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by Mads SoegaardThe concept of an affordance was coined by the perceptual psychologist James J. Gibson in his seminal book The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. The concept was introduced to the HCI community by Donald Norman in his book The Psychology of Everyday Things from 1988. There has however been ambiguity in Norman's use of the concept, and the concept thus requires a more elaborate explanation.
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TheconceptofanaffordancewascoinedbytheperceptualpsychologistJames
J.Gibson in his seminal bookThe Ecological Approach to Visual Perception.
The conceptwas introduced to theHCI communitybyDonaldNorman inhis
bookThePsychologyofEverydayThings from1988.Therehashoweverbeen
ambiguity in Norman's use of the concept, and the concept thus requires a
moreelaborateexplanation.
Norman'suseofthetermAccording to Norman (1988) an affordance is the design aspect of an object
whichsuggesthowtheobjectshouldbeused;avisualclue to its functionand
use.Normanwrites:
"...the term affordance refers to the perceived and actualproperties of the thing, primarily those fundamental properties thatdeterminejusthowthethingcouldpossiblybeused.[...]Affordancesprovide strong clues to the operations of things. Plates are forpushing. Knobs are for turning. Slots are for inserting things into.Balls are for throwing or bouncing. When affordances are takenadvantageof, theuserknowswhattodojustby looking:nopicture,label,orinstructionneeded."(Norman1988,p.9)
Norman thus defines an affordance as something of both actual and
perceivedproperties.Theaffordanceofaball isbothitsroundshape,physical
material, bouncability, etc. (its actual properties) as well as the perceived
suggestion as tohow theball shouldbeused (its perceivedproperties).When
actual and perceived properties are combined, an affordance emerges as a
relationship thatholdsbetween theobjectand the individual that isactingon
the object (Norman 1999).AsNormanmakes clear in an endnote inNorman
(1988), this view is in conflict withGibson's idea of an affordance (explained
next).
Gibson'suseofthetermAs opposed to Norman's use of his term, Gibson intended an affordance to
mean"anactionpossibilityavailableintheenvironmentto
anindividual,independentoftheindividual'sabilityto
perceive this possibility" (McGrenere and Ho, 2000). Unlike
Norman's inclusion of an object's perceived properties, or rather, the
informationthatspecifieshowtheobjectcanbeused,aGibsonianaffordanceis
independentoftheactor'sabilitytoperceiveit.Adoorcanhavetheaffordance
of 'openability' (its affordance relative to the actor) but can be hidden,
camouflaged or likewise (the information specifying its affordance are not
availabletotheactor).Ontheotherhand,whenboththeaffordance(thedoor
can be opened by the actor) and the information in the environment that
specifies the affordance (the door is visible, has a handle etc.) are present, a
stateofdirectperceptionisreached."Forexample,onewillperceive
Abouttheauthor
MadsSoegaard
Previously,I'veworkedatTheDanishNationalTechnologicalInstituteworkingwithresearchinindustryUntilMarch2000IwasoneofthreepartnersinCsite.com,awebdevelopmentcompanyofabout11people.Itwentoutofbusinessin2009.I'veworkedintheeBusinessThinkTankofDaimlerinthecorporateheadquartersinBerlin(DaimlerChryslerFinancialServices).I'...
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Gibson'sAffordancesActionpossibilitiesinthe
environmentinrelationto
theactioncapabilitiesofan
actor
Independentoftheactor's
experience,knowledge,
cultre,orabilityto
perceieve
Existenceisbinaryan
affordanceexistsoritdoes
notexist.
Norman'sAffordancesPerceivedpropertiesthat
maynotactuallyexist
Suggestionsorcluesasto
howtousetheproperties
Canbedependentonthe
experience,knowledge,or
cultureoftheactor
Canmakeanaction
difficultoreasy
Figure 1: Comparison of affordances as defined by Gibson and
Norman(McGrenereandHo,2000).
that one can walk forward when one sees a solid, opaque
surface that extends under one's feet. The affordance is
walkabilityandtheinformationthatspecifieswalkability
is a perceived invariant combination of a solid, opaque
surfaceofacertainsizerelativetooneself"(McGrenereand
Ho, 2000: p.2). Direct perceptionmeans that the information in our sensory
receptors is enough to perceive anything. We do not need any higherlevel
cognitive processes to mediate between our sensory experience and our
perception(Sternberg1997).
AnaffordanceaccordingtoGibsonexistsrelativetotheactioncapabilities
of particular actors. Therefore, to a thief an open window can have an
affordance of "climbing through" (and subsequently stealing something), but
notsotoachildwhoisnottallenoughtoreachthewindowandthereforedoes
nothavetheactionpossibility.
Affordances, according toGibson, should furthermorenot be viewed as
dependantonculture,priorknowledgeorexpectationsoftheindividual,which
Norman suggests. By disregarding knowledge and expectations of the actor,
Gibsonfocusesonlyontheactioncapabilitiesoftheactorandnot,likeNorman,
on the perceptual and mental capabilities. However, the information that
specifies the affordance is indeed dependant on the actor's experience and
culture.
In otherwords, themisunderstanding regarding the definition of affordances
has arisen because of Norman's ambiguous use of the term and his lack in
separating affordances from the perceptual information that specifies the
affordances. Gaver (1991) has contributed with a framework for separating
affordancesfromtheperceptualinformationavailableaboutthem.Seefigure2:
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Figure 2: Seperating affordances from the perceptual information
thatspecifiesaffordances.AdaptedfromGaver(1991).
May30th,2008
Infigure2,a'falseaffordance'existswhenthereisnoactionpossibilitybutthe
informationthatspecifiesitis(forexample,achairthatlooksturdy,butwhich
ismadeof cardboard).A 'correct rejection' existswhen there isno affordance
andnoperceptualinformationtospecifyitwhereasa'hiddenaffordance'exists
when the affordance is there but the specifying perceptual information is not
(for example, a hidden door). To compare the above classification of
affordances to Norman's sense of the term, both 'false' affordance' and
'perceptible affordance' is comparable with Norman's 'perceived affordance'.
According to Norman, the decisive factor is the perceptual information, so
whenitisthere,regardlessofwhethertheactualaffordancealsois,wemaytalk
about aperceivedaffordance inNorman's senseof the term (indicatedby the
blue,dashedline).
Doesestablishingaclearmeaningthedistinctionmakeadifference?ThedistinctionbetweenGibson'sandNorman'ssenseofaffordancesallowsus
todistinguishbetweentheutility/usefulnessand theusabilityofanobject:We
bothdesignforusefulnessbycreatingaffordances(thepossibilitiesforactionin
thedesign)thatmatchthegoalsoftheuser(therelativityoftheaffordancevis
vis theuser)andwe improve theusabilitybydesigning the information that
specifies the affordances (perceptual information as shadows on buttons to
affordclickabilityetc.).
Wanttolearnmoreaboutaffordances?Ifyouwantto learnmoreaboutaffordancesagoodplacetostartwouldbeto
readGaver(1991).AfterthatyoumayreadtheoriginalworkbyGibson,which
ischapter8inGibson(1979).Ifyouwouldliketomorethoroughlyunderstand
affordances in the light of Gibsons Direct Perception theory you may read
chapters3,5,6,7,8,12,13,and14inGibson(1979)whichshouldbeenoughto
understandhistheory(youcan,ofcourse,alsoreadthewholebook).
UsercontributednotesGiveusyouropinion!Doyouhaveanycomments/additions
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Informative,Ithought.
TheEnglishversionofthistexthassomegrammaticalfuzzinesswhich,ifcorrected,couldmakethemeaningclearer.Onthewhole,Ifoundthecontributionhelpful.
Uxdesign.com(mc(at)uxdesign(dot)com)says:
Athoroughexpositionofthetermsorigin.Thankyou,Mads.However,statingthattherehasbeen"ambiguityinNorman'suseoftheconcept"isaneditorialopinionthatdoesnotservethereaderspurposes.Gilbert'sandNorman'stwoapproachesmerelyrepresentanageoldargument,inthiscaseaverysecondaryone,betweentheoriesofdirectrealismversusindirect,representationalrealism.Gibsonisclearlyinthedirectrealismcamp,thatis,thatthesensesprovideuswithdirectawarenessoftheexternalworld.WhileNormanisalignedwith(themoreconventional)representationalrealism,positingthatweperceivetheworldonlythroughourassumptionsandinterpretations.Regardlessoftheirphilosophicaldifferences,bothGibsonandNormanpointtotheessentialnotionthatthepropertiesandattributesofthingsafford(support)inussomedegreeofcomprehensionofopportunitiesforinteractionwiththem.Thebackgroundarguments,whileofcoursepartofthetermshistory,arefairlysuperfluoustoapprehendingausefuldefinitionofthisentry.
Viveka(interactiondesign(at)viveka(dot)id(dot)au)says:
It'sworthnotingthatNormanhasretractedhisredefinitionof"affordances",writing"Partoftheblamelieswithme:Ishouldhaveusedtheterm"perceivedaffordance".
Also:thisvariationhasnotcaughtonintheotherdisciplinesthatusetheterm(e.g.cognitivepsychologyandAI).UsingthetermthatGibsoncoinedinawaythat'scountertohisdefinitionleadstosomeconfusingconversationsbothwithinthedisciplineofHCIandespeciallywhentalkingacrossdisciplines.
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ReferencesStandard format what'sthis?
Gaver,WilliamW.(1991):TechnologyAffordances.In:Robertson,ScottP.,
Olson,GaryM.andOlson,JudithS.(eds.)ProceedingsoftheACMCHI91
HumanFactorsinComputingSystemsConferenceApril28June5,1991,
NewOrleans,Louisiana.pp.7984.
Gibson,JamesJ.(1979):TheEcologicalApproachtoVisualPerception.New
Jersey,USA,LawrenceErlbaumAssociates
McGrenere,JoannaandHo,Wayne(2000):Affordances:Clarifyingand
EvolvingaConcept.In:ProceedingsofGraphicsInterface2000May1517,
2000,Montreal,Quebec,Canada.pp.179186.
Norman,DonaldA.(1999b):Affordances,Conventions,andDesign.In
Interactions,6(3)pp.3841.
Norman,DonaldA.(1988):TheDesignofEverydayThings.NewYork,
Doubleday
Norman,DonaldA.(1999a):InvisibleComputer:WhyGoodProductsCan
Fail,thePersonalComputerIsSoComplexandInformationAppliances
AretheSolution.London,MITPress
Sternberg,RobertJ.(1996):CognitivePsychology.2nd.Ed..HarcourtBrace
CollegePublishers
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c. IfanyprovisionofthisLicenseisinvalidorunenforceableunderapplicablelaw,itshallnotaffectthevalidityorenforceabilityoftheremainderofthetermsofthisLicense,andwithoutfurtheractionbythepartiestothisagreement,suchprovisionshallbereformedtotheminimumextentnecessarytomakesuchprovisionvalidandenforceable.
d. NotermorprovisionofthisLicenseshallbedeemedwaivedandnobreachconsentedtounlesssuchwaiverorconsentshallbeinwritingandsignedbythepartytobechargedwithsuchwaiverorconsent.
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ii.TheInteractionDesignFoundationAddendumtotheCreativeCommonslicence
TheInteractionDesignFoundationAddendumtotheCreativeCommmonslicenceisaplaceholderforadditionstotheCreativeCommonslicence,whicharedeemednecessarytoincludeinconsiderationofDanishlawandtheoperationofthissiteandTheInteractionDesignFoundation.
1.Attribution
Ifthisworkisusedunderthelicencingconditionssetforthhere,attributionmustbeclearlygiven,i.e.theauthor'sname,thetitleandURLofthiswork/publication/webpagemustclearlyappear.Theattributionmustbegiveninamannerappropriatetothemediuminwhichitisgiven:Forexample,electroniccopiesmustincludeaclickableURL,whichdoesnotusethenofollowattributevalue.
2.Updates
Internettechnology,publishingtechnology,andtheapplicablelaws,rules,andregulationschangefrequently.Accordingly,TheInteractionDesignFoundationreservestheunilateralrighttoupdate,modify,changeandalteritsSiteTermsandConditionsaswellasCopyrightTermsatanytime.Allsuchupdates,modifications,changesandalterationsarebindingonallusersandbrowsersofInteractionDesign.org,readersofelectronicandnoneletronicversionsofthepublicationsproducedbyTheInteractionDesignFoundation.SuchupdateswillbepostedonInteractionDesign.org.
iii.Exceptions
Exceptions
ManymaterialspublishedbyTheInteractionDesignFoundationbothinprintandelectronicallymaycontainmaterialswherethecopyrightisownedbyathirdparty,e.g.anotherpublisher.Inthiscase,thecopyrightstatusdependsonthethirdparty,i.e.thecopyrightowner,andmayforexamplebe"allrightsreservedusedwithpermission".Whenthisisthecase,weclearlylabelthecontent.Forimages,webothwritethespecificcopyrightlabel(includingattribution)underneaththecaptioninbothelectronicandprintcopiesaswellasincludethecopyrightlabel(includingattribution)insidetheimagefile(i.e.thefullresolutionversion)inmetadatatypeslikeEXIF,IPTC,andXMP.Weonlyincludeandlabelcontentwiththefollowingcopyrightterms:
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c. AllRightsReservedUsedWithoutPermission:AllRightsReserved.Nonfree,copyrightedmaterialsusedwithoutpermission.ThematerialsareusedwithoutpermissionofthecopyrightholderbecausethematerialsmeetthelegalcriteriaforFairUseand/orbecauseTheInteractionDesignFoundationhasnotbeenabletocontactthecopyrightholder.ThemostcommoncasesofFairUseare:1)Coverart:Coverartfromvariousitems,foridentificationonlyinthecontextofcriticalcommentaryofthatitem(notforidentificationwithoutcriticalcommentary).2)Teamandcorporatelogos:Foridentification.3)Otherpromotionalmaterial:Posters,programs,billboards,ads:Forcriticalcommentary.4)Filmandtelevisionscreenshots:Forcriticalcommentaryanddiscussionofthecinemaandtelevision.5)Screenshotsfromsoftwareproducts:Forcriticalcommentary.6)Paintingsandotherworksofvisualart:Forcriticalcommentary,includingimagesillustrativeofaparticulartechniqueorschool.7)Imageswithiconicstatusorhistoricalimportance:Assubjectsofcommentary.8)Imagesthatarethemselvessubjectofcommentary.
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e. CCAtt1:CreativeCommonsAttribution1.0UnportedLegalCode(fulllicencetext):http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/1.0/
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h. CCAtt:CreativeCommonsAttribution3.0UnportedLegalCode(fulllicencetext):http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
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l. CCAttND:CreativeCommonsAttributionNoDerivs3.0UnportedLegalCode(fulllicencetext):http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bynd/3.0/
m. CCAttSA1:CreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlike1.0UnportedLegalCode(fulllicencetext):http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bysa/1.0/
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o. CCAttSA2:CreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlike2.0UnportedLegalCode(fulllicencetext):http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bysa/2.0/
p. CCAttSA:CreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlike3.0UnportedLegalCode(fulllicencetext):http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bysa/3.0/
q. Unknown:Copyrightstatusunknown
r. Trademarksandlogos:Alltrademarks,logos,servicemarks,collectivemarks,designrights,personalityrightsorsimilarrightsthatarementioned,usedorcitedbyTheInteractionDesignFoundationanditsauthorsarethepropertyoftheirrespectiveowners.TheuseofanytrademarkinourmaterialsdoesnotvestintheauthororTheInteractionDesignFoundationanytrademarkownershiprightsinsuchtrademarks,nordoestheuseofsuchtrademarksimplyanyaffiliationwithorendorsementofTheInteractionDesignFoundationanditsauthorsbysuchowners.AssuchTheInteractionDesignFoundationcannotgrantanyrightstouseanyotherwiseprotectedmaterials.Youruseofanysuchorsimilarincorporealpropertyisatyourownrisk.Wordswhichwehavereasontobelieveconstitutetrademarksmayormaynothavebeenlabelledassuch.However,neitherthepresencenorabsenceofsuchlabelsshouldberegardedasaffectingthelegalstatusofanytrademarks.
WhilemostmaterialproducedbyTheInteractionDesignFoundationisfreetouseunderitsrespectivelicenseasoutlinedabove,somematerialsmaybesubjecttoadditionallegalrestrictionswhentheyareusedinparticularcircumstancesorinparticularways.Theselimitationsmayarisefromlawsrelatedtotrademarks,patents,personalityrights,politicalcensorship,oranyofmanyotherlegalcauseswhichareentirelyindependentfromthecopyrightstatusofthework.Forexample,ifyouuseapublicdomainimage(i.e.uncopyrighted)ofanappletosellcomputers,youwillviolatethetrademarkrightsofAppleComputer,Inc.
Inaddition,contentlinkedfromapage/chapter/book(intheonlineversions)isnotcoveredbyoneofourlicensesunlessspecificallynoted.Forexample,pagesmaylinktovideosorslidedecksthatarenotcovered.ThedesignofInteractionDesign.org(graphics,html,clientsidescripts,etc.)iscopyrightofMadsSoegaard.
iv.TheSiteTermsandConditionsTheseSiteTermsandConditions("Terms")isalegallybindingagreementmadebyandbetweenTheInteractionDesignFoundationandyou,personallyand,ifapplicable,onbehalfoftheentityforwhomyouareusingthiswebsiteoranyofitsservices(collectively,"you").TheseTermsgovernyouruseofTheInteractionDesignFoundation'swebsite,www.interactiondesign.org,andTheInteractionDesignFoundation'sservicessopleasereadthefollowingcarefully.
Byaccessingorusinganypartofthewebsite,youagreethatyouhaveread,understand,andagreetobeboundbythisTerms.ifyoudonotagreetobesobound,donotaccessorusethewebsite.
Internettechnologyandtheapplicablelaws,rules,andregulationschangefrequently.Accordingly,TheInteractionDesignFoundationreservestherighttomakechangestotheseTermsatanytime.YourcontinueduseofthewebsiteconstitutesassenttoanynewormodifiedprovisionofthisTermsthatmaybepostedonthewebsite.
TheseTermsaddressesyourlegalrightsandobligationsandincludesimportantdisclaimersandchoiceoflawandforumprovisions.
1.ChoiceofLawandForumProvisions(GoverningLaw)
InteractionDesign.orgisrunbyTheInteractionDesignFoundation,aprivatelyheldcorporationresidinginAarhus,Denmark.YouagreethattheseTermsandyouruseofInteractionDesign.organdthematerialsproducedbyTheInteractionDesignFoundationaregovernedbythelawsofDenmark.Youherebyconsenttotheexclusivejurisdictionandvenueofthecourts,tribunals,agenciesandotherdisputeresolutionorganizationsinDenmarkinalldisputes
a. arisingoutof,relatingto,orconcerningInteractionDesign.org,TheInteractionDesignFoundation,and/ortheseTerms
b. inwhichInteractionDesign.org,TheInteractionDesignFoundation,and/ortheseTermsisanissueoramaterialfact
c. orinwhichInteractionDesign.org,TheInteractionDesignFoundation,and/ortheseTermsisreferencedinapaperfiledinacourt,tribunal,agencyorotherdisputeresolutionorganization.
TheInteractionDesignFoundationhasendeavouredtocomplywithalllegalrequirementsknowntoitincreatingandmaintainingInteractionDesign.organdTheInteractionDesignFoundation,butmakesnorepresentationthatmaterialsonInteractionDesign.orgorproducedbyTheInteractionDesignFoundationareappropriateoravailableforuseinanyparticularjurisdiction.Youareresponsibleforcompliancewithapplicablelaws.AnyuseincontraventionofthisprovisionoranyprovisionoftheseTermsisatyourownriskand,ifanypartoftheseTermsisinvalidorunenforceableunderapplicablelaw,theinvalidorunenforceableprovisionwillbedeemedsupersededbyavalid,enforceableprovisionthatmostcloselymatchestheintentoftheoriginalprovisionandtheremainderoftheseTermsshallgovernsuchuse.
2.Liability
YouruseofandbrowsingInteractionDesign.orgisatyourownrisk.TheInteractionDesignFoundationdoesnotwarrantthatthesoftwareusedforInteractionDesign.org,andtheinformation,material,andcontentonit,oranyotherservicesandmaterialsprovidedbymeansofInteractionDesign.orgorbyTheInteractionDesignFoundationareerrorfree,orthattheirusewillbeuninterrupted.TheInteractionDesignFoundationexpresslydisclaimsallwarrantiesrelatedtotheabovementionedsubjectmatter,including,withoutlimitation,thoseofaccuracy,condition,merchantabilityandfitnessforparticularpurpose.NotwithstandinganythingtothecontraryonInteractionDesign.org,innoeventshallTheInteractionDesignFoundationbeliableforanylossofprofits,revenues,indirect,special,incidental,consequential,orothersimilardamagesarisingoutoforinconnectionwithInteractionDesign.orgoroutoftheuseofanyoftheservicesproposedbymeansofInteractionDesign.org.
3.Updates
Internettechnology,publishingtechnology,andtheapplicablelaws,rules,andregulationschangefrequently.Accordingly,TheInteractionDesignFoundationreservestheunilateralrighttoupdate,modify,changeandalteritsSiteTermsandConditionsaswellasCopyrightTermsatanytime.Allsuchupdates,modifications,changesandalterationsarebindingonallusersandbrowsersofInteractionDesign.org,readersofelectronicandnoneletronicversionsofthepublicationsproducedbyTheInteractionDesignFoundation.
SuchupdateswillbepostedonInteractionDesign.org.
4.LegalDisclaimer
TheInteractionDesignFoundationanditsauthorsmakenorepresentationsastoaccuracy,completeness,currentness,suitability,orvalidityofanyinformation,material,orcontentonInteractionDesign.org.
THEMATERIALANDCONTENTPOSTEDONINTERACTIONDESIGN.ORGANDANYCONTENTPROUDCEDBYORPUBLISHEDTHROUGHTHEINTERACTIONDESIGNFOUNDATIONAREPROVIDED"ASIS"WITHOUTANYEXPRESSWARRANTYORIMPLIEDWARRANTYOFANYKINDINCLUDINGWARRANTIESOFMERCHANTABILITY,NONINFRINGEMENTOFINTELLECTUALPROPERTY,ORFITNESSFORANYPARTICULARPURPOSE.INNOEVENTSHALLTHEINTERACTIONDESIGNFOUNDATIONBELIABLEFORANYDAMAGESWHATSOEVER(INCLUDING,WITHOUTLIMITATION,DAMAGESFORLOSSOFPROFITS,BUSINESSINTERRUPTION,LOSSOFINFORMATION)ARISINGOUTOFTHEUSEOFORINABILITYTOUSETHEMATERIALS,EVENIFTHEINTERACTIONDESIGNFOUNDATIONHASBEENADVISEDOFTHEPOSSIBILITYOFSUCHDAMAGES.
Becausesomejurisdictionsprohibittheexclusionorlimitationofliabilityforconsequentialandorincidentaldamages,theabovelimitationmaynotapplytoyou.Furthermore,TheInteractionDesignFoundationdoesnotwarranttheaccuracyorcompletenessofinformationoflinksorotheritemscontainedwithinthesematerialsthathavebeenprovidedbythirdparties.
5.Provisionregardingchangeinattributionofcopyrightedmaterials
[email protected],oryourorganization,wishtocorrectorchangeattributionorpresentationofanyimage/materialusedonInteractionDesign.org,whichyou,oryourorganization,aretherightfulcopyrightholderof.Wewillrequestthatyousubmitproofofyourownershipofthecopyrightonthismaterialbutwillactimmediatelyonanyreasonablerequest.
6.Noticeandprodecureforclaimsofcopyrightinfringement
EveryefforthasbeenmadebytheindividualcontributingauthorsaswellasTheInteractionDesignFoundationtodiscoverandcontactcopyrightholdersofartwork/illustrations/contentusedonInteractionDesign.org.Totheextentthatacopyrightholdercouldnotbefoundoraninadvertentpermissionsorcopyrighterrorwasmade,TheInteractionDesignFoundationstandsreadytoremovecontentuponnoticeandrequestbyacopyrightholder.InthecasethatyoubelievethatanycontentorothermaterialprovidedthroughInteractionDesign.orginfringesyourcopyright,youshouldnotifyTheInteractionDesignFoundationofyourinfringementclaiminaccordancewiththeproceduresetforthbelow.
WewillprocesseachnoticeofallegedinfringementwhichTheInteractionDesignFoundationreceivesandtakeappropriateactioninaccordancewithapplicableintellectualpropertylaws.Anotificationofclaimedcopyrightinfringementshouldbeemailedtomads@interactiondesign.org(subject:"TakedownRequest").Youmayalsocontactusbymailat:
TheInteractionDesignFoundationChr.MolbechsVej4DK8000AarhusC.Denmark
Tobeeffective,thenotificationmustbeinwritingandcontainthefollowinginformation:
a. anelectronicorphysicalsignatureofthecopyrightownerorthepersonauthorizedtoactonbehalfoftheownerofthecopyrightinterest
b. adescriptionofthecopyrightedworkthatyouclaimhasbeeninfringedc. adescriptionofwherethematerialthatyouclaimisinfringingislocatedonInteractionDesign.org
thatisreasonablysufficienttoenableustoidentifyandlocatethematerial;d. howTheInteractionDesignFoundationcancontactyou,suchasyouraddress,telephonenumber,
andemailaddresse. awrittenstatementbyyouthatyouhaveagoodfaithbeliefthatthedisputeduseisnotauthorized
bythecopyrightowner,itsagent,orthelawf. ifyourepresentapublisher,awrittenstatementbyyouthatyouhaveagoodfaithbeliefthatthe
materialhasnotbeenplacedinthepublicdomain,orlicencedunderanotherlicence,beforeyouacquiredthecopyrightasthiswouldpossiblyinvalidateyourcopyright
g. andastatementbyyou,madeunderpenaltyofperjury,thattheaboveinformationinyournoticeisaccurateandthatyouarethecopyrightownerorauthorizedtoactonthecopyrightowner'sbehalf.
7.Trademarksandotherrights
Alltrademarks,logos,servicemarks,collectivemarks,designrights,personalityrightsorsimilarrightsthatarementioned,usedorcitedbyTheInteractionDesignFoundationanditsauthorsarethepropertyoftheirrespectiveowners.TheuseofanytrademarkinourmaterialsdoesnotvestintheauthororTheInteractionDesignFoundationanytrademarkownershiprightsinsuchtrademarks,nordoestheuseofsuchtrademarksimplyanyaffiliationwithorendorsementofTheInteractionDesignFoundationanditsauthorsbysuchowners.AssuchTheInteractionDesignFoundationcannotgrantanyrightstouseanyotherwiseprotectedmaterials.Youruseofanysuchorsimilarincorporealpropertyisatyourownrisk.Wordswhichwehavereasontobelieveconstitutetrademarksmayormaynothavebeenlabelledassuch.However,neitherthepresencenorabsenceofsuchlabelsshouldberegardedasaffectingthelegalstatusofanytrademarks.
8.Screenshots
Screenshotsofcopyrightedcomputersoftware,forwhichthecopyrightisheldbytheauthor(s)orthecompanythatcreatedthesoftware,isbelievedtofallunderthefairusedoctrineintheUS(andsimilarlawsinothercountries).Itisbelievedthatreproductionforpurposessuchascriticism,comment,newsreporting,teaching,orresearchisnotcopyrightinfringement.Ifyoureusescreenshots,aswellasanyotherinformationprovidedbyTheInteractionDesignFoundation,youdosoatyourownriskandunderthecopyrightlawsofyourcountry.
9.CopyrightofAbstracts
AbstractsintheWikiBibliography(/references/)aresubmittedbytheirauthorswhousethewikitomaketheirresearchasaccessibleaspossible.WhenapageonInteractionDesign.orgcites/references/listsaworkfromthebibliography,itsabstractisincluded.However,abstractshavevaryingcopyrightsdependingwhichpublishertheworkispublishedthrough.Youshouldassumethatanabstractiscopyright,allrightsreserved,ofitspublisherand/orauthorandthereforealwaysuse/citeabstractsaccordingtoFairUse.Youmayvisitthepublisher'swebsitetolearnaboutthespecificcopyrightterms(e.g.ACM,IEEE,orSpringer)orcontacttheauthordirectly.Bottomline:Cite/useabstractsaccordingtotheprinciplesoffairuseasitmayotherwisebeconstruedasacopyrightinfringementandsubjecttolegalaction.
10.UserSubmissions/UserContent
YouunderstandandacknowledgethatadditionstotheWikiBibliography(includingarticleabstracts),additionstheConferenceCalendar(includingconferencedescriptions),usercontributednotesoneachpage(includingtext,photographs,graphics),orothermaterialspostedbyusersonInteractionDesign.org("Content")arethesoleresponsibilityofthepersonfromwhomsuchContentoriginated.Thismeansthatyou,andnotTheInteractionDesignFoundation,areentirelyresponsibleforallContentthatyouupload,postorotherwisemakeavailabletootherusersofInteractionDesign.org.
WhensubmittingcontenttoInteractionDesign.org,youagreetonot:
a. impersonateanypersonorentityorfalselystateorotherwisemisrepresentyouraffiliationwithapersonorentity;
b. upload,postorotherwisemakeavailableanyContentthatyoudonothavearighttomakeavailableunderanylaworundercontractualorfiduciaryrelationships(suchasinsideinformation,proprietaryandconfidentialinformationlearnedordisclosedaspartofemploymentrelationshipsorundernondisclosureagreements);
c. upload,postorotherwisemakeavailableanyContentthatinfringesanypatent,trademark,tradesecret,copyrightorotherproprietaryrights("Rights")ofanyparty;
d. upload,postorotherwisemakeavailableanyContentthatisunlawful,harmful,threatening,
abusive,harassing,tortious,defamatory,vulgar,obscene,libelous,invasiveofanother'sprivacy,hateful,orracially,ethnicallyorotherwiseobjectionable;
YouacknowledgethatTheInteractionDesignFoundationshallhavetherighttoremoveanyContentthatviolatestheseSiteTermsandConditionsorisotherwiseobjectionable.
11.ThirdPartyWebsites
Ifweprovidelinksorpointerstootherwebsites,noinferenceorassumptionshouldbemadethatTheInteractionDesignFoundationoperates,controls,orisotherwiseconnectedwiththesewebsites.WhenyouclickonalinkwithinInteractionDesign.org,wewillnotwarnyouthatyouhaveleftaSiteandaresubjecttothetermsandconditions(includingprivacypolicies)ofthedestinationwebsite.InsomecasesitmaybelessobviousthanothersthatyouhaveleftaSiteandreachedanotherwebsite.Pleasebecarefultoreadthetermsofuseandprivacypolicyofanywebsitebeforeyouprovideanyconfidentialinformationorengageinanytransactions.YoushouldnotrelyontheseTermsforanotherwebsite.TheInteractionDesignFoundationisnotresponsibleforthecontentorpracticesofanyotherwebsite.ByusingInteractionDesign.org,youacknowledgeandagreethatTheInteractionDesignFoundationisnotresponsibleorliabletoyouforanycontentorothermaterialshostedandservedfromanythirdpartywebsite.
12.Emailcommunication:Confidentialandproprietaryinformationnotice
EmailmessagessentfrommembersofTheInteractionDesignFoundation,includingemailsgeneratedfromtheuseoftheinteractiondesign.orgwebsite,areproprietarytoTheInteractionDesignFoundation,andareintendedsolelyfortheuseoftheindividualtowhomtheyareaddressed.Suchmessagesmaycontainprivilegedorconfidentialinformationandshouldnotbecirculatedorusedforanypurposeotherthanforwhattheyareintended.IfyoureceiveamessagefromamemberofTheInteractionDesignFoundationinerror,pleasenotifythesenderimmediately.Ifyouarenottheintendedrecipient,youareherebynotifiedthatyouarestrictlyprohibitedfromusing,copying,altering,ordisclosingthecontentsofthemessage.TheInteractionDesignFoundationacceptsnoresponsibilityforlossordamagearisingfromtheuseoftheinformationtransmittedbyemailmessageincludingdamagefromvirus.
13.Usageconditions
PleasemakesurethatyouunderstandthattheinformationprovidedbyTheInteractionDesignFoundationisbeingprovidedfreely,andthatnokindofagreementorcontractiscreatedbetweenyouandtheowners,partners,users,orauthorsofthissite,theownersoftheserversuponwhichitishoused,theindividualcontributorsoftheTheInteractionDesignFoundation,anyprojectadministrators,sysopsoranyoneelsewhoisinanywayconnectedwiththisproject.IfyouchoosetouseorcopyanythingfromfromthissiteitdoesnotcreateorimplyanycontractualorextracontractualliabilityonthepartofTheInteractionDesignFoundationoranyofitsmembers,partners,sponsors,contributorsorotherusers.Youruseofanysuchorsimilarincorporealpropertyisatyourownrisk.
14.Termination
TheInteractionDesignFoundationwillhavetherighttoterminateyouraccesstotheWebSiteifitreasonablybelievesyouhavebreachedanyofthetermsandconditionsoftheseTerms.Followingtermination,youwillnotbepermittedtousetheWebSite.IfyouraccesstotheWebSiteisterminated,TheInteractionDesignFoundationreservestherighttoexercisewhatevermeansitdeemsnecessarytopreventunauthorizedaccesstotheWebSite,including,butnotlimitedto,technologicalbarriers,IPmapping,anddirectcontactwithyourInternetServiceProvider.TheseTermswillsurviveindefinitelyunlessanduntilTheInteractionDesignFoundationchoosestoterminatethem,regardlessofwhetheranyaccountyouopenisterminatedbyyouorTheInteractionDesignFoundationorifyouhavetherighttoaccessorusetheWebSite.
15.ForceMajeure,websitedowntime,andserviceoutages
TheInteractionDesignFoundationwillnotbeliableforfailingtoperformundertheseTermsbecauseofanyeventbeyonditsreasonablecontrol,including,withoutlimitation,alabordisturbance,anInternetoutageorinterruptionofservice,acommunicationsoutage,failurebyaserviceprovidertoTheInteractionDesignFoundationtoperform,fire,terrorism,naturaldisaster,orwar.
16.LimitationofActions
Youacknowledgeandagreethat,regardlessofanystatuteorlawtothecontrary,anyclaimorcauseofactionyoumayhavearisingoutof,relatingto,orconnectedwithyouruseoftheWebSite,mustbefiledwithinonecalendaryearaftersuchclaimorcauseofactionarises,orforeverbebarred.
17.Payments
OnlinepaymentisacceptedbyPaypal.TheInteractionDesignFoundationdoesnotprocesscreditcardpaymentsdirectlyoreversee,retain,oruseyourcreditcardinformation.
18.TaxesandVAT
InthenameofSimplicityforourmembers/clientsandtheonlineUserExperience,ourpricesalwaysincludeVATwhenapplicable.TheInteractionDesignFoundationisbasedinDenmarksowepay25%VATofpaymentsdependingonwhichoriginatingcountrythememberorcustomerisfrom.
19.OwnershipofInteractionDesign.org,TheInteractionDesignFoundation,anditsservices
InteractionDesign.orgisownedandoperatedbyTheInteractionDesignFoundation,aprivatelyheldcorporationincorporatedunderthelawsofDenmark,withofficeinAarhus,Denmark.
Address:TheInteractionDesignFoundationChr.MolbechsVej4DK8000AarhusC.Denmark
20.ChangestotheWebSite
TheInteractionDesignFoundationmay,initssolediscretion,change,modify,suspend,makeimprovementsto,ordiscontinueanyaspectoftheWebSite,temporarilyorpermanently,atanytimewithoutnoticetoyou,andTheInteractionDesignFoundationwillnotbeliablefordoingso.
21.AdditionalTerms
TheseTermscontaintheentireunderstandingofyouandTheInteractionDesignFoundationregardingtheuseoftheWebSiteandtheservicesofTheInteractionDesignFoundation,andsupersedesallpriorandcontemporaneousagreementsandunderstandingsbetweenyouandTheInteractionDesignFoundationrelatingthereto.TheseTermswillbebindinguponeachpartyheretoanditssuccessorsandpermittedassigns.TheseTermsandallofyourrightsandobligationsunderthemmaynotbeassignableortransferablebyyouwithoutthepriorwrittenconsentofTheInteractionDesignFoundation.Nofailureordelaybyapartyinexercisinganyright,power,orprivilegeundertheseTermswilloperateasawaiverthereof,norwillanysingleorpartialexerciseofanyright,powerorprivilegeprecludeanyotherorfurtherexercisethereofortheexerciseofanyotherright,power,orprivilegeundertheseTerms.YouandTheInteractionDesignFoundationareindependentcontractors,andnoagency,partnership,jointventure,employeeemployerrelationshipisintendedorcreatedbytheseTerms.TheinvalidityorunenforceabilityofanyprovisionoftheseTermswillnotaffectthevalidityorenforceabilityofanyotherprovisionoftheseTerms,allofwhichwillremaininfullforceandeffect.
22.LegalDisputes
AnydisputearisingfromtheuseofInteractionDesign.orgortheinterpretationofthetermsisgovernedbythelawsofDenmark,andshallbesettledbythecourtsofDenmark.Allcommunicationsregardinglegalmattersmustbemadeinwritingto
TheInteractionDesignFoundationChr.MolbechsVej4DK8000AarhusC.Denmark
iv.SitePrivacyPolicy
1.Summary
TheInteractionDesignFoundationcollectsnomoredataaboutyouthanmostotherwebsites.
Anymembershipinformationyouprovidetouswillbeusedbyusinordertomaintainaregisterofmembersandsupplyyouwithanygoodsandservicesyouhaverequestedfromourwebsite.
Edits,comments,commentariesandothercontributionsarepublished,andexceptinverylimitedcircumstances,willbeapermanentpartofthissite.Ifyoudecidecontribute,youmustkeepthisinmind.YourcontributionswillbesubjecttotheSiteTermsandConditionsandourSiteIP/Copyrightpolicy.
Under"TheActonProcessingofPersonalData",incorporatedunderDanishlaw,youmayrequestacopyoftheinformationweholdonyou(forwhichwemaychargeafeetooffsetouradministrationcosts)bywritingtous.
Thisprivacypolicywillbereviewed,andmayberevised,fromtimetotime.Youmaywishtorevisititregularly.
2.Nosellingofinformation
Wedonotshareorsellemailaddresses,obtainedviacommunicationwithvisitors,withanyone.Neitherwillanyidentifyingdatabedisclosedorsoldtoanythirdpartyforanypurpose.Datawecollectthroughloggingvisitstooursite(orginatingIP,referraldata,browserandplatformtype,trafficflows,geographicalareaofrequest,etc.)isonlyusedinanaggregatedform,whichmeanswewillnotmakeanyefforttoidentifyusersofInteractionDesign.org.Thedataisonlyusedforserveradministration,faultfinding,siteimprovement,etc.asisdoneonmostwebsites.
Aggregate(andthuscompletelynonidentifying)statisticsgeneratedfromtheselogsmaybereportedaspartofresearchresultsormaybepublishedonthissiteasacuriosity.
3.Cookies
Oursitesmayusecookies.Thisisoftenasaconvenienceforyoutoenablecertainsitefeatures.
Youmaywishtoclearthesecookiesandthebrowsercacheifyouwishtorefrainfromrevealinganyidentifyinginformation,especiallyifyouareusingapublicorsharedcomputer.Youmayalsowishtodisableyourbrowserfromacceptingcookies.
4.Privatelogging
Anytimeyouvisitapageontheinternet,yousendquiteabitofinformationtotheserver.Thewebserversthathostthissitemaintainaccesslogswiththeinformationthatyousend.Thisinformationisusedtoprovidesitestatisticsandtogetanideaofpopularpagesandwhatsiteslinkhere.Wedonotintendtousetheselogstoidentifylegitimateusers.
Thedataloggedmaybeusedbyustosolvetechnicalproblemswiththesiteand,incasesofabuseofthissite,toinvestigatetheabuse.
WealsousewebanalyticsservicestogetageneralideaofthekindsoftrafficourwebsitesgetinordertoprovidebetterservicesandtosetbenchmarksforhowwearedoinginmeetingtheOKFNsgoals.
Again,ifyouareconcernedaboutattemptstomatchyourIPaddresstoyouridentity,youmaywishtouseananonymousbrowsingserviceorattemptsomemeanstoobfuscateyourrealIPaddress.
5.Datareleasepolicy
Ourpolicyisonlytoreleasethedatawecollectinthefollowingcircumstances:
Asrequiredbylaw,suchasinresponsetoavalidrequestfromlawenforcement.
Todesignatedthirdpartiestoresolveorinvestigateabusecomplaints.
Whentheinformationisrelatedtospidersorbots,usuallywheninvestigatingtechnicalissues.
Forabusiveusers,wemayreleaseinformationtoassistinattemptingtoblocktheabusiveuserorto
complaintothatusersInternetServiceProvider.
Ifnecessarytodefendlegalclaimsagainstusbythirdparties.
Whenwedeemitnecessarytoprotectthepropertyorrightsoftheusercommunity,orthiswebsite.
6.Publicdataandpublishing
Browsingthissitedoesn'trevealyouridentitypublicly,thoughseePrivateLogginglaterinthisdocumentformoreinformation.
7.Authoridentification
Whenmakingcontributionstothissite(e.g.postingacomment,commentaries,editingapageinthewiki,etc),anameandemailaddressmayberequired.Youdonothavetoselectyourrealnameoruseyourregularemailaddress.Ifyouareconcerned,youmaywishtogetafreeemailaccountorattempttousearemailservice.
YouractivityonourwebsitemaybeidentifiedbyyourIPaddress.Thesenumberscouldpotentiallybetraceabletoidentifyinginformationaboutyou,whetheritisyourhomeISPortheUniversityorWorkaccountwheretheIPaddressisregistered.YourIPaddresscouldpotentiallybeusedinconjunctionwithotherdatatoidentifyyou.
IfyouareconcernedaboutattemptstomatchyourIPaddresstoyouridentity,youmaywishtouseananonymousbrowsingserviceorattemptsomemeanstoobfuscateyourrealIPaddress.
Ifso,youmightliketotryTor,ananonymousbrowsingservice.
8.Informationsecurity
Wemakenoguaranteethattheinformationthatyouprovideuswillbesecure.
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