lbG5 . o;n] ;xh ljZjf; ug]{ afgLnufpF5 h;n] To:tf bdgsf/Lx¿sf] :jfy{sf] /Iff ub{5 hf]c¿nfO{ ljZjsf af/]df g t a'́ g lbg rfxG5g\ g t?kfGt/0f x'g . zf;sx¿ pgLx¿sf] …dfgjtfÚ af6 ;w}Fgfkmf sdfpg rfxG5g\ . To;}n] pgLx¿ lzIffdf gofF k|of]uug{] s'/fnfO{ ;w}Fel/ lj/f]w u5{g\ . lzIff k|of]u ug{] xf]eg] o;n] dflg;sf] cfnf]rgfTds IfdtfnfO{ pQ]lht kfl/lbG5h;n] jf:tljstfsf] cf+lzs ?knfO{ dfq} k|:t't gu/L Ps;d:of / csf]{ ;d:ofaLr tyf Ps j:t';Fu csf]{ j:t'sf];DaGwsf af/]df ;w}F vf]hL u5{ .

kL8sx¿sf] :jfy{ kLl8tx¿sf] r]tgfdf kl/jt{g ug{'dfq xf] . pgLx¿ kLl8tx¿nfO{ kLl8t agfO/fVg] cj:yfdfkl/jt{g Nofpg rfxFb}gg\ . kLl8tx¿nfO{ hlt a9L dfqfdf;f] cj:yf :jLsf/ u/fpg ;Sof] Tolt g} ;lhn} pgLx¿nfO{

bafpg ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu kL8sx¿ lzIffsf] Aoflͪcjwf/0ff / k/Dk/fut ;fdflhs sfo{sf aLrdf ;DaGwufF:5g\ h; cGtu{t kLl8tx¿ dfgjLo ;xof]usf kfq aG5g\ .pgLx¿nfO{ ;LdfGts[t dflg;sf ¿kdf lnOG5 hf] c;n,;Ël7t / Gofok"0f{ ;dfhaf6 cnlUuPsf] 5 . kLl8tnfO{;Eo ;+;f/sf /f]usf ¿kdf lnOG5 / oL …cIfd / cN5L;d'bfoÚnfO{ pgLx¿sf] dfgl;stfdf kl/jt{g u/L ;dfof]hgug{'kb{5 . ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfonfO{ ;Eo ;dfhdf PsLs[ttyf ;dfof]hg ug{' cfjZos 5 .

t/ kLl8tx¿ ;LdfGts[t xf]Ogg\ . pgLx¿ ;dfh eGbfcnu /x]sf klg x'Fb}gg\ . pgLx¿ ;dfhleq} /x]sf x'G5g\hxfF pgLx¿nfO{ csf{sf nflu afFRg] JolQmsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 .pgLx¿nfO{ kL8s ;+/rgfdf ;fd]n u/fpg] xf]Og a? ;f];+/rgfnfO{ g} abNg'kb{5 h;n] ubf{ pgLx¿ cfˆg} nfluafFR5g\ . o:tf] ?kfGt/0fn] kL8sx¿sf] rfxgfsf] lxt ub}{g .t;y{ pgLx¿ ljBfyL{x¿df r]tgf Nofpg lzIffsf] Aoflͪcjwf/0ffsf] pkof]u ub{5g\ .

pbfx/0fsf nflu k|f}9 lzIffdf /x]sf] Aoflͪ tl/sfnfO{lnpFm . o;n] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ jf:tljstfnfO{ cfnf]rgfTds¿kdf x]g{ l;sfpFb}g . a? dflg;nfO{ oGqjt\ agfpF5 /pgLx¿nfO{ k"0f{ dfgj x'gaf6 /f]S5 .

hfg]/ xf];\ jf ghfg]/ Aoflͪ cjwf/0ff ckgfPsfdflg;x¿n] s] s'/f a'‰]sf x'Fb}gg\ eg] 1fg hDdf ug{]sfo{df klg åGå x'G5 . c;n dg;fo ePsf y'k|} AofÍ–Sns{ z}nLsf lzIfsx¿n] klg cdfgjLo agfpg]x¿sf] ;]jful//x]sf 5g\ h;n] cfkm" To;f] ul//x]sf] s'/f dx;";ub{}gg\ . l9nf] of rfF8f] o:tf] åGån] jf:tljstfnfO{ cfˆgf]cg's"n agfpg] tyf pgLx¿nfO{ cg's"n ug]{ sf]lzzsflj?4 ljBfyL{x¿ p7\5g . pgLx¿sf] jt{dfg hLjgk4ltcfˆgf] k]zf;Fu cldNbf] 5 eÌ] s'/f pgLx¿n] cg'ejaf6yfxf kfpF5g\ . dflg; vf]hstf{ xf] eg] l9nf] of rfF8f]pgLx¿n] Aoflͪ wf/0ffdf åGå e]§fpF5g\ / cfˆgf] d'lQmsfnflu ;ª\3if{ yfN5g\ .

t/ dfgjtfjfbL jf k|ultjfbL lzIfsx¿n] of] cj:yfcfpGh]n;Dd r'k nfu]/ a:g'x'Fb}g . pgLx¿n] z'?b]lv g}cfnf]rgfTds ;f]rfO ePsf ljBfyL{ / dfgjtfjfbsf] vf]hLdf/x]sf JolQmx¿;Fu ldNg'k5{ . dflg; / p;sf] l;h{gzLnzlQmdf e/f];f ug{'kb{5 . o;sf nflu pm ljBfyL{x¿sf];xof]uL aÌ} kb{5 . Aoflͪ cjwf/0ffn] o:tf] ;xof]unfO{:jLsfb}{g . lzIfs–ljBfyL{aLrsf] åGånfO{ ;dfwfg ul/of]

lzIffsf] Aoflͪ cjwf/0ffn] ljBfyL{x¿sf]l;h{gf–zlQmnfO{ sd jf gi6 ul/lbG5 .o;n] ;xh ljZjf; ug]{ afgL nufpF5 h;n]To:tf bdgsf/Lx¿sf] :jfy{sf] /Iff ub{5 hf]c¿nfO{ ljZjsf af/]df g t a'́ g lbgrfxG5g\ g t ?kfGt/0f x'g .

lz Ifs k'; @)^%48

lrGtg

eg] p;sf] lgIf]kstf{, lglb{i6stf{ jf cg's"ngstf{sf]e"ldsfsf] cGTo x'G5 . To;af6 kL8ssf] zlQm Ifo x'G5/ d'lQmsf] dfu{ v'N5 .

r]tgfsf] Aoflͪ cjwf/0ff cg';f/ lzIfssf] e"ldsfljBfyL{x¿sf] hLjgnfO{ ;fy{s agfpg] s'/fnfO{ Jojl:ytug{' xf] . lzIfsnfO{ h'g s'/f jf:tljs 1fg xf] eÌ] nfU5To;}nfO{ ljBfyL{x¿df eg'{ g} p;sf] sfd xf] . ljBfyL{n]ha ;+;f/nfO{ lgliqmo j:t'sf ¿kdf u|x0f ub{5 ta lzIffn]dflg;nfO{ ‰g\ a9L lgliqmo agfpF5 .

;Lldt ju{sf] rfxgfnfO{ hlt w]/} dflg;x¿n] u|x0fub{5g\ Tolt g} ;lhnf];Fu pgLx¿ c¿ a9L rfxgf yf]kb}{hfG5g\ . lzIffsf] Aoflͪ cjwf/0ffsf] k|of]un] o; sfo{nfO{c¿ ;3fpF5 . sf]/f kf7, kf7\o;fdu|L, 1fgsf] d"NofÍgug]{ tl/sf tyf lzIfs / pgLx¿n] k9fPsf] ljifoj:t'aLrsf] b"/L / pQL0f{ ug]{ dfkb08 ;a} algagfp vfnsfx'G5g\ h;n] ;f]rfOnfO{ cGoq} df]8\5 .

Aoflͪ cjwf/0ff dfGg] lzIfsx¿ ;dfhdf ;f}xfb{tfk"0f{

hLjgofkgsf nflu pgLx¿sf] cltzof]lQmk"0f{ e"ldsf cfjZos5}g eÌ] s'/fnfO{ dx;"; ub}{gg\ . s'g} s'/fnfO{ c¿dflyha/h:tL yf]kg{ ;lsFb}g . ;f}xfb{tfsf nflu ;fFrf] cy{df;Djfbsf] cfjZostf kb{5 h'g pgLx¿ ub}{gg\ . a? pgLx¿eo / lgGbf h:tf s'/faf6 lgb]{lzt x'G5g\ .

;Djfbn] ubf{ g} dfgj hLjgsf] cy{ /xG5 . lzIfsx¿sf];f]rfOn] Tolta]nf ljZj;gLotf kfpF5 ha ljBfyL{x¿sf];f]rfO ljZj;gLo x'G5 . lzIfs ljBfyL{x¿sf] tkm{af6;f]Rg ;Sb}g g t cfˆgf] ljrf/nfO{ g} pgLx¿dfly yf]kg{;S5 . jf:tljstf;Fu ;DalGwt cflwsfl/s ljrf/ PlSnP/a:g ;Sb}g . ljrf/nfO{ sfo{ ¿kdf ptfg{ ;lsof] eg]dfq} pQm ljrf/sf] s'g} cy{ /xG5 eÌ] s'/fnfO{ ;To dfÌ]xf] eg] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lzIfssf] clwgdf /fVg ;Dej 5}g .

Aoflͪ cjwf/0ff dflg;nfO{ j:t' ;D‰g] unt a'‰fOaf6z'? ePsf] xf] . t;y{ o;n] hLljt j:t'nfO{ dfof ug{l;sfpFb}g a? lghL{j j:t'k|lt dfof hufpF5 . j[l4 x'g'hLjgsf] ljz]iftf xf] . t/ z}tfgx¿ hLjg gePsf j:t'nfO{dfof u5{g\ hf] oflGqs 5 . pgLx¿ ;hLj k|f0fLnfO{ lghL{jagfpg rfxG5g\ . pgLx¿ hLjgnfO{ oflGqs agfpgrfxG5g\ . ;a} hLljt dflg;x¿nfO{ lghL{j j:t' ePsf]b]Vg rfxG5g\ . dflg;nfO{ cg'ej ug{ lbg'sf] ;§f :d/0fu/fpg dg k/fpF5g\ .

cTolws lgoGq0f ug{' jf bdg ug{' z}tfg x'g' xf] .o:tf] s'/f d[To'nfO{ dfof ubf{ df}nfpF5 g ls hLjgnfO{ .lzIffsf] Aoflͪ cjwf/0ff klg To:t} s'/f xf] h;n]bdgsf/Lx¿sf] rfxgfnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . of] r]tgfsf]oflGqs, l:y/, ;f]rfOdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . o;n] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{u|x0f ug]{ j:t'sf ¿kdf abN5 .

-k|:t't cfn]v ljZjljVoft lzIffljb\ k|m]l/O{sf] rlr{t k':ts k]8fuf]hLckm ck|]:6 af6 efjfg'jfb ul/Psf] c+z xf] ._

k|:t'lt M u'? d}gfnL

lzIfs ljBfyL{x¿sf] tkm{af6 ;f]Rg ;Sb}g gt cfˆgf] ljrf/nfO{ g} pgLx¿dfly yf]kg{;S5 . jf:tljstf;Fu ;DalGwt cflwsfl/sljrf/ PlSnP/ a:g ;Sb}g . ljrf/nfO{ sfo{¿kdf ptfg{ ;lsof] eg] dfq} pQm ljrf/sf]s'g} cy{ /xG5 eÌ] s'/fnfO{ ;To dfÌ] xf]eg] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lzIfssf] clwgdf /fVg;Dej 5}g

knknsf] va/

lxdfnva/• tfhf ;dfrf/• l/kf]6{• cGtjf{tf{• ;d;fdlos l6Kk0fL www.himalkhabar.com

lz Ifs k'; @)^% 49

UbLsf] gfËLdf d}n] sfd yfNbf To;If]q / lhNnfd} P;\Pn\;L kf; ug]{x¿sf]

;ª\Vof lgs} sd lyof] . clxn] ufpFufpFd} :s"nv'n]sf 5g\ / P;\Pn\;L ug]{sf] ;ª\Vof klg a9]sf]5 . o;n] xfdL ;a}nfO{ v'zL t'NofPsf] 5 t/TolQd} ;Gt'i6 eP/ a:g] cj:yf 5}g . xfO{:s"nsf]k9fO l;WofPsf ljBfyL{x¿n] TolQs} a:g' gk/f];\eg]/ xfdLn] ufpFd} pRr dflj ;~rfng u/]sf5f}F h;df pgLx¿n] !@ sIff;Dd k9\g kfpF5g\ .o;n] ubf{ clxn] !@ sIff kf; ug]{ ljBfyL{sf];ª\Vof klg a9\bf] 5 . k|lta4 eP/ nfluof] eg]s]xL ug{ ;lsg] /x]5 eGg] Pp6f pbfx/0f xfdLn]gfËLdf ;~rfng u/]sf] lxdf~rn dflj g} xf] .o; lhNnfsf :s"nx¿sf] :t/ p7fpg xfdL cfˆgf]tkm{af6 ;Sbf] k|oTg ul//x]sf 5f}F .

lxdf~rnnufot DofUbLsf :s"nx¿sf] ef}ltsk"jf{wf/ j[l4 ug]{ / u'0f:t/Lo lzIff lbg] sfdr'gf}tL/lxt 5}g . ;g\ !(** df cd]l/sfdfk9\g hfg'cl3sf !@ jif{;Dd d}n] lrtjgsfljleGg :s"nx¿df ul0ft / lj1fg ljifo k9fPF .To;}n] ;fj{hlgs ljBfnox¿df slt /fhgLltx'G5 eGg] s'/faf6 d a]va/ 5}g . DofUbL klgTo;af6 k"/} cnu /xnf eg]/ d}n] ;f]r]sf] klglyOgF . cd]l/sfaf6 kms]{kl5 d ;Lw} cfˆgf]ufpF uPF / :s"nx¿sf] :t/ dfly p7fpg'k5{ eg]/ufpFn]x¿;Fu 5nkmn ug{ yfn]F . d]/f] s'/f ;a}n];sf/fTds ¿kdf lnPF / pT;fx;fy :s"n agfpg]cleofgdf ;l/s ePF . To; cleofgdf s'g} kf6L{jf /fhgLlts ljrf/wf/f afws ag]g . s'g}kf6L {sf ] ‰08f gaf]sL sf]xL dflg; ;dfhkl/jt{gsf] cleofgdf lxF8]sf] cfef; eof] eg]

dxfjL/ k'g

Dof To;df h'g;'s} ;d'bfosf dflg; klg ;xefuLx'Fbf /x]5g\ eGg] d]/f] cg'ejn] b]vfPsf] 5 .

xfd|f] ufpFdf :s"n hfg] pd]/sf s'g} klgafnaflnsfn] k9\g gkfPsf] cj:yf 5}g . rfxgfx'Fbfx'Fb} cfly{s jf kfl/jfl/s ;d:ofsf sf/0fn]k9fOaf6 alGrt x'g' k/]sf] cj:yf klg 5}g .To:tf afnaflnsfnfO{ lgMz'Ns k9fpg] Joj:yful/Psf] 5 . ;fdfGo cj:yfsf afnaflnsfnfO{sIff gf}af6 dfl;s ?=*)–() ;Dd z'Ns lng]ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6 hDdf x'g] /sdn] dfq :s"nrnfpg ;Dej 5}g . gk'u /sd ljBfnon] ;d'bfo/ b]z–ljb]zdf /x]sf ;fyLefOaf6 ;xof]u ;Íngu/]/ rnfO/x]sf] 5 .

;d'bfonfO{ :s"nxfd|f] h:tf] cNk ljsl;t b]zdf ljBfno ;~rfngug{ ;d'bfosf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . t/ g]kfndf;a} ;fd'bflos ljBfno ;/sf/n] g} rnfO/x]sf]5 . lj8Dagf s] 5 eg] cfkm"n] rnfPsf] ljBfnosf];/sf/n] cg'udg;Dd ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g, g ltgnfO{rflxg] hlt lzIfs / ef}lts k"jf{wf/s} Joj:yfug{ ;s]sf] 5 . kl/0ffd:j?k ;/sf/L ljBfnodf/fd|f] k7gkf7g x'g;s]sf] 5}g . ;/sf/n] ljBfnosf]

ljBfno ;'wf/sf

tLg pkfoljBfno ;d'bfonfO{ x:tfGt/0f, x/]s ljBfnodf jfo/n]; OG6/g]6sf] h8fg /k/LIff k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ljBfnosf] :t/ p7fpg ckl/xfo{ s'/f x'g\ .

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p7\5 . To;sf lglDt vfFrf] 5, ;sf/fTds;f]r, k|lta4tf / lg/Gt/ k|of;sf] .

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lz Ifs k'; @)^%52

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g] kfPdf h'g;'s} afnaflnsfn] klg /fd|/L l;Sg ;S5g\ eGg]dfGotf ljZjJofkL ¿kdf :yflkt 5 . pk/f]Qm dfGotfx¿s}hudf pleP/ afnclwsf/;DaGwL ;lGw !(*( n] ;a}afnaflnsfsf] l;Sg kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt u/]sf]5 . g]kfnn] klg o; ljifodf cfˆgf] k|lta4tf hfx]/u/]sf] 5 . of] ;Gbe{df, dfly plNnlvt ;a} k|sf/sfafnaflnsfx¿sf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;d]6L sIffsf]7fsf] Joj:yfkgug'{k5{ . oL ;a} k|sf/sf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;s];Dd pko'Qmjftfj/0f lbgsf nflu g} sIffsf]7fsf] Joj:yfkg ul/G5 .

sIff Joj:yfkgsf] d'Vo p2]Zo eg]sf] sIffnfO{ ljBfyL{–d}qL tyf /dfOnf] / l;sfO cg's"n kfg'{ xf] . lzIf0fl;sfOsfo{df ;xhtf k|bfg ug{ sIff Joj:yfkgsf]] :yfg ;jf]{kl//x]sf] x'G5 . sIff Joj:yfkgn] lzIf0f ug]{ lzIfs / l;sfOug]{ ljBfyL{ b'j}nfO{ cf–cfˆgf p2]Zo k"/f ug{ ;xof]uk|bfg u5{ . sIff Joj:yfkgcGtu{t, !_ ljBfyL{sf] a;fOJoj:yf, @_ sIffdf /x]sf] z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] pko'Qm /vfO#_ ;d"x u7g / ;d"xsf] sfd tyf sIffsf] sfo{k|0ffnLh:tfkIfx¿ l;sfOcg's"n sIff Joj:yfkgsf cfjZos tTjdflgG5g\ . sIff /dfOnf] x'g' l;sfOsf nflu ckl/xfo{x'G5 . sIffsf]7fsf] ;du| lqmofsnfkdf ;a} k|sf/sfljBfyL{x¿sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf Pjd\ ;+nUgtf s;/L pRr/fVg] eGg] kIf sIffsf] Joj:yfkgn] g} lgwf{/0f u5{ . hlta9L ljBfyL{x¿ ;lqmo / ;xefuL x'G5g\ Tolt g} a9LpgLx¿sf] l;sfO cy{k"0f{ / lbuf] /xG5 . lzIfsn] o;s'/fdf ljz]if Wofg lbg'k5{ .

sIff /dfOnf] s;/L agfpg] </dfOnf] sIff Joj:yfkg eg]sf] Tof] sIff xf] hxfF ljBfyL{sf]:jfut x'G5 . k|To]s ljBfyL{sf] egfO / efjgfsf] sb/ul/G5 . ljBfyL{sf nflu Tof] sIff :j:y, ;'/lIft, ;sf/fTds,;xof]uL, k|f]T;flxt / clek]|l/t ug]{ vfnsf] x'G5 . ljBfyL{x¿:jo+n] To:tf] cg'e"lt u/]sf x'g'k5{ . afnaflnsfn] cf–cfˆgf k|ltefx¿ :jMkm"t{ ¿kdf k|bz{g ug]{ df}sf kfpF5g\/ pgLx¿sf] k|ltefsf] ljsf;df klg d2t k'lu/x]sf] x'G5 .l;sfO s/ u/]/ xf]Og, cfkm}F /x/ u/]/ l;Sg] xf] eGg]cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;fsf/ ?k lbg] sfd g} sIff Joj:yfkgn]

cj:yf, cjwf/0ff/ k|of]u

;f]leot/fd lji6

lz Ifs k'; @)^% 55

u5{ . of] cfkm+}df Pp6f snf xf] . lzIfs ljBfyL{sf] ;DaGw;'dw'/ /xG5 / ljBfyL{x¿n] nfh, ;ª\sf]r / eod'Qmjftfj/0fdf :s"ndf /Dg] / l;Sg] cj;/ kfpF5g\ . /fd|f]sIff Joj:yfkg eP ljBfyL{n] /f]P/ xf]Og, xfF;]/ l;S5g\ .o; k|sf/sf] sIff Joj:yfkgdf ljBfyL{x¿ g} a9L ;lqmo/xG5g\ / pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutf pRr /xG5 . sIff /dfOnf]eP ljBfyL{x¿ nfdf] ;do;Dd sIffdf a:g ?rfpF5g\ .cGttM o;n] pgLx¿sf] l;sfOdf dxŒjk"0f{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .

ljBfyL{sf] a;fO Joj:yfxfdL lzIfsx¿ ljBfyL{sf] a;fOsf] cj:yfaf/] slxn]sfxLFplt Vofn ub}{gf}+ . pgLx¿sf] a;fO ;xh ePg eg] To;n]k|ToIf afwf k'¥ofpF5 . ctM ljBfyL{x¿n] ;lhnf];Fu a:g,lqmofsnfk ug{, sfnf]kf6L b]Vg / sfnf]kf6Ldf n]Vg kfpg'k5{ .cfkm" a;]sf] 7fpFaf6 ;lhn};Fu aflx/ lg:sg / aflx/af6cfˆgf] 7fpFdf hfg ;Sg] cj:yf sIffdf x'g'k5{ . cUnf]n]5]Sg] 7"nf]n] x]Kg], n]v]sf s'/f jf s'g} z}lIfs ;fdu|L b]Vgg;lsg], 6Nsg]], lzIfs jf ;fyLn] eg]sf s'/f ;'Gg g;lsg]],cfjfh k|ltWjlgt -Osf]_ x'g], af]Ng cj/f]w k}bf x'g] h:tfs'/fx¿ a;fOsf] Joj:yf ubf{ Wofg k'¥ofpg'k5{ . Tof] s'/fdfxfdL lzIfsn] ;w}+ Wofg k'¥ofpg} k5{ . sIffsf] jftfj/0fdf};dcg's"n udL{df 708f / hf8f]df Gofgf] agfpg ;s]ljBfyL{x¿ 306Lsf] k6\of/nfUbf] kvf{Odf x'Fb}gg\ . sIffsf]7fsf]a;fO / sfdu/fO cf/fdbfos eof] eg]ljBfyL{x¿ v'zL x'G5g\ / pgLx¿n] k9fOdf/fd|f]l;t Wofg lbg ;S5g\ . lzIfsn] ;a}ljBfyL{nfO{ pgLx¿sf] cfjZostfcg';f/ ;xof]uug{ / ljBfyL{n] u/]sf] sfdsf] cg'udg u/Lk[i7kf]if0f lbg ;Sg] u/L sIffsf]7fsf] a;fOJoj:yf ldnfpg'k5{ .

sIffleq ljBfyL{x¿ a;]/ dfq l;ls/x]sf xF'b}gg\ . pgLx¿p7]/, v]n]/, uLt, syf sljtf eg]/, pk|m]/, bf}8]/, s'g}s'/f k|:t't jf k|bz{g jf clegofTds lqmofsnfk u/]/klg To;af6 l;ls/x]sf x'G5g\ . ps';d's'; jftfj/0f,tLa| hf8f] jf udL{, hf]8bf/ xfjf, ss{; cfjfh, ‰u8f,c;xof]u, b08, nfdf] ;do;Dd Pp6} lqmofsnfk u/fOg',s8f cg'zf;g, c;'ljwfo'Qm a;fOh:tf s'/fn] sIffsf]7fk|ltljBfyL{sf] ljsif{0f k}bf x'G5 . ljBfyL{sf] a;fOsf] Joj:yfldnfpFbf s'g cfsf/df ug'{kg]{ xf] ;f]sf];d]t kmfObf a]kmfObfx]/L 7fpFcg';f/ pko'Qm cfsf/sf] 5gf]6 x'g'k5{ . slxn]sfxLFw]/} ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof x'Fbf, 5f]6f] ;do x'Fbf, k9fOg] ljifoj:t'1fg k|wfg x'Fbf k/Dk/fut tl/sfaf6 klg ljBfyL{ a;fOJoj:yf ldnfpg ;lsG5 . t/ of] tl/sf ljBfyL{sf nflu/f]rs tl/sf eg] xf]Og . s]xL k|rlnt a;fO Joj:yfx¿o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ . /f] cfsf/, uf]nfsf/, cw{uf]nfsf/,cfotfsf/, eL cfsf/, o' cfsf/, v'nf a;fO -hf] hxfFh;/L a:5 To;/L g}_ ;d"xut a;fO Joj:yf cflb .ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vofsf] cfwf/df ;d"xut a;fO Joj:yf pko'QmdflgG5 . o; Joj:yfdf ghfGg] ljBfyL{n] hfGg] ljBfyL{af6l;Sg] cj;/ kfpF5g\ / ;xof]ufTds l;sfO x'g] cj;/k|fKt x'G5 .

z}lIfs kIfsf] Joj:yfkgljifocg's"n z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] /vfO Joj:yf, ljBfyL{sf] kx'Fr/ ;txdf sfnf]kf6Lsf] /vfO, ;+/If0f / k|of]u, sIffdfljifo s'gfsf] Joj:yf, lzIfs / ljBfyL{ lgld{t l;sfO ;fdu|L/fVg] 5'§f5'§} 7fpFsf] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ . ljBfyL{n] ;fdu|Lsf]k|of]u ug{ kfpg] cj;/ / cfkm"n] tof/ kf/]sf ;fdu|Lx¿tf]lsPsf] 7fpFdf k|bz{g ug{ / cfjZostfcg';f/ abNg;Sg] cj:yf, ljifocg's"nsf] ks]6af]8{sf] k|of]u, sIffsf]:t/cg';f/sf dxfg\ JolQmx¿sf ;Gb]zd"ns egfOx¿ /fVg]Joj:yf, ljBfyL{sf l;h{gfTds sfo{x¿ tyf lzIfssf] k|:t'lts/0fljgf g} Joj:yfkgaf6 ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOdf kg]{ ;sf/fTdsk|efjsf kIfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL ul/g] sIffsf] Joj:yfkgz}lIfs Joj:yfkgcGtu{t kb{5 . lzIfsn] sIffsf] z}lIfsJoj:yfkg ubf{ cfˆg} :jljj]s dfq k|of]u gu/L ljBfyL{x¿nfO{klg ;+nUg u/fO{ pgLx¿sf] ;'‰fjnfO{ ;d]t Wofgdf /fvLu/]df Tof] sIffn] ljBfyL{x¿sf] dfof / ;+/If0f kfpF5 .o;/L sIffsf] z}lIfs Joj:yfkg ubf{ lzIfsn] cGo lzIfstyf k|wfgfWofkssf] ;d]t ;xof]u / ;Nnfx lng ;S5g\ .

sIffsf] sfo{k|0ffnL Joj:yfkgsIffdf /x]sf ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;d"x ;d"xdf ljefhg u/LlzIf0fl;sfO ubf{ k|efjsf/L ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . ;d"xu7g u/L lzIf0fl;sfO u/]df lzIf0fl;sfO Jojl:yt x'g'sf

;fy} sIffdf lzIfssf] 5f]6f] cg'kl:yt /x]sf cj:yfdfklg ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOn] lg/Gt/tf kfpF5 . ;d"x u7g ubf{rf/b]lv ^ hgf;Ddsf] ;d"x pko'Qm dflgG5 . ;d"x w]/}k|sf/n] lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 h:t}M ;dfg Ifdtf ;d"x,ldl>t Ifdtf ;d"x, ufpF jf 6f]n ;d"x, 5\of;ld;] ;d"x,?lr ;d"x, ;fdflhs ;d"x . lzIf0f ul/g] ljifo /;docg';f/ tL ;d"xx¿sf] k|of]u / k'gu{7g ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .;d"xnfO{ s;/L sfddf ;+nUg u/fpg] eGg] ;DaGwdf k|:6lgb]{zg lbg'k5{ . ;d"x g]tf s]xL lbg la/fP/ kl/jt{gug'{k5{ o;n] k|To]snfO{ g]t[Tj ljsf;sf] cj;/ k|fKt x'G5 .;d"xsf] sfd st{Jo / lhDd]jf/Lsf] k|:6 ¿kdf JofVofug'{k5{ . o;n] ljBfyL{nfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpF5 . ;d"x lgdf{0fdfljBfyL{x¿sf] ;xeflutfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'k5{ .

sIffdf b}lgs tflnsf Pjd\ lqmofsnfk tflnsf /fVg],;/;kmfOsf] lgoldt Joj:yf ldnfpg] / To;sf] cg'udgug]{, sIffsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ k|0ffnLsf] to ljBfyL{x¿s} ;xeflutf/ ;+nUgtfdf u/fpg'k5{ h;n] ubf{ ljBfyL{x¿df of] xfd|f]sIff xf] eGg] efjgfsf] ljsf; u/fpF5 . pko'{Qm hfgsf/Lsf]cfwf/df lzIfs cfkm}Fn] cfˆgf] sIffsf] d"Nofª\sg u/]/klg sIffsf]7fsf] Joj:yfkg ;xL ¿kn] eP gePsf] kQfnufpg ;lsG5 .

-lji6 lzIff dGqfnosf k"j{pk;lrj x'g\ ._

sIff Joj:yfkgsf] d'Vo p2]Zo eg]sf] sIffnfO{ ljBfyL{–d}qL tyf /dfOnf] / l;sfO cg's"n kfg'{ xf] . sIffJoj:yfkgn] lzIf0f ug]{ lzIfs / l;sfO ug]{ ljBfyL{b'j}nfO{ cf–cfˆgf p2]Zo k"/f ug{ ;xof]u k|bfg u5{ .

lz Ifs k'; @)^%56

sIff Joj:yfkg

sIff–sf]7f Joj:yfkgdf k|foM ;a} lzIfsx¿n]p:t} vfnsf ;d:ofsf] ;fdgf ug'{k5{ . k/Dk/fjfbL

lzIf0f ljlw / sdhf]/ sIff–sf]7f Joj:yfkgaf6 ljBfyL{nfO{pTk|]l/t ug{ sl7g x'G5 . sIff–sf]7fsf] ;xL Joj:yfkggx' Fbf ljBfyL{df k9\g]–l;Sg] eGbf ljk/Lt vfnsflqmofsnfklt/ nfUg] k|j[lQ l;h{gf x'g;S5 . t;y{ ;xLk7g–kf7gsf] lglDt sIff–sf]7fsf] Joj:yfkg klg plrt9Ën] x'g} k5{ . ljBfyL{s]lGb|t lzIf0f ljlw ckgfP/ lzIfsn]ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pTk|]l/t ug{ / pkof]uL sIff–sf]7fsf] jftfj/0f;w}F l;h{gf ug{ ;S5g\ .

;a}eGbf klxn] lgod agfcf}+sIffdf klxnf] lbg k|j]z ubf{ lzIfsn] s]xL lgodagfpg'k5{ . tL lgod ts{k"0f{, ;f+:s[lts ¿kdf

;f

sIff Joj:yfkg

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;+j]bgzLn / ;sf/fTds l;sfOnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ vfnsfx'g'k5{ . lgod w]/} s8f of g/d eP eg] ljBfyL{x¿ljBfno xftf aflx/ hfg] cj:yf cfpg ;S5 . ljBfyL{dfq xf]Og, :jo+ lzIfs klg cfkm"n] agfPsf lgod tyfd"No / dfGotfåf/f afFlwg'k5{ . lgod / d"No, dfGotfcg';/0f ug]{ s'/f l;sfP/ dfq x'Fb}g, To;nfO{ cfTd;ft\ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{k5{ . lzIfsn] cfkm"af6 lgodkfngsf] ;'?cft u/]/ dfq pko'Qm jftfj/0f agfpg ;S5 .

cg's/0fLo JolQm agf}+sIff–sf]7fdf l5bf{ lzIfsn] -ljBfyL{n] xf]Og_ cfkm"nfO{x/bd cg's/0fLo JolQmsf ¿kdf k|:t't ug{

;Sg'k5{ . olb lzIfs d]xgtL, ldhfl;nf] / g/d eP/sIffdf k|:t't x'G5g\ eg] pgL :jtM cg's/0fLo aGg ;S5g\ .

s] u/f}+,s] gu/f}+ Û

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lz Ifs k'; @)^% 57

To;}n] cfˆgf] sIff–sf]7f s:tf] agfpg] xf] To;df klxn]lzIfs :jo+n] lg0f{o ug'{k5{ / To;df cl8u /xg'k5{ .olb tkfOF 7"N7"nf] :j/df s/fpg] / ljBfyL{nfO{ cfˆgf] s'/f/fVg / sIff–sf]7fsf] ultljlwdf :jtGq ¿kdf ;xefuLx'g lbg'x'Gg eg] ljBfyL{n] klg tkfOF / cfˆgf ;fyLx¿l;tToxL z}nLdf k|ltlqmof hgfpF5g\ . To;sf/0f olb tkfOFzfGt sIffsf] kIfdf x'g'x'G5 eg] klxnf cfkm" g/d :j/dfaf]Ng] ug'{;\ . To;f]eP dfq ljBfyL{n] tkfOFsf s'/f ;'Gg]5g\ .

xNnf/lxt jftfj/0f ag]kl5 dfqk9fpg z'? u/f}+ljBfyL{x¿n] zfGt eP/ tkfOFk|lt Wofg glbP;Dd

k9fpg gyfNg';\ . To;f] ubf{ ljBfyL{n] tkfOF s]xL dxŒjk"0f{s'/f eGb} x'g'x'G5 eGg] ljZjf; u5{g\ . To;}n] ;a} ljBfyL{r'k nfu]/ cfˆgf s'/f ;'Gg] cj:yfdf gk'u];Dd kv{g'k5{ .To;kl5 klg ljBfyL{ r'k nfu]gg\ / tkfOFsf s'/f ;'Gg]lt/pgLx¿sf] Wofg uPg eg] tkfOFn] s]xL lgb]{zg lbg'kg]{klg x'g;S5 . t/ ljBfyL{n] Wofg lbPgg\ eg]/ tkfOFn]pgLx¿l;t k|lt:kwf{ ug]{ ;f]r eg] slxNo} agfpg'x'Fb}g .;fwf/0ftof ljBfyL{x¿ r~rn] :jefjsf x'G5g\ . …sIffdflzIfs Pshgf t x'g\ lg Û xfdL w]/} 5f}F . To;sf/0fpgLl;t le8\g ;S5f}FÚ eGg] h:tf efj pgLx?df x'G5 .olb sIffdf To:tf yf]/} ljBfyL{x?n] cfˆgf] jr{:j :yflktug{ vf]h]sf 5g\ eGg] nfUof] eg] lzIfsn] c‰} rsf]{:j/df k9fpg yfNg'k5{ . To;f] ubf{ k9\g jf ;'Gg rfxg]ljBfyL{sf] g}lts bafa l;h{gf eO{ xNnf lgolGqt x'g;S5 .

t/ To;f]ubf{ x/]s ljBfyL{ l;Sg] df}sfaf6 al~rtx'g'x'Fb}g eGg] s'/fdf lzIfsn] Wofg lbg'k5{ . olb s'g}Pp6f ljBfyL{n] xNnf ul//Xof] eg] Tof] ;Defjgf /xFb}g .To;sf/0f sIff–sf]7fdf lzIfsn] s] eG5g\ eGg] s'/fdf;a}sf] Wofg s]lGb|t x'g'k5{ . ha sIffdf a9L xNnf x'G5ta To;a]nf lzIfssf] cfjfh sdhf]/ x'G5 . sIffdf a9LxNnf x'Fbf cg'ejljxLg lzIfs 5g\ eg] pgL klg rsL{rsL{s/fpF5g\ . To;n] sIffdf lzIfs / ljBfyL{aLr sf] 7"nf]:j/df af]Ng] eGg] Psk|sf/sf] k|lt:kwf{ g} l;h{gf ul/lbG5 .t/ To;n] cGttM ljBfyL{sf] k7gkf7gdf gf]S;fg k'¥ofpF5 .

ljBfyL{n] lgod pNnª\3g u/] ls u/]gg\To;k|lt ;hu agf}+ljBfyL{n] ;fdfGo lgod tf]8] eg] klg To;k|lt

w]/} Wofg glbg';\ . ljBfyL{n] zfob s]xL k|flKt ug]{ OR5fn]klg To;/L lgod tf]8]sf x'g;S5g\ . olb pgLx¿n] To;}dfWofg lbg yfn] eg] lgod eË ug]{ sfo{n] tLa|tf kfpF5 /pgLx¿ lgod eË ug]{ sfo{df yk Wofg lbg]5g\ . tkfOFn]lgodsf] kl/lwleq /xg] ljBfyL{k|lt ;w}F Wofg lbg'k5{ .t/ h;n] sIffdf lgod tf]8\g] sfd u5{g\, s]xL If0fsflglDt ltgnfO{ gb]v] h:tf] ul/lbg';\ . o;af6 klg ltgLx¿zfGt x'g;S5g\ .

;hfosf] lg0f{o ljBfyL{x¿n] g} u?g\olb sIffdf s'g} ljBfyL{n] lgod pNnª\3g u¥of]

eg] pmaf6 Wofg x6fP/ k"/} sIffnfO{ ;d]6\g';\ . tkfOFp;nfO{ s:tf] ;hfo lbg] eg]/ lg0f{odf gk'Ug';\ . sIffsf;a} ljBfyL{n] uNtL ug]{ ;fyLnfO{ s:tf] ;hfo lbg] eGg]lg0f{o ug]{5g\ . lzIfs cfkm}Fn] PstkmL{ 9Ëaf6 ;hfo lbgyfn] eg] sIffsf c¿ ljBfyL{ To;k|lt b'Mlvt x'g;S5g\ .To;}n] uNtL ug]{nfO{ ha pgLx¿s} bf}Ft/Laf6 ;hfosf]Joj:yf ul/G5, To;a]nf pgLx¿n] s;}nfO{ bf]if lbg ;Sg]5}gg\ . ljBfyL{x¿n] uNtL ug]{ ;fyLnfO{ xfF;f]p7\bf] ;hfo;'gfpg]5g\ . sIffdf ljBfyL{af6 x'g] uNtL tyf cjfl~5tultljlwnfO{ /f]Sg] of] pQd pkfo xf] .

lgod pNnª\3g gug]{ tl/sf vf]hf}+sIff rln/xFbf k6s–k6s aflx/ hfg gkfpg]lgod ljk/Lt s'g} ljBfyL{ aflx/ uPdf lgod

tf]8\g]nfO{ yf]/} k};f lnP/ ;hfo ul/g' plrt x'G5 . x/]sljBfyL{n] sIff rln/x]sf a]nf aflx/ hfg' k¥of] eg] To;/Lhfg'cl3 cfˆgf] ;fyLnfO{ l:6«s/ -ljz]if lrGx_ lbg'k5{ .o;f] ugf{n] ljBfyL{n] lgod pNnª\3g ug]{ sfo{ TofUg;S5 . t/ p;n] lgod eË ubf{ To;af6 aRg] df}sfp;nfO{ lbg'k5{ .

uDeL/ agf}+ljBfyL{n] lgod pNnª\3g ubf{ lzIfsn] cfkm"nfO{uDeL/ cj:yfdf k|:t't ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . lgodx¿

atfO/xFbf olb lzIfs xfF:g] / ljBfyL{l;t lhl:sg] u/] eg]pgLx¿n] lzIfs uDeL/ 5}gg\ eGg] ;f]Rg / xNnfvNnf ug{;S5g\ . ljBfyL{n] lgod pNnª\3g ubf{ lzIfs uDeL/¿kdf k|:t't eP eg] uNtL ug]{ ljBfyL{ afx]s k"/} sIffsf]Wofg cfkm"lt/ tfGg lzIfs ;kmn x'G5g\ .

c;n afgL–Jojxf/ePsfnfO{ k'/:s[t u/f}+;a}n] yfxf kfpg] u/L jf JolQmut ¿kdf lzIfsn]

k'/:sf/sf] 3f]if0ff ug{ ;S5g\ . k'/:sf/ kfPkl5 ljBfyL{n]cfkm" ;Ddflgt ePsf] dx;"; u5{g\ . To;}n] lzIfsn] k'/:sf/lbg] s'/fdf lxlRsrfx6 ug'{x'Fb}g . sf]xL ljBfyL{ cfdg]–;fdg] tfl/km u/]sf] dg k/fpg] :jefjsf x'G5g\ eg] sf]xLnHhfn' :jefjsf klg x'G5g\ . pgLx¿ sIffdf ;a} ;fyLdf‰tfl/km u/]sf] ?rfpFb}gg\ . To;sf/0f lzIfsn] To:tf ljBfyL{klxrfg u/]/ p;sf] cEof; k'l:tsfdf p;nfO{ tfl/kmu/]sf] s'/f n]v]/ klg cleefjsnfO{ cjut u/fpg ;S5g\ .pgLx¿ s;}n] klg yfxf gkfpg] z}nLsf] tfl/km ?rfpF5g\ .

ljBfyL{n] k6s–k6s lgod pNnª\3gu/] < sf/0f vf]hL u/f}+olb s'g} ljBfyL{n] af/Daf/ lgod eË u5{ eg]

p;n] lsg To;f] u/]sf] xf] < p;};Fu To;sf] sf/0f a'́ g]k|of; ug'{k5{ . o;af6 lgs} ;+j]bgzLn s'/f ;d]t kQfnfUg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . pgLx¿sf] ;d:of sIffeGbf aflx/}sf]xf] eg] To:tf] ;d:ofsf] klxrfg ug{ cln sl7g x'G5 .To:tf ljBfyL{ cfˆgf ;d:of eGg t rfxG5g\ t/ s;/L

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sIff Joj:yfkg

klg xf] . To;df ljBfyL{sf] cfFvf 6\jfSs} kl/xfN5 /efiffsf] Tof] k|sf/sf] l;h{gfTds z}nLdf ljBfyL{n] dHhfdfg]/ l;Sg ;S5g\ . uNtL ubf{ pgLx¿ ;Rofpg klg;Sg]5g\ . uNtLnfO{ ;hfosf ¿kdf afnaflnsfnfO{ a'‰fOg'x'Fb}g,To;af6 klg l;Sg ;lsFbf] /x]5 eGg] pgLx¿df 5fkk/f];\ .

k'/fgf] sIff, gofF lgodolb tkfOF s]xL gofF lgod agfpFb} x'g'x'G5eg] s]xLa]/ JofVof ul/;s]kl5 dfq To:tf]

lgod agfpg' pko'Qm x'G5 . sIff z'? x'g] cjlwdf tkfOFlsg gofF lgod agfpFb} x'g'x'G5 eGg] af/] ljBfyL{nfO{a'‰fpg';\ . o;n] l;sfOdf d2t ug]{5 eGg] s'/f pgLx¿nfO{a'‰fpg' h?/L x'G5 . sIffdf ljBfyL{l;t a;]/ lgodgagfpg';\ . sIffaf6 ljBfyL{nfO{ s]xLa]/sf nflu aflx/k7fP/ jf cfkm" aflxl/P/ gofF lgod agfpg] lhDd]jf/LpgLx¿nfO{ lbg';\ . To;n] tkfOFnfO{ gofF lgod;lxtsf]gofF lzIfssf ¿kdf ljBfyL{df‰ pleg d2t ug]{5 . o;n]gofF lgoddf sIff ;~rfng ePsf] hgfpF5 . o;/L Psk6sgofF lgod agfO;s]kl5 km]l/ tkfOFn] klxn]s} s'/f ug]{ /;d:ofx¿ /fVg] afgL TofUg'k5{ . tkfO{+n] klg cfkm"nfO{gofF lgoddf 9fNg'k5{ .

/fd|/L ;D‰fcf}+sIff z'? x'g'cufl8 g} cfkm"n] s] k9fpgrfx]sf] xf] / s;/L k9fpg] xf] eGg] …n]–

cfp6Ú ug'{;\ . o;f]ubf{ ljBfyL{ s] rfxG5g\ eGg] a'́ g;lhnf] x'G5 . sIff cjlwdf pgLx¿n] slt l;s] eGg]s'/f :ki6 ¿kdf b]Vg ;Sg]5g\ . sIff–sf]7fsf] sfd ;Sgf;fyljBfyL{n] v]Ng ;S5g\ . o;n] sIffnfO{ a9L /dfOnf] kfl/lbG5 .o;n] ljBfyL{nfO{ sd ;dodf kf7 l;Wofpg k|]/0ff lbg]5 .l9nf] kf7 l;Wofpg] ljBfyL{nfO{ klg sIff cjlw ;lsg's]xLa]/ cl3 ePklg v]Ng] df}sf lbg'k5{ . o;f]ubf{ l9nf]kf7 l;Wofpg] ljBfyL{nfO{ v]Ng] xf] eg] csf]{ k6s rfF8f]kf7 l;Wofp eGg ;lsG5 . To;/L s'g} ljBfyL{n] k'gMrfF8f] kf7 l;WofP eg] ltgnfO{ k'/:sf/:j?k v]Ng] cg'dltlbg'k5{ .

km';{bsf] ;do ;b'kof]uug{ k|]l/t u/f}+h'g ljBfyL{n] cfˆgf] u[xsfo{ jf sIff–

sfo{ ;dodf k"/f ug{ ;Sb}gg\ ltgnfO{ lzIfsn] xfkm6fOddf pQm sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ eGg'k5{ . t/ o;n]pgLx¿sf] ;fyLefO;Fusf] 5nkmnnfO{ eg] 5f]6\ofOlbG5 .ljBfno 5'6]kl5 p;sf ;fyLefO;Fu e]63f6 x'g ufx|f]k5{ . To;sf/0f xfkm 6fOd jf sIff vfnL ePsf] a]nf;fyLefO;Fu 3'nldn ug]{ p;sf] dxŒjk"0f{ ;do k"/}sIffsfo{df nufpg gx'g] s'/fdf klg lzIfs ;hu eg]x'g}k5{ . oL b'j} sfdnfO{ ;Gt'lnt ¿kdf ug{ ljBfyL{nfO{pTk|]l/t ug'{k5{ .

atfpg] eGg] hfGb}gg\ . olb pgLx¿n] atfP eg] klg;fyLx¿sf] cg'kl:yltdf dfq eGg ;S5g\ . lsgls lgodeË ug'{kg]{ afWotf p;sf] kl/jf/sf] ;b:osf] unt Jojxf/x'g;S5 . To;}n] tL ;b:o cK7]/f]df kg{ klg ;S5g\ .To;}n] ;d:ofsf] k|s[lt yfxf kfpg';\ . olb o:tf] k|sf/sf];d:ofsf] ;fdgf ug'{ k¥of] eg] Tolta]nf sIff–lzIfs dfqgeP/ k|frfo{, ljBfno lg/LIfs tyf cGo lzIfssf] klg;xof]u lng'kg]{ x'g;S5 . hlt w]/} dflg;x¿ hlt rfF8};d:ofk|lt uDeL/ 9Ën] k|:t't x'g;S5g\ Tolt g} ykb'3{6gfnfO{ /f]Sg ;lsG5 .

lng] / lbg] u/f}+lzIfsn] c;n afgL–Jojxf/ ePsfAffnaflnsfnfO{ l:6«s/ -;fÍ]lts k'/:sf/_

åf/f k'/:s[t ug]{ / lgod eË ug]{af6 lbOPsf] l:6«s/lkmtf{ lng] ubf{ /fd|f] x'g;S5 . t/ To;f]ubf{ lzIfs a9L;hu eg] x'g} k5{ . lsgeg] olb s'g} ljBfyL{ nuftf/k'/:sf/ -l:6«s/_ af6 jl~rt eO/Xof] eg] …ca d}n]k'/:sf/ slxNo} gkfpg] ePFÚ eg]/ pm ;du| k'/:sf/ k4ltaf6}6fl9g] cj:yfdf k'Ug ;S5 . To;}n], To:tf ljBfyL{sf] ?lr/ Ifdtf klxrfg u/]/ p;nfO{ a]Un} k'/:sf/ lbg ;lsG5tfls p;nfO{ /fd|f] 5', ‰g\ /fd|f] ug{ ;S5' eGg] cfTdljZjf;lbnfpg ;lsof];\ .

k'/:sf/sf] nflu 5fGbf /x6fpFbf ljz]if Wofg lbcf}+k'/:sf/sf] 5gf]6 ubf{ :jo+ afnaflnsfnfO{

g} ;+nUg x'g lbcf}F . olb s'g} ljBfyL{ c;n 5 eg] p;}sf;fyLnfO{ p;sf] gfd sfnf]kf6Ldf n]Vg lbg';\ of sfnf]kf6Ldftf/fsf] s'g} ;Í]t lbg eGg';\ . olb ljBfyL{n] lzIfsn]eg]sf] gdflgsg lgod tf]8\of] eg] sfnf]kf6Laf6 pQmtf/f x6fpg nufpg';\ . To;kl5 Tof] sfo{ bf]xf]¥ofO/xgnufpg';\ cflv/ p;}sf ;fyLx¿n] g} p;nfO{ k'/:sf/ lbgx'Gg eGb} pN6} ufnL ug{ yfNg]5g\ . ;xkf7Lsf] bafadfk/]/ k'/:sf/ TofUg pm afWo x'G5 t/ lvGg x'Fb}g .lsgeg] sIffsf ;fyLefO;Fu p;sf] aLrdf o:tf] eO/xG5 .

efiffnfO{ l;h{gfTdsagfpg k|]l/t u/f}+efiff;Fu} ljBfyL{nfO{ l;h{gfTds x'g

l;sfpg';\ . k9fpg' eg]sf] kL8f lbg' xf]Og, v';L / cfgGblbg' xf] . eGg vf]h]sf] s'/fnfO{{ l;h{gfTds z}nLdf a'‰fpg'

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n]Vg lbg';\ of sfnf]kf6Ldftf/fsf] s'g} ;Í]t lbg eGg';\ .

lz Ifs k'; @)^% 59

dflyNnf] / tNnf] sIffnfO{ Ps}7fpFdf ld;fP/ k9fpg k¥of] eg]===dflyNnf] / tNnf] sIffsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{

Ps} 7fpFdf ld;fP/ k9fpg lgs} sl7g x'G5 . tNnf] sIffsfljBfyL{k|lt s]lGb|t eP/ k9fpF eg] dflyNnf] sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{k6\of/ nfU5 . To;}u/L dflyNnf] sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ s]lGb|tu/]/ k9fpFbf tNnf] sIffsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ Wofgfsif{0f ug{sl7g x'G5 / sIff g} c:ki6tfdf ?dlNng k'U5 . olbslxn]sfxLF To:tf] sIff ;~rfng ug}{ k¥of] eg] tkfOFn]k|fylds, dflj / pRr dfljsf ljBfyL{sf nflu cnu–cnu kf7of]hgf ug'{kg]{5 . ;fgf] sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ ;/nLs[t/ 7"nf] sIffsf] ljBfyL{nfO{ h:tf]M k|fyldssf ljBfyL{nfO{…hf]g jfs 6" :s"nÚ, dfljsf ljBfyL{nfO{ …hf]g ljn jfs6" :s"nÚ / pRr dfljsf ljBfyL{sf nflu …hf]g jfh\ jflsª\6" :s"nÚ eg]/ Ps}7fpFdf Pp6} jfSo k9fpg ;lsG5 .

;d"xut sfo{ u/fcf}+ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ sIffdf ;d"x jf hf]8L agfP/sIffsfo{ ug{ nufpg} k5{ . ljifoj:t'

a'‰fpg] / To;nfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/fpg] of] pQd ljlw xf] .;d"xut sfo{af6 ljBfyL{n] cfkm"n] hfg]sf] s'/f ;fyLnfO{eGg / ;fyLn] hfg]sf] s'/faf6 l;Sg kfpF5g\ . ljBfyL{sf]?lr a'‰]/ lzIfsn] To:tf] ;d"x jf hf]8L rog ug'{k5{ .To;/L ;d"xdf sIffsfo{ ug{ nufpFbf rnfv ljBfyL{af6cGon] u/]sf uNtLnfO{ ;Rofpg] cj;/ k|fKt x'G5 . d]wfjLljBfyL{n] ;lhnf] sfo{ c¿nfO{ ug{ nufpg ;S5g\ / efiffsf]k|of]u af/] klg JofVof ug{ ;S5g\ .

cg'udg u/f}+sIffdf k9fpFbf lzIfsn] lsnf] ufl8P ‰}FPs}7fpFdf a;]/ e6e6\ofpg] xf]Og . cl3Nnf]

a]~rb]lv clGtd a]~r;Dd lxF8\b} / b'j}lt/sf ljBfyL{nfO{x]b}{ k9fpg'k5{ . To;f] eof] eg] dfq ljBfyL{x¿sf] Wofgcfkm"lt/ lvRg ;lsG5 . olb ljBfyL{nfO{ cfsif{0f ug{g;lsPsf] ;d:of xf] eg] lzIfsn] vfnL cufl8sf] k+lQmj/k/ pleg] / glhs}sf ljBfyL{df dfq Wofg lbg] afgLTofUg'k5{ . sIffsf] k5fl8 pleP/ cg'udg ubf{ s;sf]Wofg stf uO/x]sf] 5 eg]/ 7Dofpg ;lhnf] k5{ . To;f]ubf{ klg w]/} ljBfyL{sf] Wofg cfkm"lt/ lvRg ;lsPg eg]lzIfsn] cfkm"n] ckgfpFb} cfPsf] lzIf0f ljlw, kf7of]hgf/ cltl/Qm lqmofsnfksf z}nLdf ;d]t kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{x'g;S5 . To;}n] lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ ufnL ug]{ jf ckh;lbg] sfd ug]{ xf]Og, cfˆgf] sdL–sdhf]/L klxNofpgcfTdlrGtg ug'{k5{ .

;dosf] klg Vofn u/f}+ x} Ûafn ljsf; s]Gb|df hfg] pd]/sf ljBfyL{nfO{x/]s kfFrb]lv bz ldg]6df km/s–km/s

lqmofsnfk u/fpg'k5{ . k|fylds txsf ljBfyL{nfO{ x/]sbzb]lv kGw| ldg]6df km/s–km/s lqmofsnfk u/fpg'k5{ .lgDg dfWolds txsf ljBfyL{nfO{ aL;–aL; ldg]6sf]

cGt/fndf To:tf lqmofsnfkx¿ u/fpg'k5{ . t/ dfWoldstx jf ;f]eGbf dflysf] pd]/sf ljBfyL{nfO{ eg] Ps306f;Dd k9fpFbf klg x'G5 . tL ljBfyL{nfO{ >Jo–b[Zo;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u u/]/ k9fpFbf Tof]eGbf a9L ;do klgnfUg ;S5 . cfkm"nfO{ dg gkg]{ ljlw ckgfP/ k9fpFbfljBfyL{x¿sf] cle?lr l5§} 36\g ;S5 . s;}nfO{ zf/Ll/sJofofd ug{ dg} 5}g eg] p;nfO{ To;f] ug{ nufpFbfp;sf] Wofg hfFb}g . To:t} s;}nfO{ ;'Gg / s;}nfO{ x]g{dg nfu]sf] 5}g eg] w]/}a]/ To;df p;sf] Wofg s]lGb|tug{ cK7]/f] x'G5 . To;sf/0f s'g ;do, slt ;do, s]ug]{ xf] eGg] s'/fdf lzIfs ;w}F ;hu x'g'k5{ .

sIff z'? x'g'cl3sf] 5f]6f]zf/Ll/s Jofofd u/fcf}+5f]6f] cjlw -!)–!% ldg]6_ sf] zf/Ll/s

Jofofdn] lbdfudf clS;hg k|jfxdf j[l4 ub{5 . To;af6lbdfusf] lqmofsnfk j[l4 x'G5 / To;n] l;Sg] cle?lrhufpF5 . slnnf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] ljBfyL{sf] lbdfun] s'/fl5§} l6K5 / ;sf/fTds 9Ën] k|ltlqmof hgfpF5g\ .

dflysf s]xL ljlw / tl/sfx¿ cg';/0f ubf{ lzIfsn]sIff–sf]7fnfO{ ;sf/fTds / pT;'s t'Nofpg ;S5g\ .sIffdf /fd|f] jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/L k9fpFbf ljBfyL{x¿n]cfkm" ;Ddflgt ePsf] dx;"; klg u5{g\ . To;n] lgodsf]kfngf ug{ ltgnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ;d]t u5{ . To:t}, uNtLubf{sf] kl/0ffd / ;hfonfO{ klg pgLx¿ ;lhn} u|x0fug{ yfN5g\ . olb k"/} sIffsf] Wofg l;sfO–ljlwdf uPgeg] lzIfsn] tTsfn Tof] ljlw abn]/ gofF ljlwckgfpg'k5{ . k'/fg} 9/f{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbP/ pN6} ljBfyL{nfO{;hfo lbg] ug'{x'Fb}g .

lzIfsn] sIffsf x/]s ljBfyL{sf] l;Sg] clwsf/sf];Ddfg ug'{k5{ . Pp6f tl/sfn] l;sfpFbf l;s]gg\ eg]csf]{ tl/sfn] k9fpg'k5{ . To;n] klg ePg eg] c‰gofF tl/sf vf]Hg'k5{ . t/ ljBfyL{nfO{ …l;Sg vf]lhg;\Úeg]/ lsdfy{ ufnL ug'{x'Gg . olb lzIfssf] Wofg ljBfyL{k|lts]lGb|t ePsf] 5 eg] x/]s ljBfyL{df pTk|]/0ff hfUg]5 /pgLx¿n] l;Sg]5g\ . /, lzIff xfl;n ug]{ nIodf pgLx¿;kmn aGg]5g\ . of] ;a} sfo{df lzIfs Pp6f k|efjzfnL;xhstf{ dfq} xf] .

-ci6«]lnog lzIfs tyf pkk|fWofkscj|] gLn lne/]hsf] cg'ejdf cfwfl/t n]vaf6_

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t];f]{!= a'waf/kl5 cfpg] af/sf] gfd@= !)) k};fsf] Ps of] x'G5%= cfkm"eGbf cl3 hGd]sf] JolQm*= s'g} ljifodf k"0f{?kdf hfg]sf( cljjflxtf s]6L!!= c?eGbf ljlzi6 lsl;dsf]!#= t/sf/Lsf lglDt k|l;4 Ps hftsf] ;fu!$= ;aeGbf dfly /x]sf]÷dflyNnf]!%= k';kl5 cfpg] dlxgf! =̂ :qLn] nufpg] dxFuf] vfnsf] wf]tL÷kml/of!&= ^ Ct'dWo] rf}yf]df ulgPsf] Ct'sf] gfd!(= cf7 j}lbs b]jtfsf] Ps ;d"xsf] gfd@!= n'uf÷sk8f@@= ss]{ x]/fO÷58\s] x]/fO@%= d"qfzodf kTy/ h:t} ;fx|f] j]bgf a9fpg]

vfnsf] /f]u tyf pQm /f]uåf/f hd]sf]kTy/

@ =̂ k'/f0f cg';f/ b]j–bfgjn] ldn]/ ;d'b| dGygubf{ lg:s]sf] s8f ljifsf] gfd

7f8f]!= rfdndf gs'l6O ar]sf] ;Unf] wfg@= xfjf÷kjg#= qm"/tfk"0f{ Jojxf/ ePsf]÷s8f÷rsf]{$= ljz]if u/]/ /]l8of]df k|;f/0f x'g] of] klg

gf6ss} Ps k|sf/ x'g\%= ghfGg]÷ga'‰g]÷cGhfg(= w]/} l;Ë ePsf] d[u÷afx|l;+uf!)= 5fofF÷Od]h!@= of] vfof] eg] dfG5] d5{! =̂ ;k{ dfg]{ d';f h:tf] kz'!&= 6f]kL, d's'6, ku/L cflb lz/df wf/0f

ul/g] j:t'!#= bz/ysf h]7f 5f]/f÷/fdrGb|! =̂ :df/ssf ?kdf ;fj{hlgs :yndf /flvg]

d"lt{!&= xft}df lnP/ sf6\g], dfg]{ cflb sfd ug]{

xltof/!*= cf8Da/÷b]vfj6L :jfª@)= ev{/} aRrf hGdfPsL :qL@!= 5ftL÷:tg@@= w]/} k/sf]@#= af0fsf] h:tf] 6'Kkf] / nfdf] la+8 ePsf],

3f]Rg] Ps xltof/@%= clt cNk If0f, l5g

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zAb v]n–@ sf] pQ/t];f]{!= ltn, @= nfn;nfd, %= k/fn, ^= /x/, &= k'0o, *= j;f, !)= u'Xo]Zj/L, !!= xfxfsf/,!#= k"j{, !$= Joy{, !%= /Tof}nL, !*= zfZjt, !(= dfgjzf:q, @)= slj

7f8f]!= ltxf/, @= nfn, #= ;To, $= dxf;fu/, %= k/d]Zj/, (= dxfef/t, !)= u'?k"l0f{df, !@= cy{zf:q,!!= zlg, !#= gd'gf, !^= lnlR5lj, !&= nj

zAb v]n–@ sfk'/:sf/ ljh]tfMelQmljnfz l3ld/]1fgf]bo afnafl6sf df=lj=, ;fg]kf, nlntk'/

;xL pQ/ k7fpg]x¿M:jl:ts l3ld/]–nlntk'/, rGb|k|;fb kGt–sf7df8f}++, /fd;'Gb/ b]phf–sfe|], w|'jk|;fb9sfn–uf]/vf, / >Ls[i0f pkfWofo–u'NdL

cfo'j]{bslAhotsf] 3/]n' pkrf/kfgL sd lkpg', /]zf ePsf] vfBkbfy{ sd vfg',krfpg ufx|f] vfg]s'/f w]/} vfg' cflb sf/0faf6slAhotsf] ;d:of k}bf x'G5 .

lbzf a:g ufx|f] x'g', k]6 b'Vg', jfs\jfsLnfUg', z/L/sf] tf}n 36\g', ysfO nfUg', hLpc;lhnf] ePsf] dx;"; x'g', cg'xf/df t]h gx'g',clt;f/ cyf{t\ kftnf] lbzf x'g' cflb slAhotsfnIf0f x'g\ .

of] ;d:ofaf6 d'lQm kfpg k|of]u ug{ ;lsg]

gfdM

7]ufgfM

^%

!#

!$

!^

@$ @%

!(!*

s]xL 3/]n' pkfox¿M !_ laxfg vfnLk]6d} :ofp bfFtn] 6f]s]/ vfg]@_ /flt ;'Tg'cl3 Ps rDrfdx Ps lunf; tfhf kfgLdfld;fP/ lkpg] #_ kfs]sf];'Gtnfsf] /; laxfg gf:tfug'{cl3 lkpg] $_ vfnL k]6dfsfutLsf] /; / l;w]g"g ld;fP/ ;s] hlt kfgLlkpg] %_ @) u|fd lqkmnf a]n'sL @%) u|fdkfgLdf lehfP/ /fVg] / laxfg zf}rlqmof ;s]kl55fg]/ lkpg] . oLdWo] s'g} Ps dfq pkfo ubf{klg x'G5 .

lz Ifs k'; @)^% 61

cGtfIf/L–#

!= rfdnsf] dl;gf 6'qmf6'qmL -#_

@= crf/df lrgf]/]/ /fVg] cldnf] kmn -#_

#= :ju{sf cK;/fx? dWo] Pssf] gfd -$_

$= ;/sf/df a'‰ffOg] hUuf–hldgsf] lt/f] -$_

%= s'g} sfds'/f]sf] aGbf]a:t -$_

=̂ hgtfsf] xslxt / clwsf/sf] nflu hgtfn] 5fg]sf] g]tf -^_

&= g]kfnsf Ps hghflt -#_

*= Hofb} tftf]÷kfSbf kfSb}sf]÷tfQftf] -^_

(= Psfkl§ g/d e'jf /fvL csf]{lt/ lrNnf] x'g] u/L a'lgPsf] Ps hftsf]c;n df]6f] /]zdL sk8f -$_

!)= lg/Gt/÷clj/fd -$_

!!= kftfn / tnftnaLrsf] egL ljZjf; ul/Psf] Ps nf]ssf] gfd -$_

!@= k'ugk'u÷‰f08} ‰f08} -$_

!#= k'/} elTsg] jf n8\g] lsl;d -^_

!$= dfx'/Ln] agfpg] u'lnof] kbfy{ -@_

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cGtfIf/L–@ sf k'/:sf/ ljh]tfM>Ls[i0f pkfWofo>L ;+:s[t df=lj=, l/8L, u'NdL

;xL pQ/ k7fpg]x¿Ms[i0faxfb'/ lnDa' …sdnÚ–wgs'6f, /fdfsfGt rf}w/L–sf7df8f}+, :jl:ts l3ld/]–nlntk'/,elQmljnfz l3ld/]–nlntk'/, w|'jk|;fb 9sfn–uf]/vf, /fd;'Gb/ b]phf–sfe|], rGb|k|;fbkGt–sf7df8f}+, ?k]z/fh zdf{–nlntk'/, 1fg' bfxfn–sfe|], dl0f/fd cfrfo{–l;Gw'nL

cGtfIf/L–@ sf] pQ/

@= nueu, #= uGyg, $= gsfa, %= aGb"s, ^= sjr, &=rGrn, *= nj:t/f], (= /f]huf/ !)= /0fe"ld, !!= ldlxg]t,!@= tktk, !#= kl/l:ylt, !$= lt/:sf/, !%= /h:jnf, !^=nfk/jfx, !&= x§fs§f

gfdM

7]ufgfM

lz Ifs k'; @)^%62

!= cª\u|]hL j}1flgs rfN;{ 8flj{g -Charles Darwin_ sf]ljsf;jfbL l;4fGt -Theory of Evolution_ cg';f/ k|f0fLPj+ jg:kltx? qmda4 tl/sfaf6 Ps kl5 csf]{?k km]b}{ ljsl;t ePsf x'g\ . Ps} k6s xr'jf lsl;dn];[li6 ePsf x}gg\ . lxGb" wd{df eujfg lji0f'sf bzcjtf/ klg qmda4 tl/sfn] Pskl5 csf]{ ub}{ ePsf]dflgG5 . ca eGg';\, ljsf;jfbL l;4fGtsf s'g–s'g k|f0fLsf] ljsf;qmd bz cjtf/;Fu d]n vfG5 <

@= dflg;sf s'g} bDktLdf 5f]/L dfq hGdG5g\ . 5f]/fghGdg] sf/0f k'?ifdf lglxt x'G5 jf dlxnfdf <

#= s'g} k|f0fLdf efn] Pj+ kf]yL hg]Gb|Lo Pp6} z/L/leq x'G5 . h:t} /ut r':g] h'sf jf df6f]df x'g]u8\of}nf . ltgdf n}+lus lje]b x'Fb}g . n}+lus lje]bx'g] dflg;sf] k'?if z/L/df Ps hf]8L c08sf]if x'G5 .ca atfpg';\, /ut r':g] tL hLjsf z/L/df slthf]8L c08sf]if xf]nfg\ <

$= ef]6–lxdfnlt/ g"g, lrof, kfgL Ps} kN6 ld;fP/pdfNg] rng 5 . g"g kl5dfq yKg]u/L lrof ksfPdfs] km/s knf{ <

%= afFb/sf] k'R5/ nf}/f] g xltof/ elgG5 . sy+k'R5/ sfl6of] eg] afFb/nfO{ Ps ?vaf6 csf]{ ?vdfxfDkmfNg ;lhnf] jf ufx|f] s] xf]nf <

;fdfGo1fg–@ sf] ;xL pQ/!= xg'dfg9f]sf b/af/ :Sjfo/, kf6g b/af/

:Sjfo/, eQmk'/ b/af/ :Sjfo/, kz'kltgfydlGb/, rfFu'gf/fo0f dlGb/, :joDe"gfy, af}4gfy,lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h, ;u/dfyf /fli6«olgs'~h / n'lDagL .

@= sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8, ldy]g, gfO6«; cS;fO8,Snf]/f]km\nf]/f]sfa{G;\ / 6«f]kf]:km]l/s cf]hf]g .

#= e]8fsf] lubL .

$= r'/] ;dflxt t/fO{sf lhNnf -!&_M

s~rgk'/, s}nfnL, alb{of, afFs], slkna:t',?kGb]xL, k;f{, af/f, /f}tx6, ;nf{xL, dxf]Q/L,wg'iff, l;/xf, ;Kt/L, ;'g;/L, df]/ª / ‰ffkf .

dw]z÷df8Ln] r'/] 5'g] lhNnf -!@_M

88]nw'/f, 8f]6L, ;'v]{t, ;Nofg, c3f{vfFrL, kfNkf,gjnk/f;L, lrtjg, dsjfgk'/, l;Gw'nL, pbok'// Onfd .

%= sl/a @))) .

;fdfGo1fg–@ df ;f]lwPsf ;a} k|Zgsf];xL hjfkm s;}af6 klg k|fKt x'g ;s]g .

;fdfGo1fg–#

;'8f]s' s;/L v]Ng] <oxfF lbOPsf] vfnL sf]7fdf dflyaf6 tnkl§ / b]a|]af6 bfofFkl§ ! b]lv ( c+s;Ddeg'{kb{5 . t/ afofFaf6 bfofF hfFbf / dflyaf6 tn hfFbf Pp6} k+lQmdf c+s bf]xf]l/g'x'Fb}g . o:t} u/L # u'0ff # sf] sf]7fdf klg ! b]lv ( ;Ddsf] c+s kg}{ k5{ . oxfFlbOPsf] c+s klg x6fpg kfOFb}g . ;dfwfg Pp6} dfq x'G5 .

;'8f]s'–@ df k|fljlws q'l6 x'g uPsf]df v]b 5 .–;Dkfbs

;'8f]s'–#

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lgodx?!= zAb v]n, cGtfIf/L, ;'8f]s' / ;fdfGo1fgsf] ;xL ;dfwfg k7fpg'x'g] kf7sdWo]

k|To]ssf Ps÷Ps ljh]tfn] ?=!,))) k'/:sf/ kfpg'x'g]5 .

@ ;xL ;dfwfg k7fpg @) lbgsf] cjlw ckof{Kt b]lvPsf sf/0f of] c+sb]lv ;dofjlwa9fOPsf] 5 . ca, Ps c+s la/fP/ ;xL ;dfwfg / pQ/ k|sflzt ul/g]5 . o;cg';f/ k'; c+ssf] k|Zgsf] ;dfwfg @)^% df3 @) ;Dddf lzIfs sfof{nodfcfOk'Ug'kg]{5 . Tof] ;dfwfg kmfu'gsf] c+sdf k|sflzt x'g]5 .

#= PseGbf a9L ;xL hjfkm cfPdf ljh]tfsf] 5gf]6 uf]nf k|yfaf6 ul/g]5 . Pp6fljwfdf Ps hgf kf7ssf] PseGbf a9L k|ljli6 dfGo x'g] 5}g . ljh]tfsf] clGtdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ o; klqsfsf] ;Dkfbs d08ndf lglxt /xg]5 .

$= k'/:sf/ ljh]tfx?n] kl/rokq;lxt lzIfs sf] sfof{nodf cfO{ tLg dlxgfleqk'/:sf/ /sd ;+sng ug'{kg]{5 .

hjfkm k7fpg] 7]ufgfMlzIfs dfl;s

kf6g9f]sf, kf]=a=g+= !^^, nlntk'/

gfdM

7]ufgfM

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lz Ifs k'; @)^% 63

lkmNd

gsf] Pp6f u|fdL0f :s"nsf ljBfyL{n] gofF lzIfskfPsf 5g\ . t/ oL gofF lzIfs ‰08} pgLx¿

hq} l5g\ . oL gofF lzIfsnfO{ Pp6f cK7\of/f] kl/l:yltdf:s"ndf NofOPsf] xf] . rf/ sIff;Dd k9fO x'g] o; :s"nsLPs dfq lzIfs ufcf] cfˆgL cfdf la/fdL k/]sLn] 3/uP . pgL gePsf a]nf k9fOlbg] csf]{ sf]xL klg gkfP/:s"n Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIfn] Ps dlxgfsf nflujLO{ Dofg hL lszf]/LnfO{ NofPsf 5g\ .

;§f lzIfssf] ¿kdf cfPsL oL lzIfs ev{/ !# jif{df6]Sb}l5g\ / pgL s]jn k|fOd/L Uo|fh'o6 x'g\ .olt ;fgL / of]Uotf gk'u]sL dfG5]nfO{ s;/LlzIfs agfP/ /fVg] < k|Zg hfoh xf] t/ /fd|f]kfl/>lds / ;'ljwf gePsf] ljs6 ufpF;Fu ljsNk5}g . gofF lzIfs jLO{;Fu Pp6f zt{ /fv]/ ufcf]3/ hflG5g\— æd kms{+bf;Dd Ps hgf klg ljBfyL{n]:s"n 5f]8]sf] x'g'xF'b}g lg ÛÆ

cefj} cefjx¿sf aLrdf ;~rflnt o; :s"nsLlk|lG;kn ufcf] ld; jLO{nfO{ ljBfyL{x¿sf] kl/rob]lvlnP/ :s"nsf] af/]df ;a} s'/f atfP/ cfˆgf]af6f] nfU5g\ .

sIff tLgdf k9\g] Hofª x's o; lkmNdsf]d'Vo kfq xf] . pm sIffdf c¿ eGbf cln a9Lrt'/ / lhtfxf b]lvG5 . b'O{ tLg lbg g} kl5p;n] sIffdf a]~r—8]:s 9fNg], rssf] afs;n8fP/ rs} efFlrlbg] h:tf st'{tx¿ z'? u5{ .

t/ cl3Nnf] lbg;Dd cfˆgf ;fyL / lzIfsnfO{ x}/fgv]nfpg] s]6f] PsfPs a]kQf x'G5 . :s"nd} vfg] ;'Tg]u/]sf] ljBfyL{ x/fPkl5 ld; jLO{ ;/f;/ p;sf] 3/;Ddk'lU5g\ . p;sL cfdf la/fdL /lx5g\, afa' klxNo} lalt;s]sf/x]5g\ . pgn] kl/jf/sf] k'/fgf] C0f ltg]{ / k]6 kfNg]lhDd]bf/L p;}sf sfFwdf yf]kl/Psfn] Hofª zx/lt/ xflgPsf]s'/f yfxf kfpFl5g\ . To;kl5 jLO{sf ;fd' x/fPsf] s]6f]nfO{ljBfnodf kmsf{pg] ‰g\ 7"nf] ;d:of cfOk5{ . To;sfnflu pgL;Fu zx/ hfg'sf] ljsNk 5}g .

pgL;Fu slxNo} zx/ k'u]sf] cg'ej 5}g . Hofnf u/]//sd hDdf u/]kl5 aNntNn zx/ k'lU5g\ . zx/df cfˆgf]ljBfyL{ vf]Hg] Jofjxfl/s ofqfn] lkmNdnfO{ /f]rs agfpF5 .To;qmddf pgn] vfg'k/]sf] x08/ dfld{s 5 . Pshgfa6'jfsf] ;Nnfxkl5 pgL 6]lnlehg :6];glt/ nflU5g\ .t/ l6eL :6]zg pgnfO{ yfxf x'Fb}g . ;f]Wb} / vf]Hb} cufl8

ufpFaf6 zx/ k'Ubf===a9\l5g\ . cfˆgf] x/fPsf] ljBfyL{ vf]Hgsf nflu pgn] l6eL:6];g;Dd k'Ug ;fx|} w]/} x08/ vfg'k5{ . t}klg pgLlg/fz x'Ggg\ . l6eL :6]zgdf k'u]kl5 klg ToxfFsf] :6]zgDofg]h/sxfF k'Ug pgn] w]/} nfdf] ofqf to ug'{k5{ .

Dofg]h/n] jf:tljstf a'́ 5 / cfˆgf] z}lIfs sfo{qmddfpgnfO{ k|d'v cltly agfpg] lg0f{o u5{ . pgn] Pp6fx/fPsf] afnsnfO{ vf]Hg lsg olt 7"nf] ;ª\3if{ ul/g\ <p;n] :s"n / ufpF g} 5f]8\g'sf k5fl8 s] s] sf/0fx¿lyP < ca p;nfO{ s] eGg rfxg'x'G5 t < h:tf k|Zgx¿

;f]lwFbf ld; jLO{sf hjfkm zAbdf JoQm x'g ;Sb}gg\ .pgL eSsflgP/ ?lG5g\ dfq . pgsf cfFvfaf6 cfF;' aa{/‰f/]sf] b[Zon] bz{snfO{ klg efj's agfpF5 g} . k"/f syfclxNo} geg"F, lkmNd ;'vfGt 5 .

syf olQ xf] . lszf]/fj:yfsf] lzIfssf] x/fPsf] ljBfyL{vf]Hg] k|lta4tf, ;fx; / k|oTgsf] lrq0f tfl/kmof]Uo 5 .lg/fz geO{ k|oTg / kxn u/] ;kmntf lglZrt 5 eGg];Gb]z lkmNdn] lbPsf] 5 . o:t}, zx/ ahf/sf] d]nf]d];f]gkfPsf u|fdL0f e]usf ljBfyL{nfO{ zx/sf af/]df Jofjxfl/slzIff lbg slt ckl/xfo{ 5 eGg] klg lkmNdn] /fd|f]l;taf]w u/fpF5 . xfd|f] ufpF3/sf :s"n] lzIfs / cleefjsb'j}n] o;af6 ultnf] lzIff lng ;S5g\ . k|l;4 lrlgofFlgb]{zs HofË Odf]påf/f lgb]{lzt ;f] lkmNd ;g\ !((( dfl/lnh ePsf] xf] . Ps 306f $& ldg]6 nfdf] lkmNd x]bf{cfFvf l‰ldSs klg ug{ dg nfUb}g .

k|1f ltdlN;gf

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lz Ifs k'; @)^%64

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k9fOsf lx;fan] :s"ndf s:tf] ljBfyL{ x'g'x'GYof]ÙP;\Pn\;L s'g >]0fLdf kf; ug'{eof] <

d cf};t g} lyPF . P;Pn;Lb]lv aLP:;L;Dd bf];|f]/ :gftsf]Q/ rflxF k|yd >]0fLdf pQL0f{ u/]F .lzIfs lsg / s;/L aGg'eof] <

k9fO ;lsg gkfpFb} ljjfx ul/of] . s]xL ;f]RggkfpFb} hflu/sf] …ckm/Ú cfof], To;kl5 lzIfs ag]F .c:yfoL lgo'lQm ePsf]n] k|lt:kwf{ ug'{ k/]g .s] ljifo k9fpg'x'G5 <

dfljdf lj1fg / lgdfljdf ul0ft .s] slt tflnd lng'eof] <

y'k|} . @)$@ ;fnb]lv tflnd lng yfn]sf], clxn]klg lnO/x]sL 5' .tkfOFdf cGt/lglxt k|ltef s] xf] <

;fgf] 7fpFdf a;]sf]n] vf;} k|ltef b]vfpg] cj;/kfPsL 5}g . ljBfyL{nfO{ …sdf08Ú ug{ ;Sg' g} d]/f]v'aL xf] h:tf] nfU5 .c¿ lzIfseGbf tkfOF s] s'/fdf leGg x'g'x'G5 <

ljBfyL{nfO{ 5f]/f–5f]/L ;dfg Jojxf/ u5'{ . lzIf0f;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u;lxt cGt/lqmofTds tl/sfn] k9fpF5' .ljBfyL{nfO{ cg'zf;gdf /fv]/ k9\g k|]l/t ug]{ ljz]ifpkfo klg 5g\ <

5g\ . k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ :g]xk"j{s Jojxf/ ug]{ /c6]/ ug{ vf]Hg] ljBfyL{sf] k[i7e"ld a'‰]/ p;nfO{ ;D‰fpg]ug'{k5{ . ljBfyL{nfO{ lhDd]jf/ x'g k|]]l/t ug'{k5{ . lzIfscfkm" klg cg'zf;gdf a:g'k5{ . ha lzIfs cg'zf;gdfa:5, ljBfyL{ klg lj:tf/} cg'zf;gdf cfpF5 . d]/f]cg'ejn] ToxL eG5 .sdhf]/ ljBfyL{nfO{ s;/L dfly psf:g] <

;a}eGbf klxn] hfGg] x'g ;lsG5 eGg] cfTdljZjf;eg'{k5{ . d :s"n k9\bf d]/f u'?x¿n] …cfzf ltdLlj1fg k9\g ;lSbgf}Ú eGy] . t/ d}n] t /fd|};Fu k9\g;s]F lg eg]/ ;kmntfsf pbfx/0fx¿ lbg] u5'{ . To;n]ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pTk|]/0ff ldNbf]/x]5 . cfjZos kbf{cleefjs;Fu klg e]6]/ 5nkmn ug]{ u/]sL 5' .

;a}eGbf v'zL If0f s'g xf] <sIffsf]7fdf k;]kl5 k9fPsf] s'/f ljBfyL{n] /fd|/L

a'‰]sf] efg eof] eg] Tof] g} ;a}eGbf a9L v';Lsf] If0fx'G5 . cfkm" v';Lx'Fbf ljBfyL{nfO{ c‰ xf};nf lbOG5 .pgLx¿sf] k|ltef phfu/ ul/G5 . d o:tf] v';L >Ldfg,;;'/f / 5f]/Lx¿;Fu klg afF8\5' .sf];{eGbf aflx/sf lstfa slQsf] k9\g'x'G5 <

km';{b lgsfn]/ k9\5' . /fd|f]l;t a'‰fpg k9\g} k5{ .s0f{ zfSosf] ;f]r / ;f]d/fh a'9fyf]sLsf] b08xLgtfkl5Nnf] ;dodf k9]sf k':ts x'g\ .;kmn lzIfs aGgsf nflu k9\g'kg]{ lzIff;DaGwL kfFrj6f k':tssf] gfd <

lr/~hLjL zdf{sf] lzIffsf] bz{gM zf:qLo /;dfhzf:qLo cfwf/, rGb|axfb'/ >]i7sf] lzIffsf] kl/ro,pk]Gb| sfsL{sf] lzIff dgf]lj1fg, 8f= jf;'b]j sfˆn]sf]z}lIfs Joj:yfkg / ;Ë7gfTds Jojxf/ / :jo+k|sfzha/fsf] lzIffdf dfkg tyf d"NofÍg .dlxnf eP/ lzIfs aGbf yk sl7gfO{ ef]Ug'ePsf]5 <

5 . tLg 5f]/Lx¿ x'sf{pg / 3/sf] sfdsf sf/0fd}n] lgs} sl7gfO{ ef]Ug' k¥of] . 5f]/Lx¿nfO{ * ah];Ddk9fP/ cfkm" klg :s"n hfGy]F . / l6lkmgdf 3/ cfP/;fgf] aRrfnfO{ b"w v'jfpg]b]lv n'uf w'g];Dd uy]{+ .dlxnf lzIfsn] ef]Ug'kg]{ o:tf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{;xof]uL /fVg' clgjfo{ 5 .lzIf0f k]zfsf] dof{bf s;/L a9fpg ;lsPnf <

cfˆgf] ljifodf bIf / nugzLn eP of] k]zfsf]dof{bf sfod /fVg ;lsG5 .c¿ lzIfsnfO{ s] eGg'x'G5 <

s'g} s'g} ljBfyL{sf] :jefj g/fd|f] eP klg ltgnfO{/fd|f] agfpg] sfd lzIfss} xf] . ljBfyL{sf] pGgltdf;dlk{t eP/ nfUg'k5{ . lzIfs alg;s]kl5 Tof] ug}{k5{ .efjL of]hgf s] 5 <

ca n}lËs ljifodf kLPr8L ug]{ . dgf]h >]i7

ca kLPr8L ug'{5cfzf zdf{ lzjfsf]6LsGsfO{ dflj ;'?Ëf, ‰fkf

æd :s"n k9\bf d]/f u'?x¿n] …cfzf ltdL lj1fg k9\g;lSbgf}Ú eGy] . t/ d}n] t /fd|};Fu k9\g ;s]F lg eg]/;kmntfsf pbfx/0fx¿ lbg] u5'{ . To;n] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{pTk|]/0ff ldNbf]/x]5 .Æ

d=If]=x'=lg= b=g+= %÷@)^%÷)^^

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• • •ljifo ljljwxs{ u'?ª;g\ @))^, k[i7 xiv+@&^, ?= #@%÷xs{ u'?ªsf] gfdl;t PseGbf a9L ljz]if0f hf]l8Psf lyP . e"uf]nljb\,of]hgfsf/, ;dfhzf:qL, /fhgLlt1, lrGts, k|zf;s, n]vs, kbofqL,kj{t ljz]if1, lrqsf/, kmf]6f]u|fkm/, v]nf8L, dGqL cflb cg]s lrgf/Llyof] xs{ u'?ªsf] . xs{ u'?ªsf /dfOnf ofqf–syf, dfld{s ;+:d/0f,3tnfUbf ljrf/, tLI0f ljZn]if0f tyf 7f]; cjwf/0ffx¿ ;ª\slnt ljifoljljw nfO{ ;xL cy{df pxfFsf k|ltlglw n]v–/rgfx¿sf] ;Fufnf] eGg;lsG5 .

• • •g]kfn M lxGb" clw/fHosf] Oltxf;l;NefF n]eL;g\ @))%, k[i7 xxxiv+@^), ?= $))÷–-klxnf] v08_;g\ @))&, k[i7 vii+@&*, ?= @&%÷–-bf];|f] v08_l;NefF n]eL k"jL{o ;+:s[lt / Oltxf;sfVofltk|fKt k|mfG;]nL ljåfg\ x'g\ . pgL ;aeGbfklxn] ;g\ !*(* df g]kfn cfPsf lyP .pgsf] g]kfn a;fOsf] cjlw b'O{ dlxgf dfqlyof], Tof] klg sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf ;Lldt .a;fO 5f]6f] cjlwsf] eP klg pgsf] cWoog/ cg';Gwfg uxg lyof] . To;}sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k;g\ !()% df of] ljzb s[lt tLg efudfk|sflzt eof] . Oltxf; eg]sf] zf;sx¿sf]j+zfjnL / :t'lt dfq xf]Og eGg] dfGotf /fVg] l;NefF n]eLsf] o; s[ltnfO{ Ps ztfAbLcl3sf] g]kfnsf];f+:s[lts–/fhgLlts cj:yfsf] ljåtfk"0f{ ljZn]if0f dflgG5 .

kf6g9f]sf, nlntk'/, kmf]g g+= %%$@%$$÷@!@)#@!

lxdfn lstfasf s]xL k|sfzgx¿

ahf/df ;j{q pknAw 5 .