Affordable Housing in KL -LATEST.ppt.Pptx (1)

Affordable Housing in Kuala Lumpur: Justice for the Working Poor from

the Islamic Perspective

Seminar 1 Group Members: Gajikoh Mohamed Sellu Hashim Abdullah Nadiah Johari Ramzan Zakiah Ponrahono

Values and Ethics in Islamic Built Environment

Dr. Azila Ahmad Sarkawi 10 August 2012

CONTENTS Introduction:

1. House from Islamic perspective

2. Overview of current affordable housing scenario in Kuala Lumpur (KL)

3. What is affordable housing?

Body of Content:

1. Benefits of affordable housing 2. Affordable Housing Policy in Malaysia 3. Best Practice of Affordable Housing Policy 4. The Architecture of Affordable Housing in KL 5. Good Name for Affordable Housing 6. Best Practices of the Architecture of Affordable Housing 7. Urban Planner Code of Conduct to Solve the Affordable Housing Issues

Conclusion:

1. Considerations for KL

2. Islamic perspective on affordable housing

The Scenario of Affordable Housing Planning

and Development in Kuala Lumpur

In 1996, the Zero Squatter by 2005 policy was implemented in the whole Malaysia. Further to the economic recession in the late 1997, a four-tier pricing system on PPR

schemes in cities and major town for the resettlement of squatters has been implemented

in order to ensure its citizen, particularly lower income groups, to continue enjoying the

benefits of adequate, affordable and quality housing. However, it is important to ensure

that the provisions of housing are able to create a harmonious society and promoting a

sustainable living environment. (Goh, Ai Tee and Ahmad, Yahaya, n.d)

To enhance the quality of life of the urban population, the provision of more systematic and

well organized urban services programmes will emphasize on sustainable development,

promoting greater community participation and social integration of the population. (Noraliah

Idrus and HO Chin Siong, 2008)

Affordable homes built through the planning system account for less than 12% of total new

housing output but for over 50% of all new affordable homes.

There are many homeless people in Kuala Lumpur, including those who have jobs but do not

earn enough to rent a room or house. They sleep on the streets of popular areas in the city.

(http://allmalaysia.info/2010/07/19/homeless-in-kl/)

Introduction from the Islamic Perspective

House is a microcosm of culture and civilization because the primary elements of society, individuals organized along with the family lines, are born, raised and educated in them (Spahic).

The strength of the institutions of the family and house is the strength of a society and the spirit of its cultural and civilisation. Similarly, failure in the institutions of the family and house denote failure in a society and in its cultural and civilisation (Spahic).

House is the ground for living and practicing the most essential segments of human existence on earth, and the ground for living the most essential part of the Islamic worldview, shariah, and ethics (Spahic).

Overview of Current Affordable Housing Scenario in Kuala Lumpur

The special policies for low cost housing in Federal Territory of Kuala

Lumpur are:

Every housing project of more than 5 acres should allocate 30% of the area for low cost housing

The minimum size per unit of low cost house is 550 sq ft, it has 3 bedrooms and selling price of RM25 000 per unit

Low cost houses should be sold through the Housing Management Department, DBKL

The construction of the low cost houses should be started at the middle stage of the project. The developers are not allowed to slow

down to build the low cost units

All public low-cost housing units developed in the urban areas

to be high rise flats.

Table 1: Four Tier Pricing For Low Cost Houses

Table 6: Comparison of Area for 3 Bedroom Type Flats in the City of Kuala

Lumpur in 1977 and 2000

(Source: Leong, 1979: 95; JPN, 2000)

Figure 1: Typical Plan for 18-storey Low-cost Flat

(Source: Housing Department, DBKL, 2006)

Figure 2: Standard Unit Layout Plan for 18-storey Low-cost Flat

(Source: by the Author using JPNs standard unit layout plan, 2006)

The factors in determining a quality low-cost flat arranged in descending degrees of importance are: house safety, provision of public amenities, unit internal

environment, maintenance and surrounding environment, location, sanitary

fittings, unit size, type of house, material used, unit internal layout, quality of

workmanship, structure of the house and appearance.

There are no specific planning and design guidelines for low medium cost housing compared to low cost housing. The conditions imposed by local

authorities are different from one project to another. This inconsistencies creates

confusion among the private developers.

The Draft Kuala Lumpur Structure Plan 2020 does not included low medium cost housing category in the projection of houses unit to be built by year 2020.

Although the emphasis of Structure Plan is to provide more houses in medium

cost range (including low medium cost), specific policies and projection for low

medium cost housing category were not clearly stated.

Issues on Current Affordable Housing in KL

Fig. Homeless working poor in KL (allmalaysia.info)

Issues on Current Affordable Housing in KL

There are many homeless people in Kuala Lumpur, including those who have jobs but do not

earn enough to rent a room or house. They sleep on the streets of popular areas in the city.

What is affordable housing?

Commonly known as low-cost housing. Housing is considered affordable if it costs no more than thirty percent of

the monthly household income for rent and utilities (NPH).

Housing that receives direct and indirect financial assistance and developed outside market-rate private system (NPH).

Types of affordable housing can be ownership or rental, a single duplex or the size of many market-rate apartment complexes.

Providing housing for the local workforce, especially lower wage earners. Can promote economic and social integration. Can prevent unnecessary, costly public expenditures by providing stable

living situations for the homeless and people with special needs. Subsidised

housing is the best protection against returning to a shelter (Vera).

Revitalises distressed areas by directing economic benefits to the local community, such as increased jobs and sales taxes.

Benefits of Affordable Housing

Affordable Housing Policy in Malaysia

The governments commitment towards low-cost housing started during the First Malaysia Plan (19661970) while the private sectors involvement was in the Second Malaysia Plan (19711975) when the government realized the need and importance of the role of the private sector in ensuring an adequate supply of low

cost housing for the country (Ghani & Lee, 1997).

Housing policies can be grouped into 3 categories :

o Before 1970

o 1970s to 1990

o After 1990s

Summary of Malaysia Housing Policy

Summary of Malaysia Housing Policy (cont'd)

Summary of Malaysia Housing Policy (cont'd)

Source: Noraliah Idrus and HO Chin Siong, Affordable and Quality Housing Through

The Low Cost Housing Provision in Malaysia, 2008.

The federal governments policy with regard to low cost housing by the private sector can be summarized as follows :

i) 30% Low Cost Component

The policy requires all private housing developers of projects above a certain

threshold to construct at least 30% low cost housing units. The threshold or

minimum size of development which must provide the low cost component

varies between states, each taking into account demand (or the lack of it) as

well as lack of land in major urban areas.

ii) RM25 000 Selling Price Ceiling

Houses constructed under the low cost component can be sold only at a price

not exceeding RM 25 000. This ceiling, set in 1982, has been a contentious

issue for developers and consumers alike because the cost of construction of

the low cost houses is typically higher than its selling price.

Source: Noraliah Idrus and HO Chin Siong, AFfordable and Quality Housing Through


Federal Policy

iii) RM750 Household Income

Buyers of the low cost units must have a combined household income not

exceeding RM 750 per month. About 60% or urban households in Malaysia in

1980 fell within this income group (ie income less than or equal to RM750). The

income level in Malaysia has however risen by about 3.1% per annum between

1970 and 1990 and the current labour shortage in all sectors of the economy

has ensured that wages continue to enjoy an upward trend.

iv) Minimum Design Standards

The policy specifies that each low cost house must have a minimum built-up

area of 550 to 600 sq ft comprising 2 bedrooms, a living room, a kitchen and a

bathroom. The houses may be of any type including flats, terrace or even

detached houses. Generally, developers have to opt for high density

developments (such as flats or cluster houses) in order to achieve economist of

scale or to reduce the amount of land used for the low cost component.



Federal Policy (cont'd)

Policies at the national level are general in nature and have to be

translated into more detailed policies and strategies. At the state level the

policies are embedded in the Structure Plans for each state. The plans are

then translated into more detail in the Local Plans including specific

requirements by the Local Authorities.

The process of translating from the more general policies at the national

level into detailed strategies and requirements at state and local authority

levels is however not uniform, with promised benefits not given or

additional conditions burdening the low cost housing industry at the local

level. The local authorities may have adopted different standards based on

local conditions.

State Policy



The Public Low Cost Housing Programmes

Undertaken by the state governments with the supervision and monitoring of the Ministry of Housing and Local Government.

The federal government provides loans to the state governments The governments are involved in the implementation of:

i) Public Low Cost Housing Programmes consisting of public low cost housing, site

and services schemes and the housing loan scheme

ii) Housing in Land and Regional Development Authority area

iii) Government and Institutional Quarters

iv) State Economic Development Corporation

Cities in Norway enjoy one of the highest qualities of life in the world. Providing adequate housing for the homeless has become a priority

target, thus, the rate of homelessness in Norway is low compared to

many other countries in the world.

Rental housing is a central issue in Norwegian housing policy because many vulnerable groups of people are dependant on rental housing,

including municipal housing throughout their lives.

The policy seeks to provide everybody with a good home at an affordable price.

o Public and private institutions and other organizations work

together

Best Practice of Affordable Housing Policy: Norway

Preventing evictions by making it compulsory for landlords to warn the public social sector when the rent is not paid.

Social sector offers housing solutions that are not institutionalized or regular rental dwellings. This makes it possible to offer homeless

people a home and make it easier for the social sector to take action

when the rental contract is breached.

Landlord and Tenant Act that protect tenants from notice of termination. The act forbids property owners from putting rents that is

in unreasonable rate compared with the standard market rent.

Best Practice of Affordable Housing Policy: Norway

Housing Allowance and Start

Loans in Norway

The Housing Bank supplies loans, grants and housing allowance. Housing allowance has become a main instrument in the housing policy and in the

more general policy to alleviate poverty.

Municipalities receive loans from State Housing Bank for people of lower incomes to enable home buyers to buy a home through start-loan system.

Improving the government housing allowance system by increasing income and benefit levels.

Housing Policy for Minorities

in Norway

Municipalities receive a 5 year compensation support from the state. Minorities can apply for housing allowance, municipal housing, and start

loans on equal basis but are not to be treated with special support than

Norwegians.

The Norwegian Landlord and Tenant Act contains prohibition on discrimination.

Best Practice of Affordable Housing Policy: New Jersey

Mix different types of housing - to integrate 30 percent of low-cost housing into middle class neighbourhoods; not to demarcate clearly wealthy and poor neighbourhoods.

Facade of the low-cost housing looks like a middle-cost housing.

Fig. Mixture of low-cost and middle-cost housing in Cliffside Park, New Jersey.

During the late 1990s the Clinton administration started tearing down high-rise public housing units and replacing them with mixed-income low-rise

units (Palen 240).

About 100,000 public housing units were demolished between 1994 and 2000 nationwide (Palen 240). Many of the most notorious high-density

projects, such as Chicagos massive Cabrini-Green public housing project,

are replaced with an area of mixed working-class and low-income families

living in low-density units (Palen 240).

Best Practice of Affordable Housing Policy: Chicago

Cabrini-Green public housing project

The Architecture of Affordable Housing in KL

The most typical misconception of affordable housing is that its design should not exceed the minimum housing standard in order to save the costs and thus, ensuring its affordability (Davis). However, there are many alternatives to maintain a decent housing standard while keeping up to a given budget. Affordable housings should be designed to fit with the character of the neighborhood that help prevent the alienation of the residents from the wider community.

The name of the affordable housing also should not stigmatises the residents. "Rumah Pangsa Kos Rendah" literally means "Low Cost Flat" is

the typical name of a low-cost flat in KL. Rumah Pangsa Anggerik/ Orchid

Flat is a better alternative for instance.

To change the name "flat to "apartment" as it has more positive connotation. In Islam, we have to give good name to our children and call others with

good name.

Sura al-Baqarah (2:104), as follows: 'O believers! Address not the Prophet by the

word ra'ina, but address him respectfully and listen to him.'

The reason for this prohibition was that the word 'ra`ina', being a homonym, had

two meanings, one of which was 'please look at us or attend to us', while with a

slight twist the same word would mean 'our shepherd'.

The Jews used to insult the Prophet with it, and in order to block the means to

such abuse, the Muslims were forbidden from using that form of address to

the Prophet despite their good intentions and the fact that the word under

discussion was not inherently abusive.[4. Cf. Abu Zahrah, Usul, p.228; Isma'il,

Adillah, p 197.]

Good Name for Affordable Housing

One of the ways architects overcome the ambivalence toward affordable housing is by designing medium-density apartments that look like houses.

Best Practices of the Architecture of Affordable Housing: Colton Palms, California

Colton Palms, an affordable housing project in Colton, California that has won the Progressive Architecture award in 1991 and National Honor Award in 1993 utilized the house concept.

The house is actually a housing block that is three stories high with four-dwellings on each floor and thus, totaling twelve units on each housing block. Even though the housing are not directly scaled to the existing neighborhood of single-family houses, they are at least identifiable as big houses that comprise smaller ones and as a series of attached dwellings, rather than large apartment block (Davis, 1997).

Best Practice of the Architecture of Affordable Housing: Colton Palms, California

Fig. The courtyard provides some parking

and services access, but it is actually a

pedestrian plaza.

In term of security issues, the public buildings in Colton Palms are designed to serve as doorways for the community, while not making the project overly porous or inviting because they are scattered around the perimeter of the housing project. These entry areas allow views into the courtyard, making a visual connection between protected, semi-private space and the world outside it. Half of the dwellings in Colton Palms face the street, with very large windows and projecting decks (Davis 132).


Fig. The Colton Palms site plan reveals a

small city, with a public plaza, background

buildings and civic structures.

The corridors that slide through the house at each level connect the open porches, and thus, threading the entire complex together (Davis 132). They are also connected to the elevator, making everything accessible to the disabled (Davis 132). As there are corridors throughout the housing, the residents are never far from natural light or from vistas of either the courtyard or the surrounding neighborhood (Davis 133). Thus, residents are visually connected to every part of Colton Palms.


Fig. Colton Palms' unit plans

generally repeat, but special layout

occur when the housing pattern is

disrupted by the civic buildings.

Urban Planner Code of Conduct to Solve the

Affordable Housing Issues

To formulate and outline specific guidelines for affordable housing design and specification in the Structure Plan and Local Plan preparation

Preparing master plan of new housing scheme with the Islamic approach To translate the Local Authoritys minimum requirement and guidelines

creatively into conducive housing scheme that consists of mix-types of

houses

To plan with the intention to worship Allah and fulfill the responsibility as Khalifah

To always plan at the right time for the right place and people To plan with amanah, intelligently and comprehensively for better living

place

Promote sustainable development approach in housing scheme Proposing clear standards and guidelines to provide better, decent

affordable housing to avoid confusion among the developers

The LPA should set quality design standards for the low cost housing

1 KNOWLEDGEABLE Training and Certificate acquisition is crucial in urban and regional planning. This essentials

because Knowledge is the key of wisdom .Allah the most high said: Nor are (alike) the darkness and the light Surah 35 v 20. Kwolegde is the light that will guide in solving the problems of housing.

2 LEADERSHIP AND JUST. Urban planners should exercise the role of leaders in the planning and distribution of the housing

to those that required and try to maintain equity among the user as the leadership is an Amana in

Islam. Allah the most high said And if you judge, judge with justice among them. Verily, Allah loves those whose acts justly Sursh 6 V 42

3 COOPERATION Team work is highly directed by almighty Allah. This is because of its social and spiritual benefits

that it contained. Allah the Most high said Help one another in BiRR. Surah 5 v 2

4 DISCIPLINE Self discipline and contentment is the major requirement of the Town planners in solving the

housing problems. Self is the pivotal point in controlling the heart desires which lead to self

satisfaction and contentment. Allah the most high said: Would that they were contented with what

Allah and His Messenger (SAW) gave them and had said Allah is sufficient for us. Allah will give us of his bounty, and so his messenger (SAW). We implore Allah to enrich us. Surah 9 v 59

5 HONEST Honest in professional practice is highly demanding for the proper functioning of the members and

the client as well. Honesty is a command from Allah, it is in the wholly Quran Verily, Allah commands that you render back the trusts to those to whom they are due. Surah 4 58 .This is indeed, a primary way in solving the conflicts of housing in term of distribution and even during

occupation of the dwellers.

6 CONSULTATIVE This involve the public participation by seeking their choices, requirement and preference as well as

their wants in term of design and the entire components of the entire housing Units. This is to at

individual and at neighborhood level. Allah the most high said: And by the Mercy of Allah, you deat with them gently. And hard you (Prophet Muhammad SAW) been severe and hash heart-ted, they

would have broken away from you; so pass over (their faults) and ask (Allah for) forgiveness for

them; and consult them in the affairs. Then when you have taken a decision, put your trust in Allah,

Allah loves those who put their trust in him. Surah 3 V 159 . This will save the resources of the buyers or users for renovations.

7 PROGRESS: Another way ethically, that housing problems can be solve is through acquisition of new technologies

, ideas and discovery in the profession. Knowledge updating will enable the professional to work

with modern requirements of the public . The of affordably discovered new product for example will

minimize the construction cost and the used of machine will fasten and save cost of construction

also. Allah the most high said: And we have send not (as our messenger) before you(O Muhammad SAW) but men, whom We sent revelation, (to preach and invite mankind to believe in

the Oneness of Allah). So ask of those kwon the scripture, if you know not.

Conclusion

Considerations for KL

Urban planners can take initiatives to improve the conditions of the citys less fortunate residents (Kaplan, Wheeler, and Holloway). Only with a stronger and

more activist planning role, cities can begin to tackle the major problems of poverty

(Kaplan et al.). Land price inflation is a decisive factor in the exclusion of certain

income groups from housing and services, and as a result, starting the cycle which

always potentially leads to squatter settlement. Reform in land policy would help to

reduce uncontrolled price inflation in development land, and hence achieving

competitiveness and improving housing access to low-income population.

To ensure the housing developers to build more low medium cost housing, the incentive given to low cost housing such as tax relief, lower land premium, faster

approval, etc. should be extended to low medium cost housing as well. The

government also should set the appropriate quota of low medium cost housing to be

built by housing developers (Syafiee Shuid, n.d)

Islamic Perspective on Affordable Housing

Conclusion:

To conclude, it does not mean that we as Muslim planners have to follow blindly foreign affordable housing policy and architectural design. What this study

intends to achieve is that to apply concepts that are in line/ tally with Islamic

principles. Islam is complete - each of its precept meant to benefits all

humankind.

When a country has reached an advanced country level, typically, it will strive for betterment of human living condition even if they are non-Muslim countries,

thus, coincidentally, in many cases, their results are in line with Islam as Islam is

universal and comes from the Divine source.

Unfortunately, many Muslim countries are not applying Islamic principles to their cities. Muslim countries are more enthusiastic to gain reputation as a country

that has the tallest building or the largest man-made island in the world for e.g.

as opposed to a country that ables to provide a decent living condition to all

members of the society.

Ibn Qutayba, a Muslim scholar of the 9th Hijrah century, compared the house -- as quoted by Afif Bahnassi -- to a shirt, saying that just as the

shirt should fit its owner, the house too should suit its dwellers.

The good housing solution is the one that fully expresses the preferences, aspirations and psychological needs of the group for whom it

is meant

Is he who founded his building upon duty to Allah and His good pleasure better; or he who founded his building on the brink of a crumbling,

overhanging precipice so that it toppled with him into the fire of hell? Allah

guides not wrongdoing folk. The building which they built will never cease

to be a misgiving in their hearts unless their hearts be torn to pieces. Allah

is Knower, Wise. (al-Tawbah, 109, 110)

An Islamic house will not generate any harm to its neighbors and their houses. It will not indiscriminately block the sun, wind, and views to them. It

will not upset them with its noise, unpleasant smells, waste, sewage and

other forms of pollution. An Islamic house will guard its privacy. At the same

time, it will not violate its neighbors right for privacy either. It will not show

off, nor will it epitomize pride, prejudice, discrimination and haughtiness. It

will integrate itself well and peacefully into its existing physical and social

contexts. It will project itself as highly compatible with them, yet as their

integral part. An Islamic house can not turn itself into the bane of someones

life. (Spahic, n.d)

Housing in Islam is meant for the Worship of Allah (SAW) as well as an abode for social life like resting. This is stated in Q 22:26 (And remember when we

showed Ibrahim the site of the sacred house. Anbiyyaa). It is also a resting place, this is clearly showed in the Q78:9 ( And we make your sleep as

thing for rest.Nabai).

In addition, Omer (2012) states that when the wholly prophet Muhammad (saw) dwelled in Madina, there were no distinct separation between rural and

urban setting but there were some philosophy of the settlement. The necessity

in provision of facilities (mosque is the focal facilities), Harmony with nature.

Housing zoning is integral and Market. Furthermore, Housing in islam is

governed by some principles as outlined by Hakim( 1998) states that ,it can be

safely be asserted that, the development of these principles and guidelines

started in 1 AH or 622 AD when the wholly prophet Muhammad settled in

Madinah. Each principle is across referenced with Quran verses and Sunnah. They are:

Haram it is expected for one to exercise power on what is rightfully owned and his action should not generates harm to others .

Interdependence. This principally handles knowledge of science, ecology and values. It also shows the solution to social requirement regarding neighborhood.

Privacy. Here personal clothing explains by the verse refers to private domain of the house. privates of others must be respected and its invasion is haram or

prohibited .( o you who belived ! enter not houses other than your own, until you

have ask for permission has been given to you.) details

Right of Original or Earlier Usage. Here, ownership pattern and legal right transferred cross time is critically explained. It is used to solve conflicts like

dispute regarding neighbors wall.

Right of Building Higher within one air space even if it excludes air and sun to others. Maliki School allowed the extension of air space even if it prevents

others from sun and air. This is excluded under the haram principles

Respect of Others Properties. This principle ordained neighbors to respect others properties as well as their land

Pre Emption. It is the right of a neighbor to purchase adjacent property or structure. Prophet Muhammad (swa) prescribed this , it is to protect the owner

from inconvenience of the stranger or his harm( a neighbor has pre-emption

rights over his neighbor property. If they share common access and the

neighbor is absent, then the other should wait for his returned . narrated by

seven via Jabir)

Seven Cubit as the minimum width of thoroughfare. The width of major road within neighborhood is 3.25m -3 5om and minimum vertical height is seven

cubit. This allows the passage of camel load with goods during the early

period. in a hadith the prophet Muhammad said( if you disagree on the width

of a street make it seven cubit .Muslim via Abuhurairat)

Any Public thoroughfare should not be obstructed .this should either be temporary or permanent.

Excess of Water should not be barred from others (Muslims are partners in three things: water, pasture and fire. Abu Dawood via ibn Majah)

The Right for the Usage of exterior fina. This belongs to the owner of the house or building that abode it.

References

Spahic Omer. Muslims and Housing Today. IslamonlineMuslimHousing.

AllMalaysia.(2010). http://allmalaysia.info/2010/07/19/homeless-in-kl/.

NPH Online. The Voice of Affordable Housing. What is Affordable Housing?

.

Vera Institute of Justice .

Noraliah Idrus and HO Chin Siong, 2008, Affordable and Quality Housing Through The Low

Cost Housing Provision in Malaysia, Jointly organized Toyohashi University Technology University Technology Malaysia (TUTUTM) Seminar of Sustainable development and

Governance at Department of Civil Engineering, and Architecture, Toyohashi University of

Technology, on 26 June 2008

Syafiee Shuid, n.d, LOW MEDIUM COST HOUSING IN MALAYSIA: ISSUES AND

CHALLENGES, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Kulliyyah of Architecture and

Environmental Design, International Islamic University Malaysia.

Goh, Ai Tee and Ahmad, Yahaya, n.d, PUBLIC LOW-COST HOUSING IN MALAYSIA:

CASE STUDIES ON PPR LOW-COST FLATS IN KUALA LUMPUR, Department of

Architecture, Faculty of the Built Environment, University of Malaya

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Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development, Norway. Housing Policy in Norway.

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Assoc. Prof. Dr. Spahic Omer, n.d, Muslims and Housing Today, Kulliyyah of

Architecture and Environmental Design, International Islamic University Malaysia.

Palen, J. John. The Urban World. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005.

Davis, Sam. The Architecture of Affordable Housing. Los Angeles: University of

California Press, 1997.

Kaplan, David H., James O. Wheeler, and Steven R. Holloway. Urban Geography. PA:

John Wiley & Sons, 2004.

Al-Quranil Al kareem

Al Hathioul, S. A. (1981), Tradition, continuity and changes in the physical environment: the Arab muslim cities, unpublished Phd thesis.

Basim, S. H. (1986), Arab Islamic Cities Building and planning principles, kegan Paul

international, London.

Haleem ,H. A, (1998) :Islam and the Environment, Taha Publication

Sarkawi, A. A., and Abdullahi, A. (2008), Urban planning an islamic perspective, Arah publication,

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Affordable Housing in KL -LATEST.ppt.Pptx (1)